To evaluate renal functions in camel, the study on profiles like Serum Creatinine (SC), Serum urea nitrogen (SUN), SUN/SC ratio was undertaken in institute’s herd of camels (n=250) (Camelus dromedarius) of all age

groups, both sexes and three breeds and in addition Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR) of 18 male camels of 3 breeds (n=6 each) with 6 individual replicates (Total 108 observations) were determined. The values of SC and SUN/

SC ratio differ significantly (P< 0.05) between breeds, while those of SUN did not differ (P>0.05). SC was significantly higher in male (P<0.05), while SUN and SUN/SC ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in females. The

values of SC and SUN/SC ratio did not differed significantly (P>0.05) in different age groups, while SUN differed significantly (P<0.05) between different age groups. Daily Urine Output (UO) and GFR differed significantly

(P<0.05) between Bikaneri and Kachchi breeds, while the difference was statistically non-significant (P>0.05) between Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri and Bikaneri and Kachchi breeds.

The study was conducted to explore various aspects of reproduction in camels viz. Effect of breed on fertility, effect of repeat services during same estrous period on pregnancy rate, effect of copulation time on fertility in female dromedary camels, early versus late onset of sexual libido in males, male fertility and investigations into mating ability, semen donation efficiency in Artificial Vagina, gross characteristics of semen ejaculate, individual

sperm motility examination and morphological evaluation of spermatozoa of sterile male camels. Bikaneri breeds of camels exhibited greater First service and overall conception rate as compared to Jaisalmeri and Kachchi

breeds. Infertile females were also lesser in Bikaneri breed than Kachchi and Jaisalmeri. Repeated services during the same estrus period had no beneficial effect on pregnancy rate over single service, when females were selected for follicular phases prior to breeding.

In order to evaluate the climate influence on mineral indices in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius), blood samples were collected from 40 clinically healthy animals, reared under semi-extensive conditions in the Djelfa valley,

(in the south of Algeria), during the dry season (July / August) and the green season (December/ January) to determine and compare the mineral indices. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) depending on the season for the serum phosphorus and calcium (high during the hot season) were observed. These reference ranges for serum biochemical analysis can be used for early detection of metabolic and nutritional disorders in dromedary camels.

Early ovarian activity in camels is rewarding for camel breeders on account of better growth in calves born to early bred females. The objective of this study was to stimulate ovarian activity in breeding camels two months ahead (September-October) of the natural breeding season (November-April) for early conception.Ovarian follicular growth and maturation was stimulated during two years (2010 and 2011) in camels (from 16 September) not evidencing any follicle growth on 4 consecutive transrectal ultrasonographic (TRUS) examinations (every 4 days between 1-15 September) by either im

administration of a low dose eCG (2000 IU) (n=43) or an Ov-Synch (n=39) protocol (GnRH + PG + GnRH on 0, 7 and 9 days). Camels with a persistent CL (n=20) and ovarian cysts(n=8) were treated by administration of 500 µg of a prostaglandin (Estrumate) and 4500 IU im of hCG (Chorulon) respectively. Thirty camels were not given any treatment and kept as control.

The influence of Allium sativum and Cinnamomum verum water extracts on the water holding capacity (WHC), susceptibility to syneresis (STS), exopolysaccharides (EPS) and rheological properties of yogurt during 0,7, 14 and 21 days of refrigerated storage (4°C) were investigated. The WHC of yogurt in presence of C. verum or A. sativum was significantly higher than plain-yogurt overall storage period. The highest WHC showed on day 21 of storage with 24.5±1.6% and 17.3±1.5% for C. verum- and A. ativumyogurts respectively. The STS uniformly reduced (p<0.05) in presence of herbs compared to in absence. ESP in plain- and herbal-yogurts increased during refrigerated storage. However, both plain- and A. sativum-yogurt decreased (p<0.05) on day 21 of storage. Amplitude sweep showed liquid like behaviour for both herbal and plain-yogurt during storage.

Three hundred and ten blood samples from clinically healthy and suspected camels (male and female) of four breeds from different location of Al-jouf (Saudi Arabia), were examined to detect prevalence rate of T. evansi infection by CATT test. An overall prevalence was determined as 43.8%. The variability of

trypanosomosis was highly significant according to the factor moving, clinical signs and animal status regarding its age, sex and lactation status. Prevalence rate increased significantly in May and a second peak was observed in September.

Dromedary camel, despite subjected to harsh environmental condition, has been adapted to arid and dry climate. Camel has shown exceptional ability to withstand considerable period of dehydration and camel erythrocytes have the ability to expand twice their volume without rupturing in hypotonic solution. Osmotic fragility of camel erythrocyte of rural and semi urban area was compared especially in relation to exposure to pollutants. Camel erythrocyte did not show any hemolysis when suspended to descending concentration of NaCl solution. The greater resistance of camel erythrocyte to osmotic fragility was attributed to their morphological characteristics and its membrane protein, “Spectrin”.

In this study we analyze the causes of dystocia in 17 camels for which cesarean section had to be performed at the farmer’s doorstep, along with the outcome of such surgeries. Maternal causes of dystocia were common (58.82%) indications for the surgery compared to the fetal causes (41.18%). The maternal causes included uterine torsion (17.64%), cervical dilation failure (11.76%), narrow birth canal (11.76%) due to pelvic fracture or dam’s immaturity, uterine rupture (5.88%), uterine prolapse (5.88%) and vaginal rupture (5.88%). The fetal causes included uncorrectable fetal malpostures (29.41%), oversized fetus (5.88%) and schistosoma reflexus (5.88%) monster. Only 35.29% of the calves could be delivered alive and the calf viability depended upon the time of referral (6h-10days) after the

onset of 2nd stage of labor. The proportion of male and female calves delivered was 58.82 and 41.18% respectively.