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JAR - Volume 7 - Issue 4

[<<< GO BACK ][ VOLUME 7 - ISSUE 4 ]

Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Sero-prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia
Abstract :

The present study was delineated to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels brought for slaughtering at Akaki abattoir, Ethiopia during the period between December 2015 and April, 2016. Serum samples from 201 apparently health camels were initially screened for the presence of Brucella antibodies by the Rose bengal Plate Test (RbPT) and positive reacting sera were further confirmed by the Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Out of total 201 samples tested for RBPT, 13 (6.5%) were positive for brucellosis, of these, 9(4.5%) were confirmed to be seropositive for brucellosis upon further testing by CFT. There was significant difference in seroprevalence (based on CFT) of camel brucellosis in different age groups (χ2=34, p< 0.05), sexes (χ2= 6.3, p<0.05), and animals with difference body score condition (χ2= 11.85, p< 0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in animals of 5-9 years age group, females, poor body condition when compared to animals with other age groups, male animals and animal with medium or good body score condition respectively. The results of the present investigation indicate that Brucella spp. exists within the camels in Borena, Oromia region. Coordinated nationwide epidemiological surveillance in camel and other ruminants is required together with typing of infecting strains, thus enabling the transmission dynamics to be elucidated and initiating immunization campaigns, public health education and eradication strategies.

Title: Novel Polymorphism at Exon 2 of Caprine MHC Class II DRB3 Gene in Marwari Goats
Abstract :

The highly polymorphic genes of the MHC play a major role in the immune recognition of pathogens and parasites. The purpose of this study was to study the polymorphism of CLA-DRB3 (Caprine Leukocyte Antigen- antigen D Related β3-chain) gene in Marwari goat using PCR-RFLP technique. A region of exon 2 encompassing 285 bp fragment of DRB 3.2 gene in Marwari goats was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The restriction digestion by Hin1I revealed two alleles, A and G with frequencies 0.452 and 0.548, respectively and three genotypes, AA (285 bp), AG (285/174/111 bp) and GG (174/111 bp) with frequencies 0.242, 0.420 and 0.338, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value and expected heterozygosity were 0.373 and 0.495, respectively which were high in both cases. The present study shows polymorphic nature of MHC Class II DRB3 gene at this locus in Marwari goats.

Title: Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages Reveal Higher Basal Cytokine mRNA Expression than Peripheral Blood Leucocytes in Healthy Piglets
Abstract :

The host immune system plays a vital role in protection from various harmful stimuli. Cytokines play a very important role in inflammation and immune response even at minimal concentrations. In this study, basal mRNA expression of various cytokines in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of healthy piglets was assessed. Basal expression of all cytokines was higher in PAM as compared to PBL and the differences in normalized threshold cycle values ranged between 13.6% (IFN-α) and 53% (IFN- β). There was a positive correlation between the expression patterns in PAM and PBL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.76. Relative quantification of cytokine mRNA in PAM showed that there was wide variation in the degree of expression in terms of fold changes, which ranged from 3.5 (IFN-α) to 1130.6 (IFN-β). The results showed that exposure levels to pathogens can influence the basal cytokine expression, which depends on the microenvironment even in healthy piglets.

Title: Immunization of Chicken with Live Eimeria tenella Sporulated Oocysts for Control of Caecal Coccidiosis
Abstract :

Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic and one of the commonest species of Eimeria infecting broiler chickens raised under deep litter system throughout the world, causing caecal coccidiosis and incurring huge economic losses to the poultry industry. In the present study, the immunization potential of live Eimeria tenella oocysts was evaluated following homologous oocyst challenge in broilers. The birds were immunized at seven and 21 days of age orally with 1000 live sporulated oocyst of Eimeria tenella and challenged with homologous strain of parasite on 28 days of age. The immunization potential was evaluated in terms of relative weight gain, caecal lesion scoring, oocyst output and the anti-coccidial index (ACI). The results revealed that immunization with live oocysts of Eimeria tenella resulted in significant relative weight gain (82.47%), reduction in oocyst output (93.74%) and ACI of 161.47, indicating that oral immunization of chickens against E. tenella was effective in preventing the clinical disease and decreasing the oocyst burden in poultry farms.

Title: Molecular Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Targeting esxB (CFP-10) in Blood Samples and Lymph Node Aspirates by Conventional PCR and qRT-PCR TaqMan Assay
Abstract :

Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease is caused by an intracellular acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium bovis that affects broad range of mammalian hosts. CFP-10 is a 10 kDa secreted antigen coded by esxB gene located on RD1 region of genome and is responsible for virulence of Mycobacterium bovis. DNA extraction of blood (n=48) and lymph node aspirates (n=48) was done and extracted DNA was subjected to PCR by targeting esxB gene with band size of 302 bp. None of the blood sample and lymph node aspirates was positive for M. bovis with esxB gene by PCR. The sensitivity of esxB was 8 pg/μl by conventional PCR. Among 48 blood samples targeted for esxB (CFP-10) gene using In house developed primer probe mix, one sample (2.1%) whose CT was 34 was considered positive by real-time PCR. Out of 48 animals (lymph node aspirates), four samples (8.3%) whose CT was between 29-34 were considered positive by real-time PCR. Remaining samples whose CT values were equal to or greater than 35 were considered negative. The sensitivity of esxB was 800 fg/μl by real time PCR. This study indicates the diagnostic potential of esxB by using real time PCR TaqMan Assay

Title: Evaluation of Xylazine and Acepromazine as Premedicants to Ketamine Anaesthesia in Dogs Insufflated with CO2 during Laparoscopic Vasectomy
Abstract :

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare atropine-xylazine-ketamine and atropine-acepromazine-ketamine anaesthetic protocol in twelve healthy dogs undergoing laparoscopic vasectomy following 12 mmHg CO2 insufflation. Three port entries were used for performing laparoscopic vasectomy. Monopolar electrocautery was used for coagulation and cutting of a 2-3 cm piece of vas deferens. Anaesthetic and physiological parameters were recorded at 0 minutes (before administration of any drug), 10 minutes after administration of ketamine, 30 minutes after insufflation of abdominal cavity, and 60 minutes after desufflation in both the groups. Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 to an intra-abdominal pressure of 12 mmHg did not have any significant effects on physiological, haemato-biochemical and haemo-dynamic parameters and ECG. Surgical plane of anaesthesia with good analgesia and muscle relaxation, smooth induction and recovery was achieved with atropine-xylazine-ketamine combination. Atropine-acepromazine-ketamine combination failed to induce and maintain surgical plane of anaesthesia.

Title: Morphological and Histochemical Characteristics of Parotid Salivary Gland in Neonates of Indian Buffalo
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to elucidate gross, histomorphological and histochemical status in parotid salivary gland of buffalo during neonatal life. The study was carried out on parotid salivary gland of eighteen buffalo neonates. These neonates were categorized into three groups based on their age, viz., Group-1: <1 month; Group-2: between1-2 months and Group-3: between 2-3 months. Macroscopically, the lateral surface of the gland was covered by parotid fascia, developing parotido-auricularis muscle and facial muscles and the medial surface was related to great cornu of hyoid bone, digastricus, occipito-hyoideus and sterno-mastoideus muscles, external carotid artery, external jugular vein and its tributaries, facial nerve and its branches, during early neonatal life. Histologically, the parotid gland was of compound tubuloacinar nature. The parenchyma comprised of purely serous acini along with several orders of ducts distributed in the stroma. The duct system comprised of intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobular duct and large excretory duct. The myoepithelial cells appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells. The serous acinar cells of parotid gland were devoid of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides in neonatal age groups. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue. The biometrical studies showed that there was a significant difference in the parotid gland between different neonatal age groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level. There was significant difference in the micrometrical parameters of parotid gland between different groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level.

Title: Absence of NsiI Polymorphism in Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Gene in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

The objective of the present study was to investigate the polymorphism in 5′ non-coding region of growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene in Sahiwal (n = 53) and Hariana (n = 50) cattle using NsiI/PCR-RFLP assay. Amplification of DNA sample revealed 302bp product using specific primer pairs and digested by using NsiI restriction enzyme. All the screened animals were found monomorphic in nature for GHR/NsiI polymorphism. It revealed that only one type of uncut banding pattern (AA genotype); which was of 302bp. We could not identify any animal with GG and AG genotypes. Consequently, we could not perform association studies with milk production traits.

Title: Effect of Different Litter Materials on the Performance of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The present study attempts to analyze the effect of different types of litter materials on the performance of broilers. Total 300 unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were used on a completely randomized design in five treatments with four replicates, each consisting of 15 broilers. The treatments comprises of saw dust, wheat straw, rice husk, river bed sand and sandy soil (Balu ret) as litter materials. Standard feeding and management practices were followed during the experimental period. The effect of different treatments on growth parameters of broilers i.e. body weight, bodyweight gains, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed on regular interval of time. The results showed that feed conversion ratio was significantly different (p<0.05) among the litter types selected during 3rd and 4th week of experiment and other parameters were non-significant during the growing interval of broilers. The present study investigated the effect of different litter materials on broiler chicken performance may be viable for use of unconventional litter materials for broilers production due to cheap and locally available to the poultry entrepreneurs.

Title: Characterization of 5′ Upstream Region and Identification of Polymorphism in Intron 1 of Prolactin (PRL) Gene using HaeIII PCR-RFLP in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

Prolactin (PRL) gene is an important lactogenic candidate gene, plays a crucial role in mammary gland development and in the initiation, maintenance of lactation and expression of milk protein genes. In the present study, characterization of PRL 5′ upstream region and investigation of status of intron 1 polymorphism was carried out in Indian cattle breeds. An 857 bp fragment of 5′ upstream region of PRL gene consisting of part of promoter, exon1 and partial intron 1 was amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced in Indian breed of cattle. Nucleotide sequences of PRL 5′ upstream region exhibited a high degree (>98%) identity among Indian as well as exotic cattle breeds. HaeIII polymorphism screening in PRL intron 1 of Indian cattle breeds including Sahiwal (n = 154) and Hariana (n = 50) revealed monomorphic pattern, only, AA genotype (deletion homozygote) was found and confirmed by sequencing. The obtained sequences of PRL after aligning was revealed absence of HaeIII recognition site GGCC due to deletion of G and consequently, we could not perform the association study of this deletion with milk production traits.

Title: Assessment of Intra-Serotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli from Dogs Using ERIC-PCR
Abstract :

The scope of this study was to characterize the intra-serotypic genetic diversity in fecal Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs, using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Serological typing of forty-seven E. coli isolates recovered from the rectal swabs (n=93) of different dog breeds in Andhra Pradesh revealed O141 (5 isolates), O128 (3 isolates), O126 (2 isolates), O9 (2 isolates), O15, O20, O35, O49, O63, O85, O101, O116, O117, O118 and O119 (1 isolate each) serotypes. A total of 10 and 14 isolates were found to be rough (R) and untypable (UT), respectively. ERIC-PCR genotyping allowed discrimination of 47 E. coli isolates into 46 ERIC-PCR genotypes. The numerical index of discrimination was 0.999. Dendrogram analysis discriminated 47 E. coli isolates into eight major clusters (C1 to C8) with 70% similarity between them and three isolates were found to be unclustered with other isolates. Our results showed high intra-serotypic diversity in fecal E. coli from dogs, as evidenced by the grouping of isolates of same ‘O’ serotype into different clusters. Furthermore, ERIC-PCR genomic fingerprinting was found to be a rapid, easy-to-perform genotyping tool to differentiate E. coli strains within serotype based on their genotype.

Title: Heavy Metal and Trace Mineral Profile in Blood and Hair of Cattle Reared Around Industrial Effluent Contaminated Area
Abstract :

Blood and hair samples were collected from seventy adult cattle reared in villages located near the industrial effluent contaminated River adjoining Meerut. Based on the distance of the villages from the river, they were divided into three areas viz. area 1 (villages located on the river bank), area 2 (villages within 1km distance from the river) and area 3 (villages more than 2 km from the river). Samples collected from cattle reared in rural locality away from the river were used as control. The mean lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels of blood and hair in the animals of area 1 and area 2 were significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to control animals. The mean Pb and Cd levels of animals of area 3 were not significantly different from control values. Significantly low (P<0.05) copper and iron concentration in blood and hair were recorded in the animals from area1 and area 2 as compared to area 3 and control animals. Blood and hair zinc levels were not significantly different among animals of different areas. The blood cadmium level had significant negative correlation with blood copper(r=-0.379, p<0.01) and iron(r= -0.395, p<0.01). The blood lead levels had significant negative correlation with blood iron (r= -0.138, p< 0.05) and hair copper (r= -0.178, p< 0.05) and iron (r= -0.302, p< 0.05). The blood cadmium level had significant negative correlation with hair copper (r=-0.377, p< 0.01) and iron (r= -0.482, p<0.01). The study concludes that blood lead and cadmium influenced the concentration of trace minerals in the blood and hair.

Title: Evaluation of Efficacy of Propylene Glycol in the Treatment of Subclinical Ketosis and its effect on Plasma Concentration of Various Metabolic Parameters
Abstract :

Sub clinical ketosis is the excessive production of ketone bodies in blood leading to reduced reproductive performances and decreased milk yield without showing any clinical sign of ketosis. Since a lot of metabolic parameters are affected during the subclinical ketosis, which are having their roles in normal functioning of the body. Therefore the study was conducted to check the efficacy of Propylene glycol (PG) which was given @ 200 ml per day orally for 5 days in the treatment of subclinical ketosis and to study its effect on various metabolic parameters. A significant decrease was noted in the mean plasma Beta Hydroxyl Butyric Acid (BHBA) and Non Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) values, along with a significant increase in the mean plasma glucose, calcium and total plasma proteins levels after treatment. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were within the normal range. A non significant decrease was observed in the mean plasma copper and zinc levels, where as a increase was noted in iron levels from the late pregnancy upto the early lactation period. However, a increase was noted in the mean values of copper and zinc after treatment with PG. Marked improvement was recorded in the oxidative stress parameters after feeding of PG It was concluded from the present study that Propylene glycol (PG) was given @ 200 ml per day orally for 5 days results in decrease in plasma NEFA and BHBA levels, indicating its effectiveness for treatment of sub clinical ketosis.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Microscopy and PCR Assay for Detection of Theileria annulata Infection in Ruminants
Abstract :

Bovine tropical theileriosis, a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease, is one of the major threats to the health and production of cattle in the tropics and sub tropics. Diagnosis of the disease mainly relies upon clinical signs and microscopic examination of blood and lymphnode aspirate smears, which suffers with low diagnostic sensitivity, especially in carrier animals. Hence, the microscopy (gold standard test) and a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) were compared in terms of sensitivity, in the prsesnt study. For this, a total of 250 blood samples (cattle-215 and buffaloe-35) suspected for theileriosis were collected and initially screened by microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smear followed by Tams1 gene based PCR assay. A total of 55 (22.0%) and 95 (38.0%) samples were found positive for Theileria annulata infection by microscopy and PCR assay, respectively. In order to analyze the detection limit of the given PCR assay, the amplified product was cloned in pTZ57R/T cloning vector with DH5α (E. coli) as host cells. The recombinant plasmid was isolated from the bacterial cells and concentration of the same was measured and then, a 10 fold serial dilution of the same was used as template in PCR assay. Present study concludes that Tams1 based PCR has very high level of sensitivity (with respect to microscopy) and detection limit of the test is 10-7ng/μl parasite DNA.

Title: Estimation of Means and Trends in Economic Traits of Sahiwal
Abstract :

The performance records of Sahiwal cattle maintained under ICAR funded All India Coordinated Research Project on Cattle (Data Recording Unit - DRU) pertaining from 2011-2015 were utilized to estimate means and trends in important economic traits. It was found that the overall average of age at first calving, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first peak yield, first dry period, first service period, first calving interval, wet average and herd average were 1360.12 ±34.13 days, 1531.23±56.88 kg, 288.55±19.41 days, 8.36±1.19 kg, 151.55±19.46 days, 143.57±11.63 days, 439.52±14.18 days, 5.49±0.47 kg and 3.62±0.15 kg respectively. The analysis further revealed that the rate of change/year (trend) in the traits were -40.58 days in age at first calving, 41.38 kg in first lactation milk yield, 2.67 days in first lactation length, 0.71 kg in first peak yield, 1.70 days in first dry period, 0.80 days first service period, 10.84 days in calving interval, 0.09 kg in wet average and 0.06 kg in herd average from 2011 to 2015. The study of trends indicated that there has been considerable reduction in the age at puberty and increase in first lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, wet average and herd average. It may be concluded that improvement in the traits has been realized by breeding and management interventions namely: comfortable housing, balanced feeding, timely inseminations, use of quality semen from bulls with higher breeding worth and better husbandry practices.

Title: Effect of Polyherbal Additives on Intake, Growth and Nutrient Digestibility in Yorkshire Male Pigs
Abstract :

Growth trial of thirteen weeks’ duration was carried out on 24 pigs (2 months age; 12.5 kg b. wt.) which were divided into four groups of 6 pigs each and were fed with control diet concentrated feed mixture (CFM) (T0), CFM plus polyherbal superliv (500 g/ton) (T1), CFM plus polyherbal Ruchamax (500g/ton) (T2) and CFM plus AV/AGP/10 polyherbal (500g/ton) (T3). The dry mater intake (DMI) (g/d) in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups were 1152.80, 1277.59, 1204.73 and 1186.13 respectively where significantly (P<0.01) higher dry mater intake (DMI) was observed in T1 group. Significant (P<0.01) difference was observed among treatment groups in organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose intake. Similarly, significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) was noticed in T1 group when compared to other groups. The digestibility of DM, OM, NFE, NDF, Cellulose and Hemicellulose were significantly (P<0.01) different. It was concluded that superliv polyherbal supplemented group significantly improved weight gain, FCR and net profit than the other polyherbal supplemented and control group without any deleterious effect on pigs.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic (Problend) on Immune Status, Biochemical Profile and E. coli Counts in Commercial Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of dietary supplementation, of graded level of probiotics on the immune response, serum biochemical (total protein, cholesterol), and E.coli counts in commercial broiler chicken. A total of 240 unsexed broiler chicks were distributed randomly in to six dietary treatments and reared commercial broiler chicks under uniform management conditions from day old to six weeks of age to evaluate the immune response (Cell mediated immunity (CMI) to phyto heamagglutinin-P(PHA-P), Humoral immunity (HI) to new castle disease vaccine(NDV), serum biochemical (total protein, cholesterol), and E.coli counts. The humoral immune response to Sheep-Red blood cells (SRBC) as studied at 42 days old indicated insignificant (P>0.05) influence due to dietary treatments, while CMI response to PHA-P was significantly (P<0.05) affected, but no specific trend could be attributed. The relative weights of bursa were significantly (P<0.05) higher in probiotic group compared to control. The concentration of serum cholesterol and total protein were not affected due to treatments. At 42 days of age, significantly (P<0.05) reduced E. coli counts were observed in small intestine and excreta of broilers, supplemented with dietary probiotics. It was concluded that commercial broilers can be reared profitably to improve immunity and reducing harmful bacterial load in the intestine and excreta by supplementation of probiotics at graded levels.

Title: Occurrence and Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Ruminants
Abstract :

The study was conducted on clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants at SKUAST-Jammu from June, 2014 to May, 2015. A total of 22 cases of surgical affections of urinary tract in ruminants were recorded and 18 cases (81.82%) were in the age group of <6 months. Nineteen cases of obstructive urolithiasis (19/22, 86.36%) were recorded; 10 in buffaloes, five in goats and four in cattle. All the animals affected with obstructive urolithiasis were males, intact 17 (89.47%) and castrated 2 (11.53%). Prevalence of urolithiasis was highest in winter. Cystorrhexis was observed in 47.37% of all cases; 70% in buffaloes and 50% in cattle, whereas all goats had intact bladder. Ultrasonography served as a useful diagnostic aid in assessing urinary bladder, especially in calves and small ruminants. Tube cystostomy was found to be a simple and useful technique in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and buffalo calves with high success rate. Catheter blockade and catheter dislodgment were common post-operative complications following tube cystostomy.

Title: Development and Process Optimization of Biodegradable Films Based on Banana (Musa sp.) Flour
Abstract :

A study was conducted to develop banana flour based edible film using Response Surface Methodology. A Central Composite Design was adopted in the optimization of banana flour and sodium alginate level for the development of edible film with 13 different runs and 5 trials of two similar centre points. Effects of banana flour (2-4% w/v) and sodium alginate (0.5-1.0% w/v) level on the thickness, moisture, solubility, Hue angle and Chroma value of banana flour based edible film were investigated. For each response, a second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The coefficients of determination, R2 of all the response variables were higher than 0.95 and the lack-of-fit tests were not significant. Applying desirability function method, optimum conditions were found to be 2.81% w/v banana flour and 0.80% w/v sodium alginate level for banana flour based edible film. At this optimum point, thickness, moisture, solubility, Hue angle and Chroma value were found to be 170.18μm, 17.80%, 27.23%, 83.73 and 9.27 respectively. The composite film has a good potential as secondary packaging material to enhance the functionality of meat, dairy, poultry and seafood.

Title: Electrocardiographic Studies in Conscious Healthy Turtles
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out on 37 healthy conscious turtles, for establishing normal reference values of electrocardiographic parameters in standard lead II. ECG complexes were consisted of very small to imperceptible P wave, comparatively appreciable R wave, no Q or S waves, and imperceptible to small upright T wave. Broadly turtles’ ECG was characterized by low amplitude wave forms, lower heart rate with longer periods of repolarization (QT interval). Heart rate varied from 22 to 48 beats per minute (32.27±1.14, median 32.0); P wave duration was 44.34±3.63 ms (range 10-80, median 40 ms) and amplitude was 0.055 ± 0.003 mV (range 0.025 to 0.1, median 0.05 mV), ‘R’ wave was comparatively conspicuous (mean 0.194 ± 0.002, range 0.025 to 0.7, median 0.25 mV), QRS pattern was positive and broad (mean 61.75 ±2.75, range 20-100, median 60 ms), ‘T’ wave was generally positive with a mean amplitude of 0.098 ± 0.0097 mV (range 0.05- 0.25, median 0.10 mV) and duration of 61.85 ± 3.66 ms (range 40-100, median 60 ms), Q-T interval was prolonged (mean 802.2±51.45, range 550-1280, median 800.0 ms) and longer R-R interval (mean 1859.31±59.26, range 1250-2727, median 1875). P and T waves were imperceptible in 14 and 10 turtles respectively.

Title: Occurrence Pattern of Different Types of Fracture in Bovine, Caprine and Canine
Abstract :

A total number of 12004 cases of different species were registered in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur, during study period. Out of these 12004 cases, 153 animals were presented with the fracture in any of the limb. The incidence of fracture was found to be 1.27%. Canine was the most common (58.82%) species to have a fracture. The incidence of fracture was highest (60.00%) in animals of age below 9 months. Further, the male animals (53.34%) outnumbered female (46.66%) for fracture cases. The tibia-fibula (36.66%) was the most common bone affected with fracture followed by metatarsal (23.33%) and radius–ulna (16.66%). Most of the fractures were oblique and transverse types and were located in midshaft of a bone. Hind limb was found more vulnerable for a fracture than fore limb. Fractures were more commonly recorded in left limbs (66.66%) of animal than the right limbs (33.34%). Automobile accident (50.00%) was found to be most common cause of a fracture.

Title: Development of Plant Extracts Based Indicator for Monitoring Quality of Fresh Chicken Meat During Storage at Room Temperature (25±1° C)
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to develop a plant extracts based quality indicator for monitoring aerobically packed chicken meat quality during storage at room temperature (25±1ºC) until spoiled. Ripen black mulberry (Morus nigra) fruit extracts containing anthocyanins was used for developing quality indicator. Filter paper based indicator was exposed to the closed fresh meat environment. Changes in the indicator color and different quality parameters of chicken meat viz., total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), ammonia level, pH, sensory attributes and instrumental color values were evaluated and were correlated with color changed of indicator. During storage meat become visibly spoiled on 5th day of storage where as the color of the indicator changed gradually from red on 1st day to light green between 2nd-4th day and finally dark yellow on 5th. Both Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and ammonia level increased significantly (P<0.5) during storage. The pH value of meat increased significantly (P<0.5) from 5.4 to 6.1 during storage. Sensory attributes score for color, general appearance and acceptability decreased significantly (P<0.5) throughout the storage period. Lovibond Tinto meter color value for redness, yellowness, hue and chroma decreased during storage period. On the basis of results observed it might be concluded that the developed quality indicator is expected to provide a convenient aid to monitor the quality and shelf life of chicken meat during storage at room temperature.

Title: Phyto-Pharmacological Study and Therapeutic Efficacy of Calotropis procera (Flower) Against Theileriosis in Cattle
Abstract :

Calotropis species are common wasteland weeds, widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity studies and anti-theilerial acitivity of flowers of Calotropis procera in cattles. The results showed that the alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saponin, tannins, steroids, glycosides and phenols were found in the twelve different solvent extracts of Calotropis procera. Acute toxicity studies revealed absence of toxicity symptoms upto 600 mg/kg body weight in mice. Comparative efficacy of Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight and flower extract of Calotropis procera @ 0.3 mg/kg body weight was evaluated against the sub clinical theileriosis in cows. The haematological study revealed low Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and increase in eosinophil percent in both the infected groups on day “0” (before treatment). Both the treatments improved altered levels of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and eosinophil percent within 21st day post treatment as compared to pre treatment values. The therapeutic study revealed that the percent efficacy of buparvaquone (100%) was higher as compared to Calotropis procera (83.67%). The study concluded that Buparvaquone and Calotropis procera found effective against sub clinical theileriosis in cows with improvement in haematological parameters.

Title: Effect of Area Specific Mineral Mixture Supplementation on Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Dairy Animals of Sub-mountainous Zone of Punjab
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mineral supplementation on milk yield and milk quality of dairy animals in Sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. Area specific mineral mixture was fed to lactating cattle and buffaloes of Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahar districts for 3 months at a constant dose rate of 50 g/animal/day and its effect on milk yield and its quality was analyzed at 3rd month post-treatment (last day of feeding of mineral mixture) and one month after cessation of the feeding of mineral mixture. Supplemented animals showed significant increase in milk yield as compared to un-supplemented group of animals, whereas, no significant difference was observed in milk components between the supplemented and un-supplemented groups.

Title: Effect of Diets Supplemented with Bacterial Culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis) on the Performances, Haemato-Biochemical Parameters and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The effect of three levels of probiotic bacterial culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis) was studied in 240, day-old Ven Cobb broiler chicks. Chicks were randomly allocated to three groups (4 replicates per group; 10 chicks per replicate) following randomized block design. The starter (0-14 day) diets contained 23% CP and 2978 kcal ME/kg feed. Grower’s (14 -28 day) diet contained 22.5% CP and 3141 kcal ME/kg while finisher’s (28-42 day) diet contained 20.10% CP and 3241 kcal ME/kg feed. Treatment T1 was control (basal diet without probiotic and E-Care-Se) and T2 and T3. Treatment were supplemented with probiotic bacterial culture: Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis @ 2.7 × 105 + 2.7 × 105 and 5.4 × 105 + 5.4 × 105 CFU / g feed, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in DM intake and FCR in T3 was observed. In spite of lower intake of DMI and FCR from T2 to T3 showed significant (p<0.05)) increase in body weight gain, calcium and phosphorus balances and efficiency of utilization of protein and energy for gained biomass in broilers. The non- significantly higher increased in weight of different cuts of carcass were measured in broilers of T3. With regards to the hemato-biochemical profile there was significant (p<0.05) increased in the number of lymphocytes and HDL and significantly (p<0.05) decreases in the total serum cholesterol in the broilers of T3 decreased. The higher performances and immunological responses (p<0.05) were noticed the in broilers treatment T3 supplemented with 5.4×105CFU/g+5.4x105CFU/g bacterial culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus + lactococcus lactis lactis.

Title: Effect of Extreme Seasons on Some Blood Biochemical Parameters in Beetal and Toggenberg Goats of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The influence of extreme environmental conditions on biochemical parameters were studied in 36 healthy adult female (2-4 years of age) Beetal (n=18) and Toggenberg (n=18) goats in Jammu (J&K, India). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were studied during moderate (autumn), extreme hot (summer) and extreme cold (winter) ambiences. Ambient temperature (0C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. For the season and breed interaction, significantly higher (P<0.01) total protein and cholesterol levels were found in Toggenberg goats in all the seasons. Significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of total protein, albumin and BUN levels were found during summer as compared to autumn and winter seasons. The concentrations of glucose and cholesterol were significantly higher (P<0.01) in winter season. Among the two breeds, all the values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in Toggenberg. Biochemical parameters change in different seasons and THI values were found higher during summer season and is considered as danger status.

Title: Genotypic Study of Verocytotoxic E. coli in Cattle by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstract :

E. coli is the most commonly observed gastrointestinal flora of animals and environmental contaminant considered as important food borne pathogen causing serious complications in man and animals. The study was undertaken to detection of virulence gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cattle. In present study, a total of 160 samples were processed for isolation of verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC). All samples were positive for Escherichia coli. Out of 160 Escherichia coli, 14 samples were found positive for VTEC. Out of 14 VTEC, 6 were found to be positive for stx1 gene (180 bp), 5 were stx2 (255 bp) and 3 were for stx1, stx2 and hlyA gene.

Title: Recurrent Incidence of Marek’s Disease in Native Breed Chickens
Abstract :

The present paper is a report on outbreak of visceral (acute) form of Marek’s disease (MD) in 12 week-old non-descriptive chickens reared for meat purpose on two occasions in two different flocks. Economic losses due to visceral form of MD caused by very virulent MD virus are very huge due to mortality despite preventive vaccination carried out at hatch. Chickens of native breeds are believed to be resistant for various diseases including MD. Desi chicken flock comprising 2000 birds which was not vaccinated showed sudden mortality upto four to five birds a day after 12 weeks of age on both occasions. Gross and histopathological lesions were suggestive of MD and nucleic acid of serotype 1 of MD virus was identified by PCR. It can be concluded that resistance expressed by native breeds of chicken to various diseases could be compromised even if they are properly housed. It is recommended to administer bivalent vaccination at hatch together with biosecurity at farm for prevention of MD in desi chickens. Such occurrences also underline the need of adoption of ‘all-in-all-out’ system of management for effective disease prevention in desi chickens.

Title: Effects of Oral Feeding of Coumestrol on Efferent Ductules in Dogs
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on ten healthy adult stray male dogs weighing 12 - 19 kg, and randomly divided into two groups. Animals in treatment group (n = 5) were given coumestrol dissolved in di-methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) orally as single dose @ 1.5 mg/kg body weight. Dogs in control group (n = 5) were given DMSO only. Castration of the treated dogs was done on 12 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 15th day post feeding of coumestrol; same castration schedule was followed for control group also. Histopathology revealed normal efferent ductules epithelium after coumestrol feeding. There were no any changes seen that would be responsible to lead infertility in male dogs. Therefore, from this study, it was concluded that oral feeding of coumestrol @ 1.5 mg/kg b.w. has no adverse effects on efferent ductules and therefore it cannot be used for population control of dogs.

Title: Emergency Management of Epistaxis in Dogs
Abstract :

Epistaxis is a relatively uncommon clinical manifestation in dogs that may reflect an intranasal or systemic disease process. Therefore, epistaxis is frequently regarded as an emergency which requires prompt therapy. Human studies have demonstrated oxymetazolin, a vasoconstrictor can be used as both decongestant and topical hemostatic agent and widely used in human patients. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of topical oxymetazolin nasal drops in controlling epistaxis in dogs. The efficacy of the drug was assessed based on the arresting of bleeding. Cessation of bleeding was noticed only in two dogs within ten minutes.