A total of 150 cloacal swabs were collected from
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers are Gram-negative bacteria that produce enzymes that bestow resistance to most beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin’s, cephalosporins and the monobactam. These ESBL producers have been noticed mainly in the
A total of 150 cloacal swabs were collected from different villages in and around Tirupati, A.P. which include Chittoor, Venkatagiri, Tirupati, Nagalapuram, Pallam, Vampalli, B. Kandriga and Kalahasti.
The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation, Divya
A total of 14 antibiotic discs were selected in the present study. The discs used include ampicillin, bacitracin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline HCL, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, virginomycin and tylosine. ABST was carried out using standard protocols. The selection of antibiotics was based on usage of antibiotics in commercial poultry farms and also based on priority of critically important antibiotics in humans. Inhibition zone diameters were interpreted according to CLSI (2014) guidelines (M100-S24).
DNA extraction was carried out by boiling and snap chilling method as described by Rao (2009) with minor modifications.
Multiplex PCR I and II were standardised and cycling conditions include initial denaturation at 94 ºC for 10 minutes. 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 ºC for 40 seconds, annealing at 60 ºC for 40 seconds, elongation at 72 ºC for 1 minute and final elongation at 72 ºC for 7 minutes and hold at 4ºC. Oligonucleotide primers used and their respective amplicon sizes were given in
In this study, a total of 217 isolates with reference to the family
Even though, antibiotics are not used in
A total of 127 isolates showing phenotypic resistance to ampicillin were selected. The DNA extraction was carried out and the isolates were tested for the presence of
Occurrence of
Detection of Multiplex PCR I (
Lane M: Molecular weight marker (100bp); Lane 1 : Known DNA standard carrying
A total of 58 isolates showing phenotypic resistance to cefotaxime were selected. The DNA extraction was carried out and the isolates were tested for the presence of
Presence of ESBL genes were reported from
Detection of Multiplex PCR II
Lane M : Molecular weight marker (100bp); Lane 1 : Known DNA standard for
Samanta
Even though, the
These birds in turn may act as reservoirs of resistant bacteria and may play a major role in transmission of the resistant genes to other animals and humans. The results of the present study warrant the usage of antibiotics in poultry feed and suitable alternatives like probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and synbiotics may be tried.