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Salmonellosis is the major food born disease in the world with series public health problem. A cross sectional study was conducted from march to June 2024 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the study area to isolate, identify, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella species in chicken cloacal swabs from the Konta Zone of Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 384 cloacal swab samples from backyard poultry farms raising exotic, local, and hybrid breeds. The descriptive statistic method was used for analysis to determine the significance of difference or variation of prevalence. The study was conducted utilizing the conventional methods and the biochemical tests were done for the detection of Salmonella spp. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species was 31(8.06%), with significant (p>0.05) variations across districts and poultry breeds. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done by the agar disk diffusion method. The result of 31 (100%) resistance rates was observed for erythromycin, while tetracycline showed 25(80.6%) resistance rate. Moderate resistance levels were noted for Kanamycin, spectinomycin, and amoxicillin 12 (20-40%). Gentamicin and ceftriaxone antibiotics showed susceptible, suggesting they may still be effective treatment options. Exotic breeds demonstrated a higher prevalence 21 (16.15%) compared to local breeds 2 (1.12%). Female chicken exhibited a higher prevalence 24(11.48%) than male chicken 7 (4.00%). Chida 2 district exhibited the highest prevalence, necessitating targeted interventions. Continuous surveillance and research are crucial to understand Salmonella dynamics in the region. The isolated Salmonella strains, revealing alarming levels of antimicrobial resistance. Implementing effective control measures, and public health interventions, is essential to reduce the incidence of Salmonella -related foodborne illnesses and protect public health. In general, implement Community based Participatory disease surveillance system would be conducted to assess and prioritize the major chicken diseases in study area.

Virulence gene profiling of Aeromonas species can be conducted using PCR to target various virulence factors, including endotoxins, enterotoxins, adhesins, cytotoxins, hemolysins, lipases, and proteases. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed for the detection of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in raw market milk samples. A total of 350 milk samples were collected from different markets in Udaipur during the period from June 2025 to September 2025. PCR amplification using species-specific primers targeting the gyrB gene produced specific amplicons of 1100 bp, confirming the presence of A. hydrophila. The primers used in the study successfully amplified the corresponding target sequences of gyrB gene. Furthermore, several virulence-associated genes were amplified to assess the pathogenic potential of the isolates. The virulence genes targeted included aer, ast, alt and act. PCR amplification of these virulence genes yielded specific bands of 252 bp, 212 bp, 442 bp, and 232 bp, respectively. Out of the 12 A. hydrophila isolates,   11, 6, 9 and 8 isolates were found to be positive for aer (91.66%), ast (50%), alt (75%), and act (66.66%) genes, respectively. As raw milk can act as a vehicle for transmission of pathogenic strains to humans, its contamination represents a significant public health risk. The presence of virulence genes among the recovered isolates of A. hydrophila in this study highlights the pathogenic potential of milk-borne microorganisms, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance through molecular approaches to strengthen food safety management and prevent future outbreaks.

The aim of this study was to envisage the effect of bakery biscuit waste (BBW) feeding on anatomical traits and sensory quality of broiler chicken. Day-old straight run broiler chicks (n=300) were divided into five treatment groups namely T0 (maize-soybean based basal ration, containing no BBW), T1 (5% maize flakes, MF were replaced with BBW), T2 (10% MF replaced with BBW), T3 (15% MF replaced with BBW) and T4 (20% MF replaced with BBW). All the diets formulated for all three feeding phases viz. pre-starter, starter and finisher phases were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to 4 replicated groups of 15 birds each from 0 to 42 days of age. During trial completion, eight birds per group were slaughtered to study the anatomical and sensory traits. Results revealed that BBW contained 9.00% crude protein comparable to maize. No adverse effect of BBW feeding was observed on the micrometrical observations of different segments of intestine except the duodenal villi length which was found to be significantly higher in T0 (1289.28 µm) than T3 (1153.58 µm) and T4 (1124.25 µm), whereas T1 (1239.20 µm) had no difference with T0, T2 (1221.78 µm) and T3. Also, the studied carcass traits (as % live weight) and sensory traits were not influenced by BBW feeding as maize replacer at different levels. Length of the intestine intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum; cm) were significantly higher in T0, T1 and T2 in contrast to the T3 and T4 groups. It may be inferred that maize substitution with BBW in broiler ration had no adverse effect up to 10% replacement on anatomical traits.

The current study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding earthworm meal (EWM) as unconventional protein source on growth traits of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old, straight-run,Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (48 birds per group) as per completely randomized design (CRD); each group comprising four replicates of 12 birds. The control group (C) received no EWM, whereas in treatment groups, EWM was incorporated @ 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% and designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. All the experimental diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The growth trial was conducted for a period of 42 days; the feed intake and body weight were recorded on weekly intervals. The inclusion of EWM up to 2% had no significant effect (p<0.05) on periodic feed intake, body weight changes, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). The results indicated that EWM can be safely incorporated up to 2% in broiler diets as an alternative protein source.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combined with intramedullary titanium K-wire fixation for long bone fractures in birds and compare outcomes with titanium K-wire fixation alone. A comparative study on 12 birds randomly divided into two equal groups (Group I: titanium K-wire alone; Group II: titanium K-wire with PMMA). Twelve birds (wild and domestic) with long bone fractures (humerus, radius-ulna, femur, tibiotarsus) underwent open reduction and intramedullary pinning. Clinical examination, radiographic evaluation and lameness assessment were performed. Group II demonstrated significantly (P<0.05) higher radiographic scores on days 7, 21 and 45 (mean day 45: 5.66±0.21 vs. 4.33±0.65), indicating accelerated healing. Lameness scores decreased significantly (P<0.05) in Group II on days 7, 21, 45 compared to Group I. Total leukocytes decreased significantly (P<0.05) from day 0 to 7 in both groups (Group I: 20.46±1.52 to 15.68±0.70; Group II: 15.60±1.80 to 12.65±0.37 ×10³/L). Heterophils decreased significantly (P<0.05) from day 0 to 7 (Group I: 72.33±3.64 to 62.33±2.74%; Group II: 66.83±1.07 to 58.16±0.65%). Lymphocytes increased significantly (P<0.05) by day 7 in both groups. Overall functional recovery was very good to good in 83.33% (5/6) Group II birds versus 66.67% (4/6) Group I birds. Study was concluded PMMA combined with titanium K-wire fixation provides superior biomechanical stability, accelerated radiographic and clinical healing, improved early limb function and reduced post-operative complications compared to K-wire fixation alone in avian long bone fractures.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different cooking methods on the physicochemical and sensory quality attributes of spent-hen meat samosas. Samosas were prepared using spent-hen meat filling and cooked by conventional deep-fat frying (DF), oven-baking (OB), and air-frying (AF). The cooked products were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, including water activity, pH, instrumental colour, moisture content, and cooking yield, as well as sensory attributes. The pH of both the samosa sheet and filling differed significantly (p<0.05) among the cooking methods, with AF samples exhibiting the lowest values and DF samples the highest. The cooking yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher in DF samosas than in AF and OB samosas. Oven-baked samosas exhibited the highest lightness (L*) values, followed by AF and DF samples. The redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values were significantly (p<0.05) lower in DF samosas than in AF and OB samosas. Sensory evaluation revealed that DF samosas received the highest scores for flavour, juiciness, and overall acceptability; however, these scores were statistically comparable to those of AF samosas. The findings indicate that air frying can produce spent-hen meat samosas with physicochemical and sensory qualities comparable to those of conventionally deep-fat-fried products while offering a healthier cooking alternative.