Studies estimate that India has about 65+ million diabetic patients with a substantial impending increase, making it the international ‘diabetes capital’. Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is signified by elevated blood sugar levels due to defects in insulin action, secretion or both. Insulin resistance (IR) or insulin resistance-linked obesity is also known to be a causing factor of Metabolic syndrome which is a combination of cardiovascular risk factors that include raised fasting plasma glucose, central obesity, hypertension, raised triglycerides, and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This study investigated the association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the selected genes - rs6801387 (CLDN16), rs72872727 (GRID2), rs1414756 (NRG3), and rs8065294 (CACNG4) and (IR) among a normal BMI Indian population. Through Chi-Square tests, we detected significant associations between SNP genotypes and (IR). Allele frequency analysis revealed higher frequencies of allele G (rs6801387) and T (rs72872727) among individuals with HOMA2-IR >2, while allele T (rs8065294) indicated decreased risk, emphasizing the relevance of genetic factors in metabolic disorders. The differences in clinical parameters such as fat mass, serum triglycerides and HbA1c between the cases and controls highlights the multifactorial nature of the condition. Inheritance model suggested the dominant inheritance for rs6801387 and rs72872727 and codominant inheritance for rs1414756 and rs806529, offering insights into genetic associations with IR. Despite the study’s moderate sample size,

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an old age neurodegenerative disease and still needs to find a cure. Pathogenicproteins involved in AD disease progression are most promising targets to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Epitopes of these pathogenic proteins can be targeted with exogenous antibodies, or passive immunotherapy to control the AD. Therefore, study of novel epitopes regions in the pathogenic protein helps in developing new therapies and accurate diagnosis. Here, we use bioinformatic approaches to identify novel epitopes regions in pathogenic proteins of AD. Finally, we will validate the newly identified epitope regions (peptides), which generate a potential

peptide region to be used as drug targets and biomarkers for AD diagnosis. 

This study investigates the comparative effects of the chemical pesticide deltamethrin and the biopesticide neem extract on the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) by assessing biochemical parameters, histological changes, and DNA damage using the comet assay. Deltamethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid, is known for its high efficacy against pests but also poses significant risks to aquatic life. Conversely, neem extract, derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is considered a safer alternative due to its biodegradability and lower toxicity to non-target species. The results of this study indicated that deltamethrin exposure led to significant increases in stress protein levels, liver enzyme activities, along with pronounced histological damage in liver tissue. In contrast, neem extract exposure resulted in comparatively lower biochemical and histological alterations. The comet assay revealed higher DNA damage in fish exposed to deltamethrin compared to those treated with neem extract. These findings suggest that while both pesticides impact the health of climbing perch, neem extract poses a lower risk of biochemical and genetic damage. This study underscores the need for adopting biopesticides like neem extract to mitigate the adverse effects on non-target organisms associated with chemical pesticides.

This study investigates the hepatotoxic effects of arsenic and the potential ameliorative role of lime in mice. The experiment involved three groups: a non-treated control group, an arsenic-treated group that received arsenic (5 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 days), and an arsenic with lime treated group which received both arsenic and lime supplementation (25 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 days). Post-treatment, liver function was assessed through enzyme assays measuring AST, ALT and ALP levels and additionally liver, kidney and testes tissues were examined histologically to evaluate configurational modifications. Results indicated significant elevation of liver enzyme levels in the arsenic group compared to the control, signifying hepatic injury, with histological

findings showing severe hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, and early fibrosis. Conversely, the arsenic with lime treated group showed markedly lower enzyme levels and improved histological features, with reduced necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a protective effect of lime against arsenic-induced liver damage. Arsenic exposure caused structural alterations in the kidneys, changes in periglomerular space, eosinophilic casts, and mononuclear infiltration and causes adverse effects on testicular cells, increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Leydig cell loss, decreased sperm quality, potential leading to infertility. These findings underscore the severe hepatotoxicity induced by arsenic and suggest that lime’s antioxidant properties may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby protecting liver and kidney function and improving sperm quality. The study implies that

the antioxidant properties of lime might contribute to its effectiveness in mitigating arsenic-induced toxicity. 

Past decades have witnessed an increasing trend of various types of metabolic disorders in young adults all over the world. Majority of these ailments have been found to be connected with unhealthy dietary habits which seriously disturbs the consortia of microbes that inhabit in our gut. The microorganisms naturally present in human digestive tract are referred to as the gut microbiota and collective form of their genome constitute the gut microbiome. These microorganisms play crucial role in maintaining normal nutrition, metabolism and immune function in our body; hence, has attracted substantial attention of researchers. The gut microbiome always remains

in symbiotic association with the host. Any kind of imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiome leads to dysbiosis causing various types of gastrointestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diabetes, obesity, atopy and even mental illness. It is therefore, of utmost importance to take care of the gut microbiota for getting a healthy mind and a healthy life as well. This review is intended to investigate and establish the risk of immune dysfunction affected by gut dysbiosis.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has long served as a model organism for studying genetic and developmental processes. The Drosophila eye, with its well-characterized structure and genetic tractability, is a prime system for exploring the principles of differentiation, cell type specification, and neurogenesis. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have revolutionized our ability to study gene expression at the individualcell level, offering unprecedented insights into cellular heterogeneity within complex tissues. This review highlights the application of scRNA-seq to the adult Drosophila eye, emphasizing its role in delineating the transcriptomic landscape of its diverse cell types. By profiling individual cells, researchers have identified novel marker genes for all major cell types in the eye, providing a detailed cellular atlas and uncovering previously unknown cellular subtypes. The review also discusses the broader implications of these methodologies for developmental biology, the importance of functional validation of identified markers, and the potential of integrating scRNA-seq data with other omics approaches. Overall, single-cell genomics of the Drosophila eye sets a new standard for cellular resolution, offering valuable insights into the complexities of gene regulation and cellular diversity, with significant implications for understanding development and disease.