Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are dynamic, nanoscale membrane-bound structures actively secreted by cells that are recognized for their pivotal role in intercellular communication and as circulating biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating diseases. These vesicles effectively transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, modulating diverse physiological and pathological processes in both source and recipient cells. In the context of reproductive biology, EVs play multifaceted roles. They participate in numerous reproductive processes ranging from transcriptional and translational activity modulation to granulosa cell proliferation, cumulus expansion, gametogenesis, normal follicular growth, oocyte maturation, and fertilization rate regulation, ultimately influencing embryo development, blastocyst formation, implantation, and fertility outcomes. Additionally, EVs contribute to energy production via oxidative phosphorylation in the follicular fluid, facilitating ATP generation, which is crucial for proper oviductal cell function. They also engage in the thermogenesis pathway, which is instrumental in sperm thermotaxis for guided fertilization. Amniotic-derived EVs exhibit proinflammatory and procoagulant activities and have been successfully used to treat endometritis for enhanced pregnancy outcomes. Milk-derived EVs, especially long non-coding RNAs, participate in bone formation, immune modulation, and gene expression regulation. Cervical mucus-derived EVs possess sialidase activity, which aids spermatozoa in accessing the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. Placental exosomes play a significant role in the management of infectious diseases during pregnancy, potentially enhancing the protective placental immune responses. Understanding the diverse functions of EVs in reproductive processes offers promising avenues for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating pregnancy-related diseases, and underscores their importance in physiological and pathological contexts. 

The present study was conducted to study effect of level of education of consumers on consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in Four zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A bilingual (Punjabi and English) questionnaire/interview schedule comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene was designed. For survey, the Ludhiana city was divided into four hypothetical zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV and a total sample size of 800 respondents (256 females + 544 males) was taken for study. Respondents were further sub-grouped into 4 educational Groups, namely; Secondary, Senior Secondary, Graduation and post-Graduation. Respondents from all the education groups (secondary, senior secondary, graduation and post-graduation) had a higher preference for poultry meat than other categories of meat. A significant effect of education on preference of carcass part was observed. However, irrespective of educational level, a higher preference for poultry leg for consumption was observed. An increase in level of education amongst respondents made them aware of different classes of processed products whereas people with lower educational backgrounds generally preferred the commonest product. The respondents in all education groups (secondary, senior secondary, graduation and post-graduation) were aware regarding the potent environmental hazards by disposal of the untreated slaughter byproducts.

Present study was conducted on 6 diseased dogs of either sex to evaluate the gastrointestinal disorders based on the radiographic

and ultrasonographic examinations along with the alteration in urine analysis, haematological and biochemical parameters.

Clinical parameters (dehydration status, mucous membrane, respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature), haematological

parameters (white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit value, platelet count, lymphocytes, neutrophils),

biochemical parameters (blood urea nitrogen, total protein, alanine transaminase, serum creatinine, blood glucose), urological

parameters (leukocyte esterase, ketone bodies, nitrites, urobilinogen, bilirubin, protein, glucose, specific gravity, blood, pH) were

analyzed. In radiography lateral and ventro-dorsal view of the gastrointestinal system were taken. Ultrasonographic scanning

of the gastrointestinal organs was performed using 3.5-7.5 MHz convex transducer with suitable gain. A prospective study

of gastrointestinal disorders of canines was carried out and 6 cases were diagnosed i.e. Gastro-duodenal disorders (2 cases),

Mesenteric lymph node disorder (1 case) and Intestinal disorders (3 cases). Gastro-duodenal disorders subdivided into Gastroduodenal foreign body (1 case), Duodenal stenosis (1 case). Intestinal disorders subdivided into Intestinal foreign body (1 case) and Intussusceptions (2 cases). Urine analysis, haemato-biochemical testing, radiography, and sonography were combined to

provide a precise and prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal system disorders. The clinical output was enhanced by the precise

and prompt diagnosis.

Bovine mastitis is a multi-etiological inflammatory condition of the udder in dairy cattle causing milk yield and economic loss

worldwide. Bacteria are the common source of infection causing mastitis. The host response to infection involves release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. The abundant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the somatic cells results

in tissue injury. Antibiotics are the common mode of treatment for bovine mastitis which largely target the pathogen but not the tissue microenvironment. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera and Curcuma longa based fresh ethnoveterinary herbal formulation against mastitis (EVFM) on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial load in the milk samples of mastitic cows. Crossbred Jersey / HF cows with clinical signs of mastitis were selected and the EVFM was applied topically on the udder for 5 days (six times per day). The qPCR analysis of cytokine expression in milk somatic cells revealed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in IL-6 and IL-8 post EVFM treatment and a marked decrease in the TNF between day 0 and day 6 post treatment. The total Viable count was restored to normal from 1.3 ×10 7- 2.0 ×10 7 CFU/ml (Day 0) to 1.7×10 5-3.5×10 6 CFU/ml (Day 6). Our study provides evidence that EVFM possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effect in the treatment of clinical cases of mastitis.

The implantation of pacemakers is widely accepted as a standard procedure for addressing symptomatic bradycardia in both dogs and cats. The most common rhythm irregularities necessitating pacing for the relief of clinical symptoms or the enhancement of survival rates comprise advanced second- and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, sick sinus syndrome, persistent atrial standstill, and vasovagal syncope. A number of dog breeds, including West Highland White Terriers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Cocker Spaniels, are prone to sinus node disease, whereas Labrador retrievers and German shepherds are prone to atrioventricular block. Since its initial use in 1967 on dogs having third-degree heart blocks, implantation has remained a consistent practice in the field of veterinary medicine. Pacing leads and a pacemaker generator are two components of a modern pacemaker system. The current pacemaker installation technique for dogs uses endocardial leads and is placed intravenously, but for cats, thoracotomies or laparotomy are used to place epicardial leads. Depending on the conduction abnormalities, there are many different ways of pacing, which include atrial pacing, right ventricular apex pacing, interventricular septum pacing, right ventricular outflow tract pacing, etc. Beyond its accomplishments in human medicine, it has attained notable success in veterinary practice, benefiting various animals such as dogs, cats, ferrets, donkeys, and others.

Kamrupa is a new variety of chicken developed by crossing three different types of strains, i.e., Assam local, coloured broiler (PB-2), and Dahlem red, in the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Poultry Breeding, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, with the objective of being reared as a backyard bird. A study was undertaken to evaluate the carcass characteristics from two age groups, i.e., 12 and 54 weeks, and from both sexes of Kamprupa chicken. The carcass of 54 weeks of Kamrupa chicken had shown significantly better (p<0.05) carcass traits for all the parameters, such as carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat bone ratio, and weight of whole sale cuts, when comparison was made with the carcasses of 12 weeks of age. However, sexes were found to have no influence on the wholesale cuts in both age groups of birds. Body weight and carcass weight influenced the yield of both edible (giblet) and inedible by-products, and thus, birds in the 54-week age group gave a higher yield of by-products. Although no significant differences were observed between the mean values of inedible by-products for both sexes in the 12-week age group, the corresponding values at 54 weeks of age group showed contrasting results, as the male birds generated significantly more inedible by-products than the female. From this study, it can be concluded that to achieve better carcass quality, slaughter should be done at a higher age.

The most commonly encountered cardiac disease in veterinary practice is valvular disease, which accounts for 70 to 75 per cent of cardiac diseases. Small dog breeds, over 5 years of age, such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Pomeranians, Daschunds, Chihuahuas, and mixed breeds, are predisposed to mitral valve disease. The current study aimed toassess right-heart  echocardiographic indices in dogs with mitral valve diseases. The right heart indices like right atrial and right ventricular dimensions, fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, transtricuspid velocities, Tei index, etc. were measured in 12 clinically healthy and 17 dogs with mitral valve disease. SPSS software was used to perform statistical analysis on the collected data.2-D and M-mode echocardiography showed a significant increase in right atrial dimensions in diastole (RA-mind) and TAPSE. Continuous wave Doppler revealed a substantial increase in systolic pulmonary artery and mean pulmonary artery pressure in 16.64 percent of cases. No significant changes were reported in other parameters. Although TDI was superior to conventional Doppler in grading systolic dysfunction, both techniques were ambiguous in identifying systolic dysfunction due to a hyperdynamic ventricular wall in mitral valve disease, and conventional Doppler was unable to grade mild and moderate failure due to the pseudonormalization phenomenon in diastolic dysfunction.

This study examines the complex interplay between summer stress and its effects on the microbiota and rumen function of

crossbred cattle. Summer stress is becoming an increasingly important issue for animal health and production as a result of the

exceptional problems brought about by the continued rise in global temperatures, which pose a threat to the livestock sector.

Feed intake, nutrient utilization, and volatile fatty acid synthesis are some of the factors that are examined the rumen function.

In order to further understand how the rumen microbiota changes in response to summer stress, we will also use high-throughput

sequencing methods. Our goal is to find biomarkers that show how stress creates rumen alterations by studying the dynamic

relationship between environmental stressors and the rumen ecosystem. Livestock management practices in the context of climate

change can benefit greatly from this study. To reduce the detrimental impacts on animal health and productivity, it is important

to understand how summer stress affects the rumen function and microbiota in crossbred cattle. This knowledge may then guide

targeted treatments such dietary changes and environmental adjustments. This research adds to the body of information in the

scientific community and helps create long-term strategies to protect crossbred cattle from harmful environmental stress.

To study the production performance of Kadaknath, birds were reared under deep litter system upto 14 months. The production traits including egg weight, monthly egg production, cumulative egg production per bird, eggmass, HHEP% and HDEP% were analysed under the study. The first egg was observed in flock at age of 153 days and age of sexual maturity was 156 days. Fifty percent and eighty percent egg production was achieved at age of 171 and 210 days respectively. The cumulative egg production per bird during the period was 143.24. The average egg weight during the study was 42.90 gram, minimum average egg weight was 36.15±0.19 gm at 6 month age while maximum egg weight was 47.22±0.20 gm at 14 month age. The egg weight was improved upto11.07 gram during the study period. The monthly egg production was maximum at age of seven months after that egg production declined. The eggmass produced at 14 month age was 6763.79 gram. The HHEP% and HDEP% was measured for egg persistency they are maximum during eighth(68.16%) and seventh (68.57%) month respectively.

In this study biodegradable packaging film was developed with sago starch and garlic extract was incorporated in it to impart an active functional role in controlling the physico-chemical changes associated with paneer storage under refrigeration. The paneer was stored in three different variants of biodegradable film and a control as Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) to study the effect of active biodegradable film developed in protecting the product during storage at refrigeration temperature. There were three different variants of developed film (T1, T2, and T3) where T1 was a sago starch-based film, T2 was a sago starchbased film with an edible gum coating and T3 was a sago starch-based film incorporated with garlic extract and edible gum coating. Throughout the storage trial, the average moisture content showed a significant decline (P≤0.05), although the results of control and T3 were comparable even after 12 day of storage. Although the pH values showed a decreasing trend during storage but the values in most of the trials were comparable when observed on a single day. The TBA, FFA and titratable acidity increased significantly (P≤0.05) in all the treatments and control groups with the storage but when the values were compared between control and T3 the results revealed a potential role of T3 in controlling physico-chemical changes during storage. Hence the results indicated that a biodegradable starch-based film with garlic extract and edible gum coating had promising results and could be a eco-friendly and sustainable option for the food industry.

A study on socio economic status of local black pig rearing farmers and husbandry practices was carried out in 108 pig rearers

in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The study revealed that majority of the farmers was illiterates (73.14 %) followed by

primary education (20.38%), secondary education (3.72 %) and remaining have degree qualification (2.76%) with an average

of 5.44 members per family. The average land holding capacity was 1.79 acres and the mean annual income was 2,81,000 with

a range of 75,000 to 4,00,000 and the mean drove size was 44.69 ± 1.18. The most common type of feeding was scavenging

(85.19%). Majority of the pig rearers in the study area were not practicing deworming and vaccination. In most of the flocks,

mortality of the adult pig was ranged from 6-10 %. Only 28.71 % of the pig rearers were providing houses. Kutcha floor

(93.54%) and asbestos roofing (58.06%) were predominant.

The present study was conducted to develop a simple and rapid quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for determination of

baculovirus titer. Recombinant baculovirus expressing CE1E2 structural proteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) along

with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter developed in our lab was used for the study. Sf21 cells were infected with tenfold

dilution (10-1 to 10-10) of baculovirus stock and GFP fluorescence was visualized. The titer (5.75 × 107 TCID50/mL) calculated

by Reed and Muench method was taken as a standard stock to develop qPCR. DNA was isolated from baculovirus stock and

checked for amplification of 175 bp baculovirus gp64 by standard PCR. Different dilutions of isolated DNA (10-1 to 10-7) from

P3 baculovirus stock were used as template and gp64 primers were used to determine the titer by qPCR. A linear relationship

was obtained from 100 to 106 TCID50 per 100 μL (Y = -3.34 X + 40.19, r2 = 0.97). Using this equation, titer of unknown

recombinant baculovirus stock was calculated to be 5.7 × 1 07 per mL. Intra and inter assay coefficient of variations for qPCR

results were less than 5%. The titration of baculovirus by this qPCR assay can be completed within 2-3 hrs compared to 10-12

days in the end point dilution method. To conclude, SYBR Green based qPCR titer estimation is a reliable, rapid and accurate

assay for the titration of baculovirus and comparable to traditional end point dilution method.

Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the major pathogens affecting canine respiratory tract. The study was conducted in Veterinary

Clinical Complex of the college involving a total population of 618 canines. After initial screening with clinical score study,

113 animals were selected based on the presence of respiratory tract symptoms. These animals were subjected to detailed study

with culture and isolation, haemato-biochemical study, 12 animals were found to be affected with Bordetella bronchiseptica.

The hospital based incidence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in dog was found to be 1.94% and the hospital based

incidence of canine respiratory tract infection was 18.2% in Aizawl, Mizoram. The infection was more reported in dogs below 1

year of age (3.62%), more in males (2.11%), more in Labrador breed of dog (7.14%). Coughing (83.33%) was the predominant

symptom observed in B. bronchiseptica infection in dogs.