Economic Affairs Volume 67 Issue 3 June

Cost of food in India increased 7.75 percent in June of 2022 over the same month in the previous year probably due to higher feedstock costs and quantum leap in minimum support prices. It reveals that the food inflation will average over 8 per cent year-on-year in 2022 from 3.7 percent in 2021. Recent ban on wheat exports and protectionist moves are likely to exacerbate global prices may have an indirect impact on domestic prices. It is expected that rice could become dearer as countries look for alternative in the wake of wheat prices increased

The socio-economic development of each district is crucial for the overall development of a State which improves the quality of life of people. In this context, this paper examines the level of development of different districts in Kerala with the help of Weighted Mean Development Index (WMDI). The study covered all fourteen districts of the state. The level of development was examined separately for population, health, education, transportation and communication, industries, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism, banking, crime and overall socio-economic development using district-level data for the year 2019-20 on forty-five socio-economic indicators including ten major sectors. Findings show that the composite indices of overall socio-economic development ranged between 0.21 and 0.70 with the district of Ernakulam ranked first and the least ranked district was Pathanamthitta. Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram were the most developed districts whereas, Kasargode, Wayanad and Pathanamthitta were the least developed. The level of development in different districts of the state has shown wide disparities. It would be useful to investigate and evaluate the level of development at a lower level, such as Tehsil or block level, in order to make location-specific recommendations, as most low-developed districts have areas that are better developed than others

The present study evaluated the disparities in agricultural development within the NE region of India by computing the composite agricultural development index (CI) for 90 districts from all the 8 states of the region. The study revealed that there was a wide range of variability in the composite index of agricultural development among the districts. States like Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were found to have high average CI but the variability within the state was found to be higher than other states. Assam, Manipur and Sikkim were ranked lower in agricultural development but were found to be more symmetrically developed than the rest of the states. To bring uniform development in agricultural sector, the extent of improvements required in different indicators for the poor performing districts were estimated by identifying the model districts. Potential targets were estimated from the model districts. The results from all the states showed that the actual achievements were lower than the potential targets for almost all the development indicators in the low developed districts. A general recommendation for all the districts would be an improvement in the crops and livestock production. Adequate number of veterinary institutions should be set up to provide required services for livestock population. Improvement in the crop sector should be focused on increasing irrigation and more efficient use of area by double cropping. Fertilizers gives the needed plant nutrients when used in recommended doses. However, efforts should be made to provide the needed plant nutrients by organic sources like FYM and to adopt practices which conserve soil nutrients.

This paper studied the growth behaviour, instability and effects of area, yield and their interaction to the production of paddy, wheat and gram, the major staple commodities. The study based entirely on secondary data from the period 2000-01 to 2019-20. The results indicated that area and production of paddy and wheat steadily increased over years, while for gram, the quantum of increase was greater. Analysis of gram production growth indicated highest area effect mostly responsible in increasing production of gram in India. Similar situation of growth rates has been depicted for state-wise production of gram followed by wheat and paddy in India, however, study reveals low growth-low risk association depicting less desirable situation for major producing states of paddy and wheat while, gram reveals low growth-medium risk association. Chhattisgarh has increased its share in APY of paddy, wheat and gram to the India. Selected districts of Chhattisgarh plains mostly revealed low growth-medium risk association, which is less desirable for production of paddy, wheat and gram in those districts. The area effect was more strongly responsible for wheat whereas, yield effect for paddy in the production of these crops in those selected districts of Chhattisgarh plains.

In comparison to other Indian states, Tamil Nadu has unique agro-climatic and cropping patterns, which have caused a lot of concern, both environmentally and in terms of food security. From 2001 to 2020, the study examines changes in land use and cropping patterns in Tamil Nadu. Secondary data on area under major crops was gathered from various sources. To assess the expansion of area under major crops over time, the compound growth rate was calculated (2001-2020). In cropping pattern, direction of changes was investigated using Markov chain analysis and for each year, crop diversification index was calculated. The results indicated that land classified as land put to non-agricultural uses and fallow land recorded positive expansion in area. The area under paddy, bajra, sugarcane, groundnut, and gingelly are growing at a negative rate, but maize, pulses, fruits, vegetables, coconut, and cotton are growing at a positive rate. It can be stated that net sown area in Tamil Nadu is declining, with shift in food crops being hurt worse than non-food crops. Based on Crop Diversification Index score, crop intensification has increased in the state over time, helping to reduce failure of crop and income loss while also creating jobs for rural people

The present study was carried out to determine the trend in production and consumption in India from 1990-91 to 2019-20. The study had been divided into three phases viz. I period (1990-91 to 1999-2000), II period (2000-01 to 2009-10) and III (2010-11 to 2019-20). The compound growth rates (CGRs) of production and consumption were estimated as for three phases as well as for the overall period. The consumption of fertilizer is continuously increased year by year. Only nitrogen fertilizer shows positive growth i.e., 0.35 per cent. The annual growth rate of consumption of Nitrogen, phosphatic and potassic fertilizer is 3.04, 3.77 and 4.09 per cent respectively between 1990-91 to 2018-19. The highest growth of consumption has been registered in potassic fertilizer. However, after 2010-11 there is a negative trend and considerable decline in fertilizer use. The growth rate falls to -0.21 per cent, with phosphatic fertilizer decline at -1.29 per cent and potassic fertilizer at -0.31 per cent.

Rice is one of the major producing and exporting commodities of India along with wheat and other cereals. The present study seeks to examine the growth and instability in the exportof cereals & its preparations in the last 30 years (viz. 1991-92 to 2019-20). This study is based on secondary data. The major analytical techniques like CGR and Cuddy Della Valle instability index were used to achieve the study’s objective. The compound growth rate of rice, other cereal, and its preparations were found to be significant in growth during the study period. The instability index of basmati rice was low and the high value in rest of the commodities indicates high fluctuation in market price.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and instability in area, production, and productivity of major seed spices in Rajasthan. This study was entirely based on secondary data. The study period was separated into three sub-periods: pre-Agri Export Zone Period (1991-92 to 2004-05), post-Agri Export Zone Period (2005-06 to 2019-20), and overall period (1991-92 to 2019-20). The data was analyzed using the compound annual growth rate, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index to accomplish the study’s objectives. The results of the study indicated that highest growth rates were observed in the production of fenugreek (7.53%), cumin (18.66%), and fennel (11.15%) during the pre-AEZ, post-AEZ, and overall periods. The highest instability was found in fennel production in Rajasthan, with 49.73, 65.51, and 73.76 percent, respectively. Based on findings, researchers should give more emphasis to increasing the area under cultivation and improving spice productivity. The state government should establish Agri-Export Zones for fenugreek and fennel crops like cumin and coriander.

The purpose of this study was to examine the production and feeding patterns of cattle among the small farmers in the Thoubal district of Manipur. The findings revealed that, on average crossbred and local cow dairy farms maintained 1.60 and 1.25 milch animals, respectively. The investment percentage was found to be highest on milch animals followed by cattle shed and equipment for both the category of farm households which were ` 80756.82 for crossbred and ` 21506.75 for local cow, and the overall investment was ` 102263.57. On average milking crossbred cow was fed with 11.33 kg/day of dry fodder, 17.06 kg/day of green fodder, and 3.23 kg/day of concentrates, and for the local cow, it was 5.82 kg/day of dry fodder, 7.25 kg/day of green fodder, and 1.75 kg/day of concentrates, respectively. The average yield per crossbred cow was 9.50 liters/day, and that of the local cow was 1.60 liters/day. It can be concluded that training facilities by veterinary and extension workers on scientific knowledge and management techniques to the farmers for cattle farming should be encouraged. Improvements in cattle feeding patterns through green fodder cultivation are also encouraged, as farmers rely primarily on open grazing to feed their cattle’s. The government should also increase the availability of marketing and credit facilities, as the study area falls short in these areas.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the state’s monetary system and the implementation of targeted economic policies with the help of the financial management mechanism depends on the organization of the management of the state’s funds. The study aims to find effective digitalization tools to improve public administration in the financial sector. To achieve the goal, the authors analyzed which countries are the most advanced in the use of digitalization tools in the public administration system, identified the most effective tools in terms of the feasibility of their implementation, and developed recommendations for improving the digitalization of the public administration system in the field of finance. Digitalization of public administration processes can potentially lead to a reduction in the number of officials, an increase in the efficiency of administration (by increasing the objectivity of decisions made and eliminating the possibility of technical errors when making legal decisions), an increase in the quality and accessibility of public services by transferring them to a digital format, as well as increasing their security level. The use of blockchain technology in the system of public financial management will help to cope with corruption, strengthen the state apparatus, increase citizens’ confidence in the authorities and thereby indirectly increase investment activity in the country.

Mass media form the face of modern global digital culture and become a factor in constructing social reality. The main sign of global peace has become the penetration of mass media into all spheres of public life. They form a new culture, contradictory regarding the dialogue of cultures, the existence of national and local cultures, etc. A new information culture or media culture is entering the arena, the means of forming media communications. The authors explored the scientific theoretical justifications for media communications as a new communication phenomenon as a factor in global digital culture. The study’s novelty lies in identifying the problems and threats to the development of modern media communications, features of the transformation of media communication into Web communications, and the grouping of issues and threats to the development of modern media communications through the influence of global digital culture. It has been proven that media communications are a guarantor of the free exchange of information, which provides them with maximum opportunities to lay the foundations of the global information society.

This study was conducted to examine the energy use pattern, efficiency, sustainability and GHG reduction potential in maize production in Karnataka State through a non-parametric production function (DEA) and threshold dynamic panel model framework. Cross-sectional panel data obtained from cost of cultivation scheme was used for the study. The results illustrated that the total input energies in maize production for the period under study increased from 73.01 thousand MJ ha-1in 2010-11 to 95.03 thousand MJha-1in 2017-18. Energy usage pattern indicated that power and electricity consumed for irrigation were the main energy inputs consumed in maize production in the study region. The farmers were technical inefficiency (0.851) implying that 14.9 per cent of the overall resources in the production process could be saved. The total CO2 emission was calculated as 45.17 thousand kg CO2 eq ha-1. By energy optimization, the total energy consumption can be reduced to 105.7 thousand MJ ha-1 corresponding to total CO2 emission reduction potential to value at 5.7 thousand kg CO2eq ha-1. Sustainability of the farm was characterized by positive growth at a low rate of 0.07% per annum and thus, higher efficiency level accompanied by high level of productivity resulted in potential reduction emission level among the farmers. It is, therefore; recommended that government policies should be geared towards practices that tend to improve efficiency and productivity of the farmers through effective extension education.

The present study was carried out to study the resource use efficiency in sugarcane cultivation. One block having maximum area under sugarcane namely Radaur and Rohtak from Yamunanagar and Rohtak district respectively was selected purposively. Further three villages of each selected block were selected randomly. From each village, 20 farmers were selected randomly. Finally, 120 farmers of six villages were interviewed to extract all desired information. Cobb-douglas production function was fitted to work out the extent of efficacy of resource use in sugarcane cultivation. The outcomes of study reveal that in planted conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on machine labour and seed whereas in Rohtak, expenditure on human labour, seed, chemical fertilizers and plant protection fertilizers were found positive and statistically significant specifying inefficiency of these inputs. In ratoon conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on human labour, plant protection chemicals and irrigation was found to be positive and statistically significant indicating that inputs were not used efficiently whereas, in Rohtak, the inputs under-utilized were human labour, plant protection chemicals and chemical fertilizers.

A FYM spreader can do operations like shredding and spreading simultaneously in a single operation. Such a machine developed and its’ performance was evaluated at the field. The theoretical field capacity of the machine was determined to range between 0.36 and 0.54 ha h-1 whereas, the effective field capacity remained between 0.28 and 0.432 ha h-1, respectively. The cost of FYM transportation and application has been calculated according to conventional practise, and a comparison of labour savings has been made in order to assess the economic feasibility of the FYM spreader. In comparison to traditional FYM spreading method, the machine operating costs were estimated to be lesser by 75%. The break-even point (BEP) calculated on a time and area basis for the FYM spreader was calculated to be 263.5 h and 53.50 ha, respectively. The pay-back period of FYM spreader was calculated as 1.2 years on a time basis

The purpose of this study is to examine the coconut sector’s growth performance and instability in the Indian context. Since India is the world’s biggest producer of coconuts (22.96 billion nuts), Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh are the states in the country where coconut trees are widely farmed and produced in huge quantities. These states account for over 90 per cent of overall production in the country and contribute around 89 percent of the total land for coconut farming. Area, production, and yield of coconut were collected from CDB based on secondary data from 1985-86 to 2020-21. The study period was divided into pre-TMC (1985-86 to 2000-01) and post-TMC (2001-02 to 2020-21). The study examines growth patterns using the compound growth rate, measures instability using the Coppock’s instability index, and investigates the role of area and yield on production using decomposition analysis. The results revealed that growth of area, production and productivity for major states in India was positive and statistically significant during the period II (post-TMC period) than the period I (pre-TMC period) except area under Kerala (-1.23%). Tamil Nadu and Karnataka reported a high level of instability in coconut production and its productivity during period II. Decomposition analysis shows that the area effect and yield effect play a crucial role in the total change of coconut production among the selected states. But area effect has negative in Kerala, which depicts that area expansion in coconut cultivation is merely nominal for other crops in the state. Hence, greater attention needs to be given to the states where to attract and encourage many new farmers into coconut cultivation by accessing modern technology, quality inputs, marketing and credit facilities under TMC by support of government, CBD and stakeholder.

The study was conducted to examine the growth pattern of major crops in the Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh state. The specific objective was to analyse the linear growth rate (LGR) and compound growth rate (CGR) of major crops. The study was completely based on secondary data. The unpublished and public sources from which the secondary data were gathered. Data was taken into consideration for the years 2002-03 through 2016-17. In the Raigarh district, the LGR and CGR in the area of paddy were observed negative while production and productivity were observed positive. In the case of wheat growth rate in the area, production as well as productivity was observed positive in Raigarh district. However, the growth rate of groundnut depicted as same as paddy where the area was observed negative while production and productivity were found positive in the district, respectively.

The mass population of India was vegetarian and attracted to mushroom consumption because they have contained more nutrients like vitamins, minerals, fibers, and medicinal value. The mushroom species (oyster, button, milky and paddy straw) was identified for cultivation in upper and hilly regions of the Indian states suitable for white button mushrooms and plain areas of lower altitude regions in favor of oyster ‘Dhingri’ (Plutorus sages Kaju) mushroom. Moreover, growers have doesn’t fully organize form of mushroom per unit sale in Bhagalpur & territories market of Bihar as well as other states of India. The strategic economic problem of the net sown area was limiting shrink factors day by day due to increase the infrastructure alternate option is open but human population is pressurized for fulfilling the demand become inevitable to best alternative option to supplementary mushroom growing opportunity. Mushroom production in locale area under Bhagalpur district of Bihar was purposively studies of the fourteen each block and village panchayat with the help of snowball referral to subsequent respondents collected 71 complete lists enumerated then obtained sample size (Taro Yamane) 60 oyster growers and cumulative cube root frequency distribution techniques were used. The major variable costs of oyster mushroom that spawn cost was higher expenses followed by the human labour, chopped dry straw, plant protection and polythene bags. The overall farms of fresh oyster mushroom production were accounted to be on an average 16.90 Kg (m2) per square meter, which were varied to be on an average 18.48 Kg (m2) per square meter higher for large farms followed by 16.99 Kg (m2) per square meter of medium farm and 15.16 Kg (m2) per square meter for the small farm. The overall farm benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be on average 1.31 which varied to 1.40 higher for large farms followed by 1.31 for medium farms and 1.19 for small farms. Further, the cost of oyster mushroom production per unit was decreased when the increase in the size of farms and vice-versa.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers encountered a number of obstacles. As a result of the country’s lockdown, millions of migrant workers have lost their jobs, income, and food. The response of migrant labour to livelihood security during the covid-19 outbreak was explored in North Karnataka. This study looked into the alternative employment options available to migrant workers who went home to avoid the outbreak. The purpose of this study is to apply logistic regression and path analysis to see what factors influenced agricultural migrant households’ livelihood security when they returned home following the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The factors impacting livelihood security, according to the results of logistic regression, were family size, household income, and income from non-agriculture, dependency ratio, migrating reason, and average age of migrants. This study looks at the socioeconomic conditions of migrant workers as well as the factors that affect their capacity to earn a living.

With the increasing production levels, it is necessary to assess how much amount is really available to the non-farming community of the nation as this directly links to food security. Being Bihar one of the prominent rice and wheat growing state this paper tends to analyze the marketable surplus of these crop in Rohatas district commonly known as “Rice Bowl of Bihar”. The survey findings highlights that marketable surplus directly escalates with increase in farm size. Factors such as family consumption, wages in kind and animal feed reduced the amount of surplus available for marketing. The disposal pattern clearly indicates that due to shortage of proper storage facilities, transportation and credit facilities a large number of farmers vend their produce to village traders immediately after the harvest. Proper technological developments are key to increase the marketable surplus in the area.

Dairy cooperatives in rural Gujarat provide a stable source of income for millions of people. Rural inhabitants are mostly involved in farming as well as non-agricultural activities such as livestock husbandry and dairy. The Economic Development of Member Dairy Farmers through Dairy Cooperatives was examined in this study. The primary data was acquired using a convenience sampling method from 200 Members Dairy Farmers in the Banaskantha district. Data was collected using a Google form. Simple percentage approaches were utilised to do the analysis. According to the findings, the Banaskantha District Dairy Cooperative plays an essential role in the economic development of its member dairy producers. Member Dairy Farmers provide a considerable contribution to Gujarat’s dairy industry, and their engagement in dairy farming is seen as a crucial instrument for increasing the standard of living of the rural community in Bansakantah District.

In India, Food inflation seems to be persistent in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between macroeconomic growth variables and food inflation in India. The period of study was from 1982-83 until 2019-20, the data on food wholesale price index, consumer price index for agricultural labour, interest rate and exchange rate were collected from various secondary sources; dummy variables of trade liberalisation and National Food Security Mission were utilised in this study. The collected data were analysed to check cointegration relationships among the variables by using the Johansen Cointegration Test (JCT) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). From 1982-83 to 2019-20, food inflation has been increasing at a rate of 7.47 per cent per annum. Among all the commodities eggs, meat and fish (148.9 %) were found to have a high percentage change in inflation over the last decade (2010 to 2020). The JCT results revealed a long-run cointegration relationship between variables, with three cointegration equations. The error correction model result suggested the existence of a short-run relationship between the variables and the previous year’s error term was corrected at a 12.6 per cent convergence speed within the year. The Chow test was used to estimate the presence of structural breaks, and the findings (Fcal>Ftab) revealed that there was a substantial difference between the coefficients of the three groups. The core idea of the study is that food inflation and other macroeconomic targets must be consistent.

The successful formation and implementation of a gastronomic project in the hotel and restaurant industry require careful business planning and a developed marketing strategy. A gastronomic project is a unique product; it is necessary to highlight its difference from competitors and create a favorable image. Marketing can help achieve the performance of a gastronomic product even with a small number of tourists. The article reveals the definition and features of gastronomic tourism and also shows its beneficial effect on the development of the region. The activities that are necessary for the development of a gastronomic project are given. The main participants in the gastronomic project are listed. In addition to restaurants and hotels, Food and Beverage Businesses, Travel and Hospitality Businesses, and other related businesses take an active role in gastronomic tourism. And as target consumers – various groups of gastronomic tourists. Gastronomic projects in the hotel and restaurant industry, the uncertainty of the external environment, innovative nature, and dependence on a large number of participants require careful analysis and correct assessment of the situation, and as a result of careful business planning and development, marketing strategy. The article lists the main stages of the formation of business planning, lists the main sections of the business plan, as well as the main steps and features of the marketing strategy. As a result, the mechanism of formation and implementation of the marketing strategy of gastronomic projects in the hotel and restaurant industry is considered.

In the era of globalization and internationalization of the economy, the only criterion for efficiency and effectiveness of economic entities is competitiveness. Ensuring the competitiveness of economic entities in the international market in a global pandemic has become especially important. Globalization is a defining feature of the world economy, and economies’ dependence on foreign markets is growing. Thus, the development of global competition necessitates the development of economic strategies aimed at improving the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. The authors proposed organizational and financial principles of ensuring the competitiveness of the enterprise, information, and analytical tools for controlling the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises, identified and demonstrated the logic of harmonizing business management goals using analytical tools for managing the efficiency of the enterprise and developed methods for integrated assessment of enterprise competitiveness. Techniques of statistical, economic, and financial analysis were used in the study; used research methods: grouping, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.

As a holistic approach, watershed development activities turn out to be very effective and convenient to manage water and land resources efficiently in the rainfed areas. The present study aimed to conduct an impact assessment of watershed development programmes in Thoothukudi, Krishnagiri, Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu by using indicators on biological, physical, social and economic aspects. In the study area, watershed development structures are found to be satisfactory and contributed for additional storage capacity, rise in water table and prolonged water availability, increasing irrigation intensity and cropping intensity which resulted from enhanced gross cropped area, crop productivity and assured access to water. More number of water harvesting structures has to be developed by engaging private investments in constructing check dams, farm ponds, percolation ponds etc. in the farms. Creating awareness about responsibilities of stakeholders in maintenance of all the assets created in the watershed areas will ensure more empowerment of the community.

The article is devoted to improving the Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. The authors investigated the main stages and the current state of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the state and outlined the institutional mechanisms for implementing state policy Ukraine-NATO. The authors elaborated on the main mechanisms of implementation and the Euro-Atlantic course of the state in the context of each of the ministries responsible for implementing the provisions of the Association Agreement identified “weaknesses”, analyzed the experience of countries, and proposed institutional tools for Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration. The study has a significant political impact and contributes to the stable development of the state, maintaining the institutional and legal foundation for further reforms and continuing a coherent and consistent state policy in the field of Euro-Atlantic integration after the change of Parliament and E-Government

Greenhouse cultivation is one of the most promising emerging technologies in vegetable or flower crops, ensuring high quality and quantity. It also ensures year-round production of vegetables with high value in the market, particularly during the off-season. However, cost is the major concern in this technology. The present study focuses on the economic viability of capsicum cultivation under a naturally ventilated medium-cost greenhouse equipped with drip facility. The study was undertaken in the semi-arid region, a village called Saidapur of Sangareddy district near Hyderabad. The primary data were collected directly from the farmer through personal interview. The detailed data required for further evaluation were generated by the cost-accounting method. The feasibility of production under greenhouse was examined with the help of project evaluation methods such as Pay Back Period (PBP), Net Present Worth (NPW), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Returns (IRR). The actual worth of economic inputs with subsidy component (75%) provided by the Government was considered for detailed evaluation purposes. The capsicum cultivation under the greenhouse by availing above said subsidy was found highly feasible as indicated from shorter pay-back period, larger net-present worth, benefit-cost ratio of more than unity and IRR more than usual rate of interest of bank loans. However, the results also indicated that capsicum cultivation under a greenhouse without subsidy is not feasible economically

Present study assesses the livelihood vulnerability of dairy farming households to impacts of COVID-19 pandemic by using primary data collected from 200 farmers of Kozhikode district, Kerala. A new index namely, Livelihood Vulnerability Index to Impacts of Pandemic (LVIIP) was developed based on LVI-IPCC approach. Around 22 percent of the total households were found to be highly vulnerable to impacts of pandemic, whereas 41.5 per cent were moderately vulnerable and 36 per cent were less vulnerable. Farmers selling milk to cooperatives were found to have highest mean value of LVIIP (0.08) due to highest exposure (0.23) and lowest adaptive capacity (0.48). Most of the factors responsible for higher sensitivity of farmers selling milk to consumer households and lower adaptive capacity of farmers selling milk to cooperatives were linked to feed and fodder availability. Hence, special provisions for ensuring uninterrupted feed and fodder supply should be included in the rules and regulations formulated during any such future crisis

Government of Karnataka launched “State FPO Policy 2018” with the vision of forming at-least one Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) in every hobli (group of villages) jurisdiction, thereby collectivizing around 5 lakhs farmers over the next five years. Many of these FPO’s promoted by different development departments are in the nascent stage of development and are involved in input and output business. Davanagere district has the highest production of maize in Karnataka and FPO’s promoted by different organizations in the district are involved in activities of marketing maize of member farmers of FPOs. Hence, an attempt is made in the present study to analyze the benefits of marketing maize through institutional model of farmer producer organizations. Cost, returns, price spread, margins and efficiency of marketing were analysed and studied to understand the economic benefits of member farmers marketing maize through FPO’s. The cost of production per quintal of maize for FPO member farmer of over non-FPO farmers was lower by ` 86.25/quintal as FPO farmer realized a higher yield of 1.83 quintal per acre. Net returns realized by FPO farmers was higher by 13.46 over non-FPO farmers and producer share in the consumer rupee was higher by 4.93% over non-FPO farmers. The study findings indicate the benefits to member of FPO in marketing maize through institutional model and hence the model can be strengthened by addressing various constraints in the institutional supply chain model.

The economic impact of the most successful innovation in Ragi (finger millet) through GPU 28 variety in Karnataka was demonstrated using partial budgeting technique. The incremental benefit of GPU 28 variety of Ragi over Indaf 5 variety was estimated to be ` 3244 per acre. The economic impact of GPU 28 variety incorporating the probability of performance and the rate of adoption of technology including the depreciation of technology considering field conditions was ` 1168 per acre. The economic contribution of the variety for Karnataka state as a whole was ` 181.84 crores assuming 80 percent of the area under Ragi in Karnataka.

The present study was under taken to know the current status of ornamental fish market in Raipur city. A total number of 12 ornamental fish shops were randomly selected. The ornamental fish shop of Raipur city were dominated by men and majority of them belongs to one religion About 60 per cent enterprisers were graduated. The ornamental fish shops were found to be the primary source of livelihood for these people and maximum units were retail outlets established in less than 2000sq.ft area. Fishes were imported mostly from Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai whereas sometimes they bought fishes from foreign countries as well. Gold fish (Carrasius auratus) was the more preferred groups due to their high preference in market. Pelleted feed was commonly used by the enterprisers for feeding. Salt and KMNO4 chemical used for treatment of fishes. The present study reveals that Raipur city of Chhattisgarh have wide varieties of ornamental fishes with great economic importance.