This study investigates the growth performance, the response of the digestive morphology of native pigs, which treatment will stretch quality output and variations under different levels of fermented mungbean. The experimental research design was employed to determine the response of the three (3) pigs treated with mungbean for 70 days. The growth performance of pigs treated with different levels of fermented mungbean has a total gain weight of 7.50 kg for Treatment 1; Treatment 2 is 9.00 kg and, Treatment 3 is 6.50 kg and is observed no significant difference on the final weight and the total weight with a p-value of > 0. 050; the response on digestive morphology such as small intestine, large intestine, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, esophagus, spleen, and kidney of pigs shows no variations on their length, width, and weight with a p-value of >0.050 under the different level of fermented mungbean; the treatment output treated with different level of fermented mungbean is observed on Treatment 2 with a lowest feed conversion efficiency of 3.89 for feeds and 1.39 for mungbean. Treatment 2 has the highest gain weight among the treated sample; the intestinal morphology of pigs treated under the three treatments; thus, treatment 2 has the lowest feed conversion efficiency.

The pig rearing is renowned area of Indian livestock. It is mainly adopted by tribal folk and economically week classes of country. The pig meat known as pork is highly proteinaceous. The four genes (ACAT2, ACAA2, APOA4 & SOCS2) are evaluated in the current study on the basis of their expression in indigenous pigs of Punjab in comparison to Large White Yorkshire (LWY) where the tissue used is liver. The quality and quantity of RNA transcript is assessed by gel-elctrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR. All genes show significant difference (P<0.05) in both breeds except ACAA2 (P>0.05). The expression of ACAT2 is higher in indigenous breed whereas other three genes downregulates in indigenous breed of pigs. The mRNA expression of APOA4 is negligible i.e. only 1% expression of LWY. On the behalf of this data, we can say that indigenous pigs have good cholesterol metabolism as ACAT2 is higher in indigenous pigs but are more prone to cardiac diseases, gastric ulcers and other chronic diseases due to low expression of APOA4 and SOCS2. This study can be helpful to find the genetic differences between LWY and indigenous pigs of Punjab.

Serum mineral status and biochemical parameters were studied in crossbred dairy cows fed different levels of WDGS for 120 days. 24 Jersy × Sahiwal crossbred dairy cows were divided into 4 groups and randomly allotted to one of the dietary treatment containing APBN green fodder and paddy straw a s roughage and concentrate mixture (T1, control) or WDGS @ 15 (T2), 25 (T3) and 35 % (T4) of DM requirement. These animals were fed according ICAR (2013) feeding standards. Feeding WDGS did not affect the serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Fe, Mn and Co among treatments, but lowered serum P (P<0.01) from 7.4 to 5.73 mg/dl, serum copper (P<0.05) from 75.19 to 64.80 μg/dl and zinc (P<0.05) from 83.09 to 64.84 μg/dl was observed with the increase in level of WDGS inclusion from 0 (T1) to 35% (T4). Mean BUN (mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T2 compared to other treatments. The serum glucose and total protein did not differ significantly among groups, but significantly (P<0.01) increased serum albumin content was seen in T3 (3.72 g/dl). Serum SGOT, ALP and GGT activity was not different significantly among treatments, while serum SGPT activity was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T4 (35% WDGS) group compared to other treatments.

The market demand for designer eggs has been increased in the recent past. In the present study, chicken eggs were enriched with vitamin D3 by UVB exposure @ 3 h/day. The trial was commenced from 29 weeks of age and conducted for 12 weeks on thirty-two number of crossbred layer birds (White Leghorn N strain and Desi). The vitamin D3 concentration in egg was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the treated group compared to the control group. The vitamin D3 concentration in eggs of UVB light exposed birds was 72.34±1.55 μg/10 g egg yolk and it was significantly higher compared to untreated group (17.92±1.98 μg/10 g egg yolk). These results clearly indicated an enriching influence of UVB radiation on the concentration of vitamin D3 in eggs and therefore recommend an easy, cheap and safe procedure for producing designer eggs.

The study aims to evaluate and find the correlation of age and body weight of pulse wave Doppler echocardiographic indices of mitral velocity, tricuspid velocity, pulmonary and aortic velocity in 13 apparently healthy small breed dogs aged 1 to 9 years and weighing 6.5 to 15 kg were subjected to pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography examination. Except for a positive correlation with age by Mitral peak A velocity and a positive correlation with body weight by Mitral E/A ratio, all other parameters are negatively correlated with age and body weight. The findings can be used to further determine the pathophysiological affections in future studies on small breed dogs.

The ameliorative potential of whole Pomegranate fruit juice was studied against Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung injury. A total of 48 male Wistar albino rats were procured and divided into 4 groups consisting of 12 rats in each. The group 1 (control), group 2 BLM toxic control {@ 5 mg/kg body weight (b.wt) via single intra- tracheal (IT) instillation}, group 3 administered with BLM (@ 5 mg/kg b.wt via single IT instillation) and Pomegranate juice (@ 1 mL/rat once daily orally) and group 4 rats administered with Pomegranate juice only (@ 1 mL/rat once daily orally). Grossly, in group 2 rats, lung showed congestion, haemorrhage and edema. Histopathological studies revealed interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, neutrophilic infiltration in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas on 14th day of experiment. In addition to these lesions complete loss of architecture of lung alveoli, severe hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelial cells, peribronchiolar infiltration and mild fibrosis in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas was noticed on 28th day of experiment. Group 3 rats showed moderate improvement in both gross and histopathological lesions. The cytokine activity in group 2 showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in tumor necrosis factor- Alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin (IL)-10 while treatment with POM in group 3 exhibited significant decreased in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The current study concluded the anti-inflammatory effect of POM against bleomycin.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease that causes devastating effects in the economy of backyard poultry farmers. Even though, vaccination is highly effective in controlling the disease, the protective antibody titres can only be achieved after second dose of ND vaccine at 3-4 weeks of age. Certain herbs have immune-stimulant property, thus supplementation of herbs can help the chicks to attain the protective antibody titres earlier. In the present study, chicks were fed with Phyllanthus amarus as whole plant along with Cuminum cyminum (seeds) water to hasten the production of antibodies to ND vaccines. Humoral immune responses were assessed in terms of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Morphometric analysis small intestinal villi were performed to assess the impact of herbal supplements on gut health. Our results showed that birds supplemented with herbs mounted a better immune response to ND vaccines. Birds received herbs attained HI titres ≥log24 as early as 7 days after the primary vaccination (P<0.001) and continued to have protective antibody titres until 60 days-of-hatch. Intestinal morphometry revealed that herbal supplementation significantly improved the length of villi in duodenum (P<0.01) and jejunal portions of small intestine. In conclusion, we suggest that feeding of P. amarus and C. cyminum aids birds to elicit better and earlier protective immune response against ND and improve gut health of backyard poultry.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease that causes devastating effects in the economy of backyard poultry farmers. Even though, vaccination is highly effective in controlling the disease, the protective antibody titres can only be achieved after second dose of ND vaccine at 3-4 weeks of age. Certain herbs have immune-stimulant property, thus supplementation of herbs can help the chicks to attain the protective antibody titres earlier. In the present study, chicks were fed with Phyllanthus amarus as whole plant along with Cuminum cyminum (seeds) water to hasten the production of antibodies to ND vaccines. Humoral immune responses were assessed in terms of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Morphometric analysis small intestinal villi were performed to assess the impact of herbal supplements on gut health. Our results showed that birds supplemented with herbs mounted a better immune response to ND vaccines. Birds received herbs attained HI titres ≥log24 as early as 7 days after the primary vaccination (P<0.001) and continued to have protective antibody titres until 60 days-of-hatch. Intestinal morphometry revealed that herbal supplementation significantly improved the length of villi in duodenum (P<0.01) and jejunal portions of small intestine. In conclusion, we suggest that feeding of P. amarus and C. cyminum aids birds to elicit better and earlier protective immune response against ND and improve gut health of backyard poultry.

The microsatellites are the markers of choice for similar genetic exploration in different buffalo breeds both in India and abroad. In the present study, the molecular genetic characterization of local germplasm within and between existing buffalo population carried out using microsatellite markers with the objectives of studying the molecular characteristics of these buffaloes and to study available genetic diversity in the existing breed population. Fifty (50) and Twenty five (25) venous blood samples were collected at random from genetically unrelated animals of different sex and age groups of local buffalo gemplasm from its natural breeding tract in J&K region. The PCR products for different microsatellite loci were resolved on 6 percent denaturing (urea) polyacrylamide gels along with 50 and 100 bp DNA ladders at 40-45W. Microsatellite alleles were visualized by silver staining. The microsatellite genotype data were analyzed using POPGENE version. The genetic distance (Ds) between two breeds as calculated according to Nei’s standard genetic distance revealed Nei’s genetic identity and genetic distance to be 0.8038 and 0.2184 respectively between local buffalo population and Murrah breed which shows suggests a close relationship between Murrah and local buffaloes as expected from their geographical contiguity although they are phenotypically distinct. Present findings may be useful in characterization of genetic diversity and to develop strategies for conservation and utilization of local germplasm of J&K region, within and between existing buffalo population. The two studied buffalo population in present study has shown genetically distinctness from each other.

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the effect of transition period supplementation of Vitamin A, E and Zinc on composition of colostrums, transition milk and milk of cross bred cows. Thirty-five cross-bred advanced pregnant cows and divided into 5 groups of 7 each at 30 days prior to calving were selected from the NDRI experimental herd. The cows were supplemented individually with Vitamin A (T1) (100000 IU/animal/day), Zinc (T2) (60 ppm/animal/day), Vitamin E (T3) (2500 IU/animal/day) and combination (T4) of all to study cumulative effect of all micronutrients. One group without supplementation acted as control (T0). Colostrum (up to 4th day postpartum), transition milk (day 5 to day 7) and milk (day 8 to day 30) were collected and estimated for milk composition and SCC of the experimental crossbred cows. Total solid percentage in colostrums was significantly (p<0.05) higher in all supplemented groups compared to control . Significantly higher (p<0.05) colostrum fat percentage in T3 and T4 compared to T0, T1 and T2. Significantly higher (p<0.05) colostral protein percentage in T4 group from day 1 to day 4 compared to T0, T1, T2 and T3. Significantly higher transition milk and milk total solid percentage, fat percentage and protein percentage value (p<0.05) in T4 group when compared with T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups. It can be concluded that Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Zinc when supplemented to peripartum crossbred cows during the transition period improves the nutritional quality of colostrums and milk.

The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of concentrate mixtures containing graded levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) at 0, 3.75, 7.50, 11.25 and 15% replacing SBM @ 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on w/w basis replacing soybean meal (SBM) in buffalo inoculum. Crude protein content of concentrate mixtures varied from 20.07% to 20.95%. Ether extract content in concentrate mixtures varied from 5.26% to 5.64%. No significant difference was observed in net gas production, partitioning factor, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, microbial mass production, efficiency of microbial mass production, short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy among the concentrate mixtures. The ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, mg/dl) was higher (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 1 (34.00) and lower (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 5 (27.00) than other concentrates evaluated. The total volatile fatty acid production, hydrogen recovery and hydrogen consumed via CH4 was similar among the concentrate mixtures evaluated. No significant difference was observed in VFA utilization index among the concentrate mixtures. It was concluded that soybean meal could be replaced by CSM up to 100% in the diet of ruminants without affecting the nutrient digestibility and microbial mass production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulated niacin supplementation on physiological parameters of growing Sahiwal female calves during summer season in arid region of Rajasthan. The present investigation was conducted at the Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences for a period of 90 days during the months of June to August, 2019. Eighteen Sahiwal growing female calves having ages between 6-15 months were procured, such that the calves were the best representation of the population. Calves were housed in a well-ventilated and protected shed and were allocated to three different groups, each group consisting of six calves. The selected female calves were divided into three groups viz., group 1 (G-1), group 2 (G-2) and group 3 (G-3). Group 1 (G-1) calves received basal diet and the calves of group 2 (G-2) and group 3 (G-3) were fed the basal diet additionally supplemented with feed additives. Results revealed that the temperature humidity index (THI), which was used to express the effect of environmental parameters, gradually decreased as the season changed from summer to autumn. The values of physiological parameters, respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) were beyond the normal range which indicates that the animals were in the state of heat stress. Calves receiving supplementations along with the basal diet showed a reduction in summer heat stress was indicated by a significant decrease in the various stress indicators viz. respiration rate, and pulse rate

The least-square means for body weight at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age of Sirohi kids were 2.53 ± ± 0.034 kg, 11.51 ± 0.29 kg, 15.04 ± 0.34 kg, 17.93 ± 0.45 kg, and 22.38 ± 0.53 kg, respectively. The least-square means of body height at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 30.36 ± 0.288 cm, 49.46 ± 0.577 cm, 54.55 ± 0.676 cm, 54.62 ± 0.989 cm, and 64.00 ± 0.998 cm, respectively. The least-square means of body length at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 29.15 ± 0.321 cm, 44.72 ± 0.537 cm, 49.34 ± 0.805 cm, 58.76 ± 0.851 cm, 58.89 ± 1.168 cm, respectively. The least-square means of body girth at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 30.46 ± 0.284 cm, 49.43 ± 0.504 cm, 55.12 ± 0.620 cm, 59.36 ± 0.816 cm, and 64.13 ± 0.995 cm, respectively. The effect of location, period, sex of the kid, parity of dam, and type of birth was highly significant (P≤0.01) on body weight at birth to 12 months of age. The effect of season of birth was the highly significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on body weight at birth, 3, 9, and 12 month age. The effect of location, period, sex of kids, and type of birth was highly significant (P≤ 0.01) on all body measurements at birth to 12 months of age. The effect of season of birth was highly significant (P≤ 0.01) on the height at 3 to 12 months age while on body length and body girth at 12 months age. The effect of the dam's parity was highly significant (p<0.01) on body height at birth, 3, 9, and 12 months of age while on body length and body girth at birth, 6, 9, and 12 months age.

A total of 24 dogs suffering from azoturia on the basis of elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level were subjected to ultrasonographic examination. The examination was performed in sternal recumbancy using 3.5 Mhz transducers with convex probe. Kidney and urinary bladder along with tract were explored for any abnormal changes. Different affections observed in 24 dogs were cystitis in 54.15%, loss of demarcation of kidney medulla and cortex in 37.5% cases, irregular shape and diffused border in 37.5%, nephritis in 25% of cases, hydronephrosis was observed in 20.83% cases and cystolith was also observed in 12.5% cases. Most important ultrasonographic features in these affections included cystitis and small kidneys with loss of corticomedullary demarcation (“end-stage” kidneys). Ultrasonography of urinary system serves as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in cases of chronic kidney disease.

The present study was conducted to explore the efficacy of sesame seeds (ST1, ST2 and ST3) on quality characteristics of chicken sausages replacing 50% vegetable fat (refined oil) at 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25% level. The formulation of emulsion was maintained by addition of water accordingly. The emulsion pH, product pH and moisture content increased whereas emulsion stability, product fat and emulsion fat content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of sesame seeds in chicken sausage. Fat retention, water activity and moisture retention values of treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed among the treatments with increased level of sesame seeds. No significant difference was observed on protein as well as ash content between control and treatments. Among the textural and colour parameters, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience values increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas lightness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatments. There was no significant difference in hardness, redness and yellowness values between control and treatments. The scores of all sensory attributes decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatments, however there was no significant difference between ST1 and ST2 for many sensory attributes including overall acceptability. Therefore, ST2- chicken sausage incorporated with 1.50% sesame seeds were selected as the best treatment.

Livestock is an important source of livelihood for small and marginal farmers of India. Indian cattle require an ideal combination of environmental conditions with temperature less than 23°C and humidity of 68 per cent for the best milk production. However, due to climatic variations, ‘thermo-regulatory’ system of livestock has disturbed, which leads to decrease in milk production. Keeping this in view, the data of milk production and yield of Ludhiana district (1993-2013) and for different states of India (2001-2018) was analyzed. The regression analysis indicated that during 2018-19 milk production and yield of Indian states was highly dependent on the population strength of cattle and buffalo. The analysis also indicated an increase in India’s total milk production in future mainly due to increase in cattle and buffalo population. But in the rising population scenario, this increase in livestock population does not seem to be sustainable due to land degradation and climate change induced weather unsuitability. Hence, intensification of production is a vital step to sustain milk supply for increasing population. The milk productivity for Ludhiana has been projected to be the lowest in 2040-41 and the highest in 2080-81 due to warming in future and then reduction in temperature at the end of the century (2094-95), the milk yield will be low as compared to the present time scenario. So, to increase the national milk yield, mitigation and adaptation strategies viz. construction of climate-resilient sheds, diversified farming, installing sprinklers etc. should be adopted to combat the effects of climate change.

The axillary artery gave off the cranial circumflex artery of humerus distal to the shoulder joint and continued as brachial artery. The brachial artery continued on the medial aspect of the arm and gave off deep brachial artery from its caudal face near the middle of the arm. Brachial artery gave off collateral ulnar artery a little above the medial condyle of the humerus and then bicipital artery arose from anterior surface of brachial artery. Brachial artery gave off transverse cubital artery at the level of medial condyle of humerus and then continued as the median artery in the forearm region after origin of common interosseous artery.

The present investigation was undertaken for in vitro screening of antibacterial activities of acetone, benzene and ethyl acetate extract of Rosemary leaf powder and Black cumin seed powder. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of selected plants was assessed by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that ethyl acetate and acetone extract of black cumin seed powder were most effective against the Staphylococcus aureus. The ethyl acetate extracts of Rosemary leaf powder was most effective against the Escherichia coli, while benzene extract of both herbs remained ineffective against Escherichia coli. The ethyl acetate extracts of both herbs were effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas acetone and benzene extracts of both herbs remained ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The Present study showed that these plants possess compounds with antibacterial activity.

This study was conducted on 50 mature female birds comprising of 25 Kadaknath and 25 White Leghorn hens procured from the poultry farm of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. The left ovary of White Leghorn showed presence of hierarchy of mature follicles where as that of Kadaknath appeared as bunch of grapes. The length, width and follicular diameter were significantly higher in White Leghorn than Kadaknath hens. No significant difference was observed in the body weight of both the breeds. The mean length and weight of oviduct was significantly higher in White Leghorn than Kadaknath hens. Magnum was the longest segment with an average length of 19.216±1.44 cm in White Leghorn and 9.145±0.63 cm in Kadaknath whereas vagina was the shortest segment with an average length of 3.233±0.24 cm in White Leghorn and 1.352±0.09 cm in Kadaknath hens.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Effect of Rice Based Distiller Dried Grain Solubles (RDDGS) with or without Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Retention and Antioxidant Activity Parameters of Commercial broiler chicken. Four hundred day old commercial broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly allotted to 10 treatments each treatment containing 8 replicates and 5 chicks in each replicate. The basal diet consisted of corn and soya bean meal. The remaining experimental diets were prepared with inclusion of RDDGS at 4 levels (4, 8, 12 and 16%) with or without enzyme supplementation as given in Table 4. The composition of the experimental diets of broiler starter (23% crude protein and metabolizable energy (ME) 3000 K.cal/kg) and finisher rations (19.50% crude protein and metabolizable energy 3150 K.cal/kg). Cocktail Enzyme supplemented @ 250 gm/ton of feed. The feed and water were provided adlib during the entire experimental period of 42 days. Authors concluded that 16% RDDGS without enzyme supplementation was more effective among all the dietary treatments in terms of Nutrient Retention and Antioxidant Activity Parameters of Commercial broilers during the entire experimental period.

The occurrence of antibiotic residues in chicken meat constitutes a potential risk to the health of consumers. The present study describes the optimization and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of sulphamethazine (SMZ) in chicken meat using photo diode array detector (PDA) and C18 analytical column. The extraction method involving deproteinisation of the chicken sample followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up of antibiotic residue has been optimized. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recoveries for the studied antibiotics ranged from 81.6–84% with relative standard deviations between 6.6 and 7.2%. The method was applied for the analysis of antibiotic residues in 16 raw chicken meat samples collected from Durg, Chhattisgarh, India. 3 samples found contaminated with antibiotic residues. The method has limit of quantification below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and easy to perform, thus found suitable for performing routine analysis.

Data for the present investigation were collected from the history sheet of crossbred cattle maintained at the instructional dairy farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The data pertained to 1029 crossbred cattle from 107 sires were distributed over a period of 49 years from 1966 to 2014. The overall least-squares mean of first lactation traits viz. AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, and FCI was estimated to be 1198.22 ± 9.78 days, 2857.00 ±38.76 kg, 334.46±3.05 days, 119.90±3.87 days, and 488.02 ± 4.26, respectively. The lifetime milk yield and lifetime lactation length were estimated as 10554.32±244.67 kg. and 1133.79±18.91 days respectively. The sire effect was significant on all the first lactation and lifetime traits, except the first lactation period. In contrast, different genetic groups were found to have no significant influence on all the traits. The season of calving was also found non-significant influence on all the traits. The period of calving was found to have a significant influence on all the traits except the first lactation period. The heritability estimates of different first lactation traits were observed from low to high. Estimates of h2 obtained from multiple traits analysis using the animal model were higher than the sire model. The estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations were obtained from analysis using sire and animal models, estimates obtained from both sire and animal models indicated almost the same trend.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of supplemented β-carotene enriched mineral-vitamin premix on lactating crossbred Sahiwal cows and analyzing the raw milk quality and udder health of the animals. Twenty-four disease-free lactating crossbred Sahiwal cows with a close date of calving were randomly divided into two equal groups as Control group (CONT; n = 12) and Beta-carotene group: 500 mg/cow/d (BETA; n = 12). These were animals from 7 days post-partum (dpp) until 105 dpp, and thereafter the raw milk quality and udder health status of these animals were determined. Statistical analysis of the data regarding post-partum udder health status fortnightly from 45 to 105 days of the experimental period was observed (P<0.001). Lower somatic cell counts in raw milk of 12.50 to 10.02 Log104 cells/ml were observed in BETA-group cows when compared with CONT-group cows with 12.69 to 13.17 Log104 cells/ml. The Modified California Mastitis tests from 45 to 105 dpp were lower in the BETA-group cows (2.27 to 1.35) than in the CONT-group cows (3.59 to 3.96). The post-partum methylene blue dye reduction test from 45 to 105 dpp indicated (P<0.001) that raw milk quality was significantly higher in BETA-group cows (107.96 to 139.89 in minutes) than in CONT-group cows (90.81 to 80.78 in minutes) throughout the post-partum period. This study revealed that orally supplementing crossbred Sahiwal cows with β-carotene improved their raw milk quality and udder health.

Goat milk is as close to perfect food as possible in nature and was known as “the king of milk” in the world, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to cow and buffalo milk. The study was conducted with an objective to develop a goat milk whey protein hydrolysate (GMWPH) with enhanced antioxidant property and better Ca+ chelating activity. Goat milk whey protein was digested with commercial food-grade Trypsin enzyme under various conditions of incubation temperature (30 to 70 °C), incubation time (30 to 300 min), enzyme concentration level (0.25 to 2%) and pH (6 to 10) of the enzyme reaction to achieve the best hydrolysis. The hydrolysates were analyzed for degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activity (ABTS) and calcium chelating capacity. It was found that treatment with trypsin at 40 °C incubation temperature, 180 min incubation time, 1.0% enzyme concentration and 8.0 pH effectively degraded the goat milk whey proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE and measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content. Hydrolysis with trypsin resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant and Ca+ chelation property. Hence, the GMWPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, and the elderly osteoporosis patients to replace cow milk.Goat milk is as close to perfect food as possible in nature and was known as “the king of milk” in the world, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to cow and buffalo milk. The study was conducted with an objective to develop a goat milk whey protein hydrolysate (GMWPH) with enhanced antioxidant property and better Ca+ chelating activity. Goat milk whey protein was digested with commercial food-grade Trypsin enzyme under various conditions of incubation temperature (30 to 70 °C), incubation time (30 to 300 min), enzyme concentration level (0.25 to 2%) and pH (6 to 10) of the enzyme reaction to achieve the best hydrolysis. The hydrolysates were analyzed for degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activity (ABTS) and calcium chelating capacity. It was found that treatment with trypsin at 40 °C incubation temperature, 180 min incubation time, 1.0% enzyme concentration and 8.0 pH effectively degraded the goat milk whey proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE and measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content. Hydrolysis with trypsin resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant and Ca+ chelation property. Hence, the GMWPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, and the elderly osteoporosis patients to replace cow milk.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is most commonly diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography, which may not be easily accessible. Thus, in this study, radiography was performed as a means of diagnosis of PAH in canines. In this study, nine clinical cases with presenting complaint of cough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, ascites were evaluated by lateral, dorso-ventral and ventro-dorsal chest radiography. PAH was diagnosed secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in eight dogs. However, one dog was diagnosed with PAH secondary to chronic degenerative mitral valve disease. The most common radiographic changes in dogs affected with PAH were found to be cardiomegaly, right ventricular enlargement of heart, tracheal elevation, enlargement of cranial and caudal lobar pulmonary arteries and pleural effusions.

A study was conducted to evaluate the existing breeding and heath care management practices of dairy animals in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Majority (98.33%) of farmers adopted artificial insemination and natural mating (100%) as a method of breeding in cattle and buffalo respectively. For symptoms of heat detection, 63.33 per cent farmers relied on mucus discharge along with bellowing as most important signs of heat detection. For pregnancy diagnosis, Veterinariarns were called upon by majority of the farmers (68.89 %). Regarding heath care practices, 86.67 and 84.44 per cent of the farmers followed vaccination and deworming practice in their animals followed the practice of to their animals. Majority of the farmers adopted the practice of navel cord treatment and debudding in cattle calves only. However in case of buffalo calves debudding practice was never adopted. It was observed that majority of the farmers 88.89 per cent followed the practice of control of ecto-parasites in their animals. Regarding sick animal treatment, 70 % cattle keepers preferred first veterinary doctors followed by livestock extension officers and artificial insemination workers. The present study revealed that majority of farmers in the study area is aware about scientific practices of management in dairy animals