The private sector in the Indian economy has played a strategic role in documenting the growth model of India. It has encouraged innovation and created a source of employment along with high-quality economic development. It works in tandem with the public sector as a major form of both economic and social goals, forming the backbone of industries such as information technology, manufacturing, and services. After identifying its features, uses and relevance, the question arises as to how understanding

will enhance India’s economic development. A significant role of the private sector shapes India’s economic landscape. Starting from their contribution to gross domestic product, innovation and employment generation, they complement the public sector in terms of skills, technology and marketdriven strategies. The role of the private sector in the Indian economy has progressed at a good pace since liberalization in 1991. This role is quite evident through GDP, employment, infrastructure development and innovation.

This paper provides a detailed theoretical exploration of how supply adjusts to demand within a private enterprise economy. It extends the basic understanding of market mechanisms by examining the conditions under which resources are allocated efficiently without deliberate government intervention. The analysis delves into the complexities of the allocation process over different time periods, distinguishing between long-run, short-run, and immediate-term adjustments. This theoretical framework considers the role

of market prices, cost minimization, and the decision-making processes of individual entrepreneurs in optimizing supply and demand alignment. Additionally, the paper explores the conditions most favorable for efficient market adjustments, focusing on the importance of accurate information and competitive market structures.

In the past decade, agricultural development in India has undergone significant changes influenced by various factors. The agricultural sector in Odisha, in particular, faces considerable risks and uncertainties, making the assessment of growth and instability crucial. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the compound growth rate and Coppock’s Instability Index for four major cereal crops: rice and maize in the Kharif season, and ragi and wheat in the Rabi season. Leveraging secondary data from 1993-94 to 2022-

23, the research evaluates and compares the growth and instability in crop yield across districts in Western Odisha. Additionally, the study ranks districts based on these metrics, offering a comparative analysis between the Kharif and Rabi seasons. The results highlight differences in yield trends and instability levels among the crops, delivering valuable insights into the agricultural patterns and challenges in the region.

Several climate initiatives have been implemented to improve energy efficiency in industries. The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) initiative was implemented in India in 2012 to provide financial incentives to reduce energy intensity cost-effectively. This study offers a thorough analysis of the impact of the PAT scheme on the energy-intensive and potentially energy-efficient textile sector. Employing data for the period 2002-2022 and using a two-way fixed effects model utilizing Driscoll-Kray standard errors to account for heterogeneity in the data, it has been determined that energy intensity in the textile sector has decreased by 3.9% following the implementation of the PAT scheme. Due to the heavy presence of small- and medium-scale firms in the textile industry, difficulties arise in adopting energy-efficient technologies. In the findings, the energy-saving targets set in the scheme are insufficient to radically

reduce carbon emissions

Assam is the largest producer of Muga silk amongst the states of India and the state is known for producing high-quality silk since ancient times. The state also has monopoly in producing all four types of silk which creates job possibilities at all stages of the process i.e. growing, raising, reeling and weaving. The present study was conducted in Assam to analyze different costs and returns from silk weaving using cost concepts. The study was conducted at Sualkuchi Development block of Kamrup district of Assam.

A total of 100 samples were selected randomly to substantiate the object of the study and entire sample was divided into four size groups based on number of looms owned by the respondents. The findings of the study revealed that the total annual cost per loom was ` 41013.79, while the gross income and net income per loom were estimated to be ` 68376.91 and ` 27363.12, respectively. Overall average variable cost per loom was ` 36458.60. Among the variable inputs, cost of yarn accounted for 58.47 per cent of the

total variable cost followed by the cost of labour (32.58 per cent), miscellaneous cost (1.32 per cent), cost of electricity (0.92 per cent) and cost of dye (0.88 per cent) respectively.

This study investigates the multiple facets of poverty and its high incidence in the hill districts of Manipur state. It employs the NITI Aayog approach, a modified version of the Alkire-Foster method. It incorporates weights and indicators to compute the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its decomposition across population, sub-group, dimension, and indicators. The study focuses on three dimensions and twelve indicators from National Multidimensional Poverty Index. The primary data analysis estimates

the headcount ratio, intensity, and MPI at 0.328, 0.433, and 0.142, respectively. The study also reveals a higher poverty incidence in rural areas than urban areas. Nutrition is the most significant contributor to the MPI value, followed by years of schooling, attendance, and assets.

This study examined the profitability of rice farming and its socioeconomic determinants in the Northeastern Hill (NEH) region of India. To achieve this, a multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross-sectional data from six rice-producing districts in the region in 2022. A total of 300 participants were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire. In addition to descriptive analysis, benefitcost and functional profitability analyses of rice were conducted. The results of the cost-benefit analysis

indicate that rice farming is a profitable activity in the NEH region, as the estimated cost of production was lower than the return in the selected study areas. However, profitability differs among farmers in different agro-climatic situations, and those who opt for high-yielding varieties (HYV) are more profitable in rice cultivation than those who use local varieties. Farmers in the Sub-Tropical Plain Zone and Mild Tropical Plain Zone who were in the high category of profitability in HYV rice cultivation, particularly

those who used RC Maniphou-7 and RC Maniphou-13 varieties, had notably high profitability. Despite being profitable in cultivation, the Alpine zone exhibits the highest profit gap between HYV (Pant Dhan-10) and local varieties (Attey Dhan). The study also indicated that, among the selected variables, education and family size had a positive and significant influence on the profitability of rice production for the pooled data. However, variables such as the involvement of middlemen and price fluctuations,

were found to have a negative impact on profitability in rice production. Furthermore, these factors vary among farmers in different Agro-Climatic Zones (ACZs) in a region. Hence, addressing these variables and tailoring policies to the specific conditions of each ACZ are crucial for promoting sustainable and rofitable rice production.

The study reveals significant fluctuations in turmeric area, production, yield, and trade patterns over time. From 1950 to 2023, average area and output increased by 2.72% and 4.05%, respectively, while yield growth remained at 1.32%. The average production value peaked in Period 4 at 1031.84 before falling to 129.11 in Period 5. The coefficient of variation increased sharply from 16.62 to 81.44 in Period 5, indicating greater unpredictability and variability. From 2015 to 2024, India’s turmeric trade experienced fluctuations in export growth, increasing by 39.6% in 2016 and 54.1% in 2018, but decreasing by 17.8% in 2017 and 46.1% in 2024. Germany, Ethiopia, and Myanmar are important hubs in India’s turmeric export network. Effective strategies are needed to support sustainable practices, increase value chain efficiency, and improve market access. Policy focus for turmeric cultivation in 2024 should focus on supporting

organic farming, investing in research to develop disease-resistant, high-yield varieties, strengthening local processing facilities, implementing cluster-based sustainable development, and integrating digital platforms for direct market access and improved export logistics.

The study was conducted in Attapady block of Palakkad district of Kerala during 2023-24. Cultivating rainfed millets is one of the potential climate-smart practices in hilly tribal areas to fight malnutrition, climate uncertainties, and poverty, as millets are a rich source of nutrients. The Primary data were collected by using pre-structured interview schedules from 90 tribal rainfed farmers in Agali, Pudur, Sholaiyur panchayats of Attapady. The average cost of cultivation (cost C3) per hectare of finger millet was ` 62681, and gross returns were ` 44660. Cultivation of finger millet by tribal farmers organically in the region was found to be profitable over Cost A with a positive net return of ` 5541, and for every one  zupee spent, the farmer realized a return of 1.14 rupees over cost A. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis were used to analyze the resource use efficiency of finger millet production and the technical, allocative, cost / economic efficiency of rainfed finger millet farms,

respectively. The regression coefficients for labour (2.29) and manure (0.35) were positive and statistically significant, while for seed, it was negative (-0.19) and statistically significant. The ratio of MVP to MFC was less than unity in all the inputs, indicating scope for reallocation of expenditure among various resources. The average technical, allocative and cost/economic efficiencies were found to be 0.902, 0.876 and 0.789, respectively. Besides, the economic viability of the crop depends on external forces such as

market prices of the produce and consistent demand.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivation is a significant economic driver in India, making it the world’s second-largest producer with annual yield of about 0.8 million tonnes, despite using only 0.24% of arable land. This narcotic is well known for its ill effects on human as well as environmental health which necessitates enactment of several prohibitions on production and consumption of tobacco products worldwide. Using time series analysis, this study finds that despite implementation of multifarious tobacco

control laws, tobacco acreage and production in post-enactment period are steadily rising at CAGR 0.5% and 3.2% respectively in Indian sub-continent. What will be the possible way out of this situation having the duality of health hazard and economic benefit? This study tries to throw some light on that and calls for a pragmatic approach on the part of concerned authorities (global as well as domestic) to deal with the tobacco economy as a whole.

The preseant study attempts to assess and compare the economic impact of Conservation Agriculture (CA) over traditional farming (TF) in Telangana state of India, across 2019-20 and 2020-21. 100 sample farm households were taken into consideration from each farming situation through multi-stage sampling technique. The study evaluates productivity differences in the predominant paddy-maize cropping system due to technology intervention by employing Bisaliah decomposition and Difference in Differences (DiD) approach. The results reveal that the paddy-maize cropping system under CA has achieved a hike of 6.92% and 11.70% actual gain in system productivity over TF in these years, where the estimated change was statistically at par with the actual change. Farmers have enjoyed a 9.82% increase in returns under CA with curtailment of 11.17% cost, resulting in a significant increase in profit margin (39.42%) and

return-cost ratio (23.97%) as compared to TF. Temporally, a productivity gap of 972.44 kg was observed in 2019-20 between CA and TF, which widened to 1432.34 kg in 2020-21, resulting in an overall system gain of 459.90 kg under CA. These hikes are attributed to technological intervention regarding changing method of cultivation practices, including minimum tillage, application of organic matter in soil with less NPK application and less workforce requirement in the field. Thus, CA needs to be recommended, which could protect the soil from degradation and losses

The agriculture sector in Jammu and Kashmir plays a vital role in the region’s economy and livelihoods, with a diverse crop portfolio that includes staples like rice, wheat and pulses as well as high-value crops such as fruits and vegetables. This study analyzed trends in acreage, production and yield of key crops from 2013 to 2023, revealing significant shifts influenced by climate change, market dynamics and policy interventions. Rice and wheat cultivation exhibited stagnation in productivity with minimal changes in

acreage but declining production and yield. Coarse cereals and vegetables showed positive trends in production and yield, reflecting improved farming practices. In contrast, pulses and oil seeds experienced consistent declines in area and yield, highlighting challenges in sustaining these crops. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance productivity, stabilize yields, and address variability in farming outcomes, ensuring sustainable agricultural development in Jammu and Kashmir.

Many SHGs and its members account has been linked with the bank for promoting financial inclusion and financial literacy for the rural women. Through bank linkage programme, self-help groups can easily access for bank credit to meet their requirements. This present study has been carried out with the specific objective of analysing the banking in the study area. The annual data for the period from

2015-16 to 2023-24 has been used to analyse the productivity improvement of the SHG linked banks with number of staffs, capital, deposits and operating expenditure as input variables and income and loan disbursement amount to SHGs as output variable using DEA model. The application of Malmquist DEA methods to panel data to estimate total factor productivity change, technology change, technical efficiency change, pure efficiency and scale efficiency change. The Self Help Group – Bank Linkage Programme

has an ample of scope to develop and enhance the financial literacy of the rural women. The efficiency of the bank will ensure the outreach of the microcredit, managerial aspects, input-output proportionality and profitability of the institution.

This study examines the economic impact of democratic protests on agriculture and local economies in Punjab, focusing on key variables such as agricultural yield, local GDP, and employment. Utilizing a sample of 400 farmers from protest-affected and non-affected districts, the analysis employs Differencein- Differences (DiD) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodologies. The results reveal that protests led to a significant reduction in agricultural yield, averaging -0.60 tons/ha (p < 0.01) for affected districts

compared to their non-affected counterparts. Additionally, local GDP in protest-affected areas declined by approximately -50.0 million INR (p < 0.05), indicating the broader economic consequences of political unrest. Employment rates also suffered, with a statistically significant decline of about 9.5 percentage points (p < 0.01) in protest-affected districts relative to non-affected ones. The common support zone in the PSM analysis confirmed the robustness and reliability of these estimates. Overall, the study underscores

the vulnerability of agricultural communities to political disruptions and highlights the urgent need for targeted policy interventions to safeguard rural livelihoods and enhance economic resilience during periods of civil unrest.

This study investigated the socio-economic characteristics and constraints faced by apple growers during adopting risk management practice in Himachal Pradesh. Data were collected from 432 farmers across eight blocks through a multi-stage sampling technique. The demographic profile revealed that 94.2% of respondents were male with 67.5% engaged in farming as their primary occupation. Education levels varied, with 26.4% of respondents completing senior secondary education. The majority of farmers

(54.5%) had small landholdings of less than one hectare. In terms of income, 39.6% of farmers earned between ` 2 and ` 4.5 lakh yearly from apple cultivation, while 32.9% earned more than ` 4.5 lakh. The study highlighted several important constraints that limit farmers’ capacity to increase productivity while mitigating risk. Marketing difficulties were mostly caused by delayed payments in contract farming (mean score 3.67), which had a substantial impact on the financial stability of farmers with smaller

land holdings. Herbicide and plant protection expenditures were among the production obstacles, with a mean score of 4.44 reflecting farmers’ concerns about environmental implications. Additionally, limited access to technical advice and the mismatch of available guidance with local farming conditions further exacerbated the challenges faced by farmers. This study highlights the critical need for improved marketing structures, financial assistance, and targeted technical coaching to support Himachal Pradesh

apple producers in increasing resilience and optimizing farm management practices. Addressing these obstacles is crucial to increasing the region’s apple agricultural sustainability.

Mulching provides favourable environment for crop with multiple advantages including better crop yields. An experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field at village Srichandrapur of Birbhum district, West Bengal during rabi season of 2022 and 2023 to study the comparative performance of jute non-woven mulch, straw and polythene mulch in improving growth and productivity of broccoli. Seven mulching treatments namely Jute non-woven mulch (250 gsm) (T1); Jute non-woven mulch (450 gsm) (T2); Straw

mulch @ 3.5 t/ha (T3); Straw mulch @ 4.0 t/ha (T4); Polythene mulch (25 micron) (T5); Polythene mulch (50 micron) (T6) and Control- no mulch (T7) were assigned in a randomised block design replicated thrice. Experimental findings revealed that both the Jute non-woven mulch (T2, T1) and Polythene mulch (50 micron) (T6) registered higher values of growth attributing factors like plant height, leaf area, number of leaves per plant over control plot and curd fresh weight of Broccoli during both the years. All the mulching treatments significantly reduced the total weed density and total weed dry weight over no mulch. However, T1 and T2 were found more efficient which registered 89.24 and 90.6% lower weed density, 93.69 and 94.38% lower weed dry weight and 42.52 and 44.68% higher fresh weight of broccoli in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Though Jute non-woven mulch fetched higher gross return but net return and return per rupee invested were lower as compared to other mulch materials.

Revenue receipts of state represent its capability in generating income and its potential to spend on various capital and social infrastructure. The paper’s primary objective is to illuminate the trends and patterns in revenue receipts and assess the tax-to-gross state domestic product (GSDP) ratio in Haryana. The study is grounded in secondary data spanning from 1980-81 to 2020-21. The findings of the study indicate a gradual decline in the tax-to-GSDP ratio over time, with stagnation observed in the last decade. Despite

being one of India’s most developed state economies, Haryana’s stagnant or declining tax-to-GSDP ratio poses significant challenges to its financial well-being. Alarmingly, Haryana’s tax-to-GSDP ratio, which stood at 6.95 per cent in 2020-21, is even lower than the national average of 11.7 per cent for the 2021-22. Moreover, the state’s own tax percentage share in total tax revenues exhibits a consistent decreasing trend, a worrying sign for any developing economy. Consequently, it is imperative for the government

to shift its focus towards increasing the tax-to-GSDP ratio. The persistently low ratio has compelled heavy borrowing and persistent fiscal deficits. As a result, the government’s liabilities continue to rise, eroding its capacity to allocate more funds to essential welfare schemes over time. This issue necessitates immediate attention to ensure the financial health and sustainability of the state’s economy.

This study explores the trends and dynamics of Gross Capital Formation (GCF) in India’s agricultural sector from 1980 to 2023, with a particular focus on public and private investments. The analysis employs a combination of polynomial trendlines, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Coefficient of Variation (CV), and correlation analysis to assess the impact of key policy milestones, such as the 1991 Economic Reforms, the 2000 National Agricultural Policy, and the 2013 Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme, on

capital formation in agriculture. The results reveal a general decline in public investment, accompanied by strong growth in private sector contributions, particularly since the 1990s. The study also finds a statistically significant negative relationship between public and private investments, suggesting that public sector investments may crowd out private investments. The findings have important policy

implications for improving access to capital for small farmers and fostering sustainable agricultural development.

Non-performing assets refer to loans or advances that have stopped generating regular interest income for banks because the borrowers have failed to make repayments for a specified period. NPAs are considered a significant concern for banks as they affect profitability, capital adequacy, and overall financial health. Effective management of NPAs is crucial for maintaining a healthy banking sector and supporting sustainable economic growth. Therefore, this paper analyzed the NPAs and returns on assets of the

public and private sector banks for the period of four years i.e., from 2018 to 2022. The study collected data from four public (State Bank of India; Punjab National Bank; Bank of Baroda and Canara Bank) and four private sector banks (HDFC Bank; ICICI Bank; Axis Bank and Kotak Mahindra Bank). The present study considered following parameters for measuring NPAs and Financial Performance like Net NPA percentage and Return on Assets (ROA) respectively. The study employed panel regression model for

comparing the relationship between variables. According to the study, NPAs generally had a negative and significant impact on the financial performance (ROA) of banks in the public and private sectors. By investigating, the total effect of Gross NPAs and Net NPAs on the financial performance of banks will broadens the body of literature in the Indian context.

Export performance plays a vital role in determining the growth of an economy as it empower the countries to take the benefits from outside world. The study attempts to summarise the research on export performance published from 1992 to 2023. The study presents a view based on 854 documents extracted from Scopus database. Thereafter relevant studies were bibliometrically analysed using Biblioshiny software in R studio, that help us to know the extent of studies done and identify the areas of future

research. The analysis has helped us in unveiling the trend of publications on export performance, identifying most prolific authors, publication sources, affiliations and countries. In addition, keywords co-occurrence map and information about most cited research documents, add to refinement of the research outcome of export performance. Research on export performance has shown increasing trend. The most productive author and journal are not most cited. The most cited document is “Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms” by Guan J.; Ma N. (2003) with 464 citations published in Technovation. UK and USA are two top most productive and cited countries.