Statins are a group of secondary metabolites secreted by several microorganisms as a defense mechanism. They inhibit hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and are an acceptable therapy for hyperlipidemia in human. More recently, however, statins have been shown to have multiple effects, called pleotropic effects, which are independent of their cholesterol-inhibiting action. In somatic and stem cells, statins influences the cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, regeneration and repair which can be harnessed in ex vivo systems for cell expansion and/or differentiation of somatic and stem cells. Incorporation of statins in the biomaterials for scaffold production has improved the cell attachment and directed differentiation of stem

cells into target cells to enhance the functionality of the tissue engineered construct.

Thus, statins have generated a fresh impetus in its use in tissue engineering,

regenerative medicine and therapeutics. This review discusses the sources, mode of action and emerging roles of statins in tissue engineering and therapeutics.

A Cataract, is an opacity within a lens. Out of various eye disorders CATARACT “Clouding of eye lens” is a major problem encountered in canines, and ophthalmic surgery offers great potential for relief of distress and improvement of quality of life. Like a camera eyes have a clear lens inside them that is used for focusing the light. Surgical removal of cataract is a treatment of choice, if restoration of vision is desired. These surgeries are most frequently performed by veterinary ophthalmologists worldwide. Because of required training, operating microscope and microsurgical ophthalmic instruments, cataracts and lens removal is not performed by most veterinarians in clinical patients.

A serological survey was conducted to detect avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies in commercial poultry birds in Grenada using a commercially available enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Sera were collected from 226 layers and 233 broilers. Age of the layers ranged from 12 to 18 months while that of the broilers ranged from 6 to 7 weeks. One hundred forty of the layers (61.9%) and 74 of the broilers (31.8%) were positive for APV antibodies. Chickens are not vaccinated for APV in Grenada and these results indicate that commercial poultry birds are exposed to this important poultry pathogen. This is the first report of serologic evidence of APV in Grenada and the Eastern Caribbean region.

Present study was carried out to unravel the variability in the nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of the IGF-1 gene and to delineate the association of polymorphism with body weight, in fast growing chicken. It was observed that the IGF-1 was monomorphic and being monomorphic, no association was observed with body weights in fast growing chicken

Meat nuggets were prepared with pork (80%) and fish flesh (20%) under

standardized processing conditions and were stored under refrigeration in

aerobically packaged conditions with control samples of control-I (100% pork) and control-II (100% fish flesh). The samples were taken at regular interval of 7 days and analyzed for the microbial quality. Total plate counts showed no significant difference between treatment and controls but showed increasing trend as storage period increased. The psychrotroph and coliform counts were not detected till 14th day in both controls and treatment but showed increasing trend as storage period increased further. Yeast and mold count were not detected till 21st day and on 28th day counts of treatment was lower than control II and higher than control I. The microbial counts of the product were within the permissible limits for aerobically packaged meat products. Thus based on microbial quality, the products were safe

for consumption up to 28 days of refrigerated (4±1OC) storage in LDPE pouches.

Serum lysozyme is widely known for its immuno-protective action. The level is an index of macrophage function and this reflects the status of Reticulo-endothelial (RE) system in the body. It is a ubiquitous bacteriolytic enzyme present in the body fluids and tissues. It acts as an important antimicrobial component in the serum and body fluids. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the effect of breed on mean serum lysozyme activity. A total of 275 animals of same age, sex and season of birth belonging to three breeds of indigenous sheep viz. Chokla, Malpura, and Muzaffarnagri were included under the present investigation. The serum lysozyme level in Chokla, Malpura and Muzaffarnagri was determined by Lysoplate assay method. Least square analysis was done to study the association of breed as well as genotype with mean serum lysozyme activity. There was significant difference (Pd<0.05) of serum lysozyme activity among the breeds.

Among all the three breeds, Chokla showed highest mean serum lysozyme activity. The mean serum lysozyme activity for Chokla, Malpura and Muzaffarnagri breed of sheep was 3.13±0.13 µg/ml, 2.39±0.14 µg/ml and 2.51±0.18 µg/ml, respectively.

Salmonellosis is a very important disease affecting both humans and animals.

With the onset of drug resistance in Salmonella, use of phages for therapy seems

to be an alternative approach in combating this problem. In the present study,

sixteen phages against Salmonella Enteritidis were isolated from a total of 84

dairy and poultry sewage samples and upon characterization of phages at fixed

pH 7 and different temperatures, it was found that the phages could survive at

varied temperature conditions and were also sustaining at pH 7.

Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and its prevalence in the animals acts as a continuous threat to man. The present study was carried out to report the isolation along with the serotypes, phage types and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella among poultry meat and environmental sources in the India. A total of two hundred samples from poultry meat (100), poultry feaces (100) were processed for the isolation of Salmonella. All the isolates were subjected to antibiogram studies against 16 antimicrobials. Representative isolates of isolated Salmonella were phage typed. Out of two hundred samples only three (one poultry meat and two poultry feaces) were positive for Salmonella. The confirmed isolates were subjected to serotyping at National Salmonella Centre (Vet), India. The results indicated that S. Rough was found in poultry meat and S. Typhimurium and S.Berta was found in poultry feaces. A plasmid of 21 kb was consistence in all the isolates. All the isolates obtained in the present study were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 16 different antibiotics employing disk

diffusion technique in which ampicillin and sulphafurazole showed 100%

resistance in comparison to furazolidone. On the other hand all isolates were

sensitive to nalidixic acid. Highest level of antimicrobial resistance was recorded for isolates from poultry feaces. Fifty percent or more resistance was observed among these isolates for as many as 5 antimicrobials including sulphafurazole (100%), colistin (100%), ampicillin (100%), co-trimaxazole (50%) and furazolidone (50%).

The serum protein electrophoresis test demonstrates a significant deviation from the normal gamma-globulin levels in different infectious states of the  animal.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of BSA as antigen on total serum proteins and their fractions in ovines and raising antibodies against BSA. From each of the four animals considered for experimentation, pre immune as well as post immune blood samples were collected. For all serum samples, γ-globulin fraction concentrations were determined by Biuret method, after they were separated on Sephadex G -200. The gamma globulins were identified electrophoretically and the interaction of antigen and the antibody raised was confirmed by Ouchterlony double immuodiffusion method after fractions of sheep serum were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The purification of the IgG-2 fraction was performed while passing the purified fraction in DEAE (Diethylaminoethyl), A-50 column. The study revealed an increasing pattern in the total protein concentrations in general and appreciable increase in the gamma fraction in particular. Both the modules showed 95% confidence interval with students paired t-test.

The present study was envisaged to record the seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes in Chhattisgarh, India by employing the three serological tests viz. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) and Indirect-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) and to compare their sensitivity and specificity. The study also aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of combination of long acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin in brucellosis infected cattle. A total of 250 serum samples; 176 from cattle and 74 from buffaloes were screened for presence of Brucella antibodies by RBPT, STAT and Indirect ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in Chhattisgarh state of India by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA was 13.0% 19.8% and 31.2% respectively in cattle whereas 16.2%, 14.8% and 20.2% respectively in buffaloes.

Cattle of >6 years age group showed highest seroprevalence followed by 4-6 years and lowest in 0-2 years age group. On the contrary, buffaloes of 4-6 years age group showed highest seroprevalence followed by >6 years age group. Seroprevalence was higher in crossbred than indigenous cattle and more in female animals in cattle and buffaloes. Sensitivity of RBPT and STAT was recorded 47.14% and 57.14%, while specificity was recorded 98.88% and 96.11% respectively. Thus, STAT was found to be more sensitive but less specific than RBPT. In this study, overall agreement of RBPT and STAT with ELISA was found to be 84.4% and 85.2% respectively. The therapeutic study of brucella infected animals revealed that long acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin combination had a significant decrease in the antibody titre on the 30th day of post treatment.

The present study was conducted on two villages of one block of Hoshiarpur

District of Doaba region of Punjab to find constraints perceived by dairy farmers in adoption and repayment of dairy loans. Majority of dairy farmers belong to different categories according to herd size. Most of dairy farmers considered shortage of quality breed animals, too many intermediates, of milk, high cost of feed and fodder, expensive animals, low milk production and high rate of interest, problem of financial guarantor, policy of banks, low price of milk and inadequate loan amount as the serious problem

The present study was conducted to prepare soy protein (soy crumbles) extended chevon meat patties to determine effect on sensory attributes of the product. The sensory characteristics such as appearance, flavor, texture and juiciness of soy protein extended chevon patties were studied at different storage interval under refrigeration temperature and exhibited non significant variation upto 30% soy protein added patties. While overall acceptability for 30% soy extended chevon patties was significantly higher than the control and other treatments (p<0.5). All Sensory attributes decreased significantly (p<0.05) with advancement of storage period.

A biological experiment of six weeks duration, followed by several laboratory

investigations were carried out to study the effect of designer layer mash (DLM)

containing full fat flaxseed, oil rich sardine fish, Holy Basil leaf meal (BLM),

vitamin E and Organic selenium (Sel-plex), on haematology of layers. Both

designer diet and BLM had significant effect on haematology of layers. They also

exhibited a synergistic effect. The RBC levels in hens were significantly increased

both by the DLM and BLM supplementation. The WBC count was increased

significantly by DLM alone, but not due to BLM. The Hb level was not influenced by any of the dietary treatments.

A partial 517 nucleotide long DQB cDNA was amplified and sequenced from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and was named as Bubu-DQB*2. The

Bubu-DQB*2 showed 96.6% and 92% homologies with cattle (BoLA)-DQB2 and -DQB1 sequences, respectively, whereas 95.6, 96, 90.3, 86 and 90% homologies with sheep, goat, pig, dog and human, respectively. The Bubu-DQB*2 showed 20 nucleotide changes including eight as non-synonymous substitutions compared with Bubu-DQB allele already reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Bubu-DQB*2 evolved earlier to the diversification of common DQB alleles of ruminants. New Bubu-DQB*2 allele might be vital to produce specific presenting molecule, which can recognise different pathogens in buffaloes.

In the present study, Listeria were isolated and confirmed from 50 mutton and 50 chevon samples and their antibiotic resistance pattern was studied against 18

commonly used antibiotics. Out of 100 samples 4 Listeria isolates are evealed )

resistance against cephotaxime and cloxacillin. Similarily, resistance was observed to cephotaxime, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin and oxytetracycline among two L. welshimeri isolates isolates) whereas L. innocua isolates were resistant resistant to cephotaxime, cefoperazone, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline and gentamicin. Potential transmission of multidrug-resistant from food animals to humans is a serious concern in zoonotic pathogens like Listeria

Present study was conducted in total of 350 cows of two major dairy breeds

(Sahiwal and Karan Fries) with the aim to identify genetic variation in lactoferrin gene promoter and to study its association with incidence of mastitis. Polymorphism of bovine lactoferrin gene promoter was determined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Lactorferrin gene promoter was polymorphic but showed varied level of polymorphism among Sahiwal and Karan Fries cattle. Three genotypes were identified viz. AA, AB and BB in Karan Fries cattle and two genotypes AA and AB in Sahiwal cattle. BB genotype was absent in Sahiwal herd of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. Chi square test revealed a nonsignificant association (pd<0.05) with mastitis incidence.