Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a disease with its high morbidity and mortality rates is one of the most destructive transboundary

viral diseases affecting small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV) which encodes six structural proteins, out of which Nucleoprotein is the most immunogenic but elicits the production of non-neutralizing antibodies; while Haemagglutinin and Fusion proteins elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response. Currently live attenuated Nigeria 75/1 strain vaccine is used for control of PPR worldwide while Sungri 96 strain is predominantly used in India. Even though these vaccines are effective in providing protection against PPRV in sheep and goats, they cannot differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). The ability of vaccines to allow this differentiation is believed to play a key role in PPR control and eradication programs and as such the focus of many researchers is to develop an effective DIVA vaccine. The current article provides an overview of PPR and discusses various vaccines for the control of PPRV infection with a focus on its eradication.

Goat farming is a substantial source of income, especially for people living in rural areas. But the biggest threat to goat production is gastro-intestinal nematodosis. Concerning the issues raised - the location, breed, age, sex, and season of an animal all affect the occurrence and severity of different GIPs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age and breed on worm burden in Indian Caprine. A total of 150 animals (50 each of Barbari, Sirohi, and Black Bengal breeds of goat) were grouped according to their age, i.e., 3-6 months (n=12), 6-9 months (n=12), 9-12 months (n=12) and above 12 months (n=14). All animals were screened at the start of the experiment for fecal egg count by McMaster method. Screening was conducted three times at 15-day intervals, after which a statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the results. Both within and between breeds, the impact of the intestinal nematode resistance trait was determined. On the basis of egg per gram (EPG) (Screened fortnightly), it was observed that age had no significant effect on parasitic load whereas breeds had a significant effect on the parasitic load.

Subclinical ketosis is the overproduction of ketone bodies in the blood that causes decreased milk production and reproductive effectiveness without exhibiting any overt clinical signs of ketosis during the transition period of dairy cows. Therefore, the tudy was conducted to find the alterations of metabolic parameters and the usefulness of cow side tests in the early detection of subclinical ketosis in prepartum itself so that the occurrence of clinical ketosis can be prevented. The prevalence of subclinical ketosis in prepartum was 16.66 percent (36/216) among prepartum dairy cows. Cow side test revealed an increase in BHBA level, a decrease in glucose value, and the presence of ketonuria compared with the respective days of a control group. A significant increase in the concentration of serum metabolites such as non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), along with increased body condition score, decreased reticulo-rumen mortality and rumen fill score and reduced rumen protozoa score were recorded. The serum biochemical changes recorded were a decrease in serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol direct bilirubin, calcium, and phosphorous and an increase in BUN, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). An elevation of acute phase protein Haptaglobin was also recorded in subclinical ketosis cows. This levels can be used as risk indicators to predict the occurrence of subclinical ketosis in prepartum transition cows.

Treatment was evaluated; Amprolium showed a reduction in oocyst counts by an average of 96.46 percent, whereas Toltrazuril

resulted in a slightly higher average reduction of 97.34 percent which showed Toltrazuril was deemed more efficacious than Amprolium. Species identification confirmed the presence of three Eimeria species (E. bovis, E. auburnesis, E. albamensis) by conventional and molecular methods. Integrated control strategies, including improved farm management, frequent fecal sample screening, and regular use of anti-coccidials, were advised and assessed across three organized farms. Results showed a fifty percent decrease in mortality rates and improvement in body condition scores (BCS) in the study period, advocating these strategies effectively managing coccidiosis with improvement of health and economic sustainability. Present study underscores the significance of regular monitoring and tailored interventions in managing parasitic infections in buffalo calves, with special to better calf welfare and farm productivity of livestock owners.

The present analysis was conducted from September 2021 to April 2022 at Dr. I.P. Singh Veterinary Clinical Complex and Trauma Centre, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A.& T, Pantnagar U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand) with an aim toinvestigate  variations in urinary and faecal profiles of dogs affected with hepatic dysfunction. Urine samples of 18 dogs affected with hepatic dysfunction were subjected to physical, chemical and microscopic analysis. Analysis resulted with low specific gravity, acidic pH and yellow to dark yellow colour with presence of urobilinogen and bilirubin in the samples. Microscopic crystals for instance ammonium biurate and bilirubin were observed in urine of dogs with hepatic damage. Clay-coloured pasty faeces were observed in dogs with bile-duct blockage, and analysis of faecal samples was useful in identifying parasitic etiology of hepatic dysfunction.

A study was conducted to investigate the storage stability of low fat mini chevon patties. Control patties sample contained 70%

goat meat and 7 % goat fat. Treated sample patties have similar percentage of goat meat but the goat fat was replaced with 2.8%

sesame seed paste, which was calculated to be 40% of goat fat replacement in the formulation. Patties were retort processed at

121.1°C for 15 minutes. Changes in physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of retort pouch processed chevon

patties were monitored at 15 days interval for 90 days of storage at ambient temperature. The TBARS, tyrosine and free fatty acid

values were well below the threshold limits in all the samples but the values increased significantly (P<0.05) from 0 to 90 days

of storage. The pH values decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the progress of storage but values were within the acceptable

limits. No bacterial colonies could be detected through standard plate count, anaerobic count, Clostridium botulinum, yeast

and mould counts during the storage study. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in sensory scores with the advancement of

storage but scores for all the sensory parameters remained between 6.16 to 7.49 on eight point hedonic scale indicating very

good acceptability of the products. The findings of this study revealed that retort pouch processed low fat mini chevon patties

containing sesame seed paste had a shelf life of 3 months at ambient temperature.

The present comparative clinical study in twelve dogs age ranged from 5 to 24 months. Six were male and six were female, among them 4 Mongrels (33.33%), two Labrador retrievers (16.6%), one each of Golden retriever (8.3%), German shepherd (8.3%), Mudhol hound (8.3%), Saint bernard (8.3%), Siberian husky (8.3%), and Pomeranian (8.3%). The body weight ranges from 11 to 42 kg. 50% of dogs had femur fractures due to automobile accidents, 33.33% had due to slipping on the floor, fallen from height (8.33%), fight between dogs (8.33%),and wild animal attack (8.33%). Lameness grading in the two groups pre-operatively showed grade V lameness. After surgical stabilization in group I (stainless steel IILN) the mean lameness grading score on immediate post operative day, 15th , 30th, 60th, and 90th post operative days were 3.16±1.2, 2.1±1.2, 1.6±6.2, 1.5±2.3, and 1.3±3.1 respectively. This showed gradual reduction in lameness grading score. In group II (Titanium IILN), the mean lameness grading score on immediate post operative day, 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90th post operative days are 2.8±3.3, 1.3±3.2, 1.16±2.6, 1.16±2.6 and 1.16±2.6 respectively. In the group II dogs, earlier weight bearing and normal limb function were recorded with a mean of 3.5±2.5 days in compared to group I having a mean of 6.0±2.5 days, thus lameness grading was superior in titanium group. The fracture healing by negligible callus in 10 dogs, two dogs with secondary callus formation. Radiological scoring in the two groups showed complete radiographic healing from 60th day to 90th day post-operatively without any disturbance in apposition, alignment, angulation and apparatus.