The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the antibiotic combinations, streptopenicillin (SP) and gentamicin, tylosin,

lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) for the control of bacterial load and improvement of semen quality in Frieswal bulls (Holstein Fresian × Sahiwal). Staphylococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Actinomyces, E. coli were isolated from the frozen semen. The cultural sensitivity testing of the bacterial isolates showed that Gentamicin and Spectinomycin were most effective while penicillin was least effective against the isolated organisms. For the study, ejaculates from bulls (n = 6) were taken twice weekly for 3 weeks. Each ejaculate was divided into 3 aliquotes. Tris egg yolk citric acid buffer extender was used to dilute the semen samples. Streptopenicillin antibiotic combination was used in one aliquote while gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin were used in 2nd aliquote. In 3rd aliquote, no antibiotic was used and kept as untreated control. Semen straws were frozen from all three aliquots and semen quality parameters were analyzed as per standard procedures. Significantly better bacterial load control (p < 0.05) was observed in GTLS antibiotic combination added group as compared to SP group. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher post thaw sperm motility was recorded at 0 min, 30 min and 60 min after incubation at 37oC in GTLS treated group as compared to SP treated group. Percentage of hypoosmotic swelling test and acrosome integrity were found significantly (p <0.05) higher in GTLS antibiotic group as compared to SP group. As regards to live percentage of spermatozoa, both SP and GTLS group had significantly higher live sperm concentration as compared to non-antibiotic group while they did not differ significantly with each other. Sperm abnormalities of head, mid piece and tail did not differ significantlywithin all the three groups. The study concludes that gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin combination is better than streptopenicillin in controlling bacterial load and improving semen quality.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of the managemental factors on the prevalence of mastitis in goats in Bharatpur Chitwan. Altogether 200 samples were collected from 15 small farms containing 1-15 lactating goats and 12 houses containing 2-4 goats. From the list of goat farms made available by different ward offices, simple random sampling was done. The samples were collected from 13 different wards of Bharatpur. The samples were tested for subclinical mastitis using California mastitis test. The questionnaire survey was done to know about the different managemental practices people applied in their herd. The data was entered and tabular and graphical representation was done in MS-excel. Results revealed that 40% of the samples were positive for CMT. The managemental factors taken were rearing system, bedding material, use of veterinary service, previous history of mastitis in the herd, mixed with other ruminants, floor type, cleaning and hygiene. There was no significant association between the occurance of mastitis and any of the factors.

Blood transfusion has been used as an emergency and life-saving step, since many years in human as well as animals medicine.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of whole blood transfusion in treatment of anaemic dogs. A total

of ten anaemic dogs were given whole blood transfusion as part of therapy. Four dogs were suffering from hemolytic anaemia,

three were suffering from severe haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and etiology was not known in three cases. Donors selected

were overall healthy, negative for haemoprotozoan parasite on blood smear examination, between the ages of 1-6 years with no

history of recent disease and are not currently on any medications. Major and minor cross matching tests were done between

donor and recipient. Amount of blood to be transfused was calculated by formula 90 ml × kg body weight (BW) × ([desired

packed cell volume (PCV) - patient PCV]/ PCV of donor blood). Rate of transfusion was 1ml/kg/hour at start for the first 30

minutes and then 3 ml/kg/hour for the rest duration of the transfusion. Transfusion was completed within 4-6 hours. There was

significant improvement in mean haemoglobin and PCV values before and after treatment. Nine dogs survived after blood

transfusion without any adverse reactions while one collapsed after 4 days of transfusion from severe clinical complications.

This study aimed to assess the incidence of various eye affections in dogs at the VCC, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

over a 14-month period from June 2023 to August 2024. Out of 1,803 dogs presented to the surgical section, 34 dogs (1.8%)

were diagnosed with ocular conditions, with corneal ailments affecting 24 dogs (70.59%). Thirty four dogs (50 eyes) presented

with various eye conditions were included in the study. Breed analysis revealed that Pugs were the most affected (29.4%, 10

cases), followed by Shih Tzus (20.6%, 7 cases), mongrels (11.8%, 4 cases), and Pit Bulls and Golden Retrievers (8.8% each, 3

cases). Brachycephalic breeds exhibited a higher prevalence (58.8%, 20 cases) compared to mesocephalic breeds (41.2%, 14

cases). Males were slightly more affected (52.9%, 18 cases) than females (47.1%, 16 cases). Unilateral ocular affections were

more common (52.9%, 18 cases) compared to bilateral involvement (47.1%, 16 cases, totalling 32 eyes). Anatomical evaluation

of 50 affected eyes revealed the cornea as the most frequently involved structure (68%, 34 eyes), followed by the globe (14%,

7 eyes), third eyelid (8%, 4 eyes), eyelid (4%, 2 eyes), lens (4%, 2 eyes), and conjunctiva (2%, 1 eye). Clinical manifestations

included corneal ulcers, descemetocele, melanosis, and other pathological conditions.

In India, equines support people’s livelihoods in a wide range of sectors including agriculture, construction, tourism, mining,

and public transport. The equines are prone to respiratory affections which directly result in economic losses to the people who

rear them. The present study was conducted to identify the determinants of respiratory tract affections in clinically affected

equines at a university referral hospital, Hisar over a period of 3 years (2018-2020). Primary data were used for analysis purpose

with the sample size of 405 cases. Descriptive statistics revealed that in majority of cases, respiratory affections were observed

in horses and, equines mainly in age group of 5-10 years. Results of logistic regression showed that the winter season and high

body temperature positively influenced the occurrence of respiratory tract affections. Further, donkey/mules were less likely to

suffer from respiratory tract affections as compared to horses. Other factors like age and sex of animal do not have statistically

significant effect. The analysis of marginal effects revealed that probability of occurrence of respiratory tract affections was

maximum in Winter season (28.5%) followed by rainy and summer season 23.6% and 20.2%, respectively. Similarly, the

probability of occurrence of respiratory tract affections in horses was 25.7% and in mule/donkey it was 13%. Likewise,

probability of occurrence of respiratory tract affections in animals having higher body temperature (>101°) was 51.5%.

Present study was aimed to isolate and inactivate the lumpy skin disease virus from the field outbreaks, clinically suspected

samples like skin lesions, skin scabs, skin nodules and blood were collected from the affected bovine species. The samples were

homogenised and processed, DNA was isolated and they were initially amplified for Capripoxvirus specific partial P32 gene,

followed by LSDV-specific EEV glycoprotein gene-LSDV126 using respective forward and reverse primers. The PCR positive

samples are subjected for isolation and propagation MDBK cells. Once the CPE was noticed in infected flasks, the cells were

lysed by three cycles of freeze and thaw, the culture fluid was collected and stored at -20°C. The infected cell culture fluid was

subjected for molecular detection by conventional PCR by primers targeting LSDV126 gene which is specific for LSDV. After

molecular confirmation the viral isolates were assayed for titres and the infectivity titre was calculated by Reed and Muench

(1938) and subjected for inactivation using BEI.