Vol. 8, No.4, August 2018

A cross- sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to June 2016 in Gozamin Woreda with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ticks, to investigate their genera and assessing association with the different risk factors such as breed, sex, age, body condition scores, and management system. Adult ticks were collected from 384 cattle from local and cross-breed cattle. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 197(51.3%) were found to be infested by one or more genera of tick parasites. A total of 919 adult ticks, which belongs to four genera of ticks were collected and identified using stereomicroscopy. In this study Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Boophilus were identified as 27.3%, 26.3%, 25.3%, and 21.1% respectively. More numbers of Rhipicephalus was collected. The prevalence of male and female animals was found to be 91 (45.96%) and 106 (57%) respectively. According to their management variation animals kept in extensive and intensive farming system were infested with 162 (36.07%) and 35 (30.97%) respectively. The prevalence in local and cross breed was 135(57.69%) and 62 (41.3%) respectively. The prevalence in young and adult animals was found to be 59 (40.69%) and 138 (57.74%) respectively. Based on their body condition score of animals, poor 117 (51.09%), medium 58(61.70%) and good body condition 22(36.07%). In this study breed, body condition score, management and age did not indicate statistical significant association with the infestation rate but there was statistically significant association of infestation rate with the sex of the animals (P<0.05) and x2 = 9.328. Special attention should be given to the control and prevention of ticks, since they cause severe damage to hides and thereby reduce the foreign exchange of the country; besides they also transmit many diseases to cattle which cause economic loss to the farmers.

Heat shock proteins family, HSP70 (HSP70.1, 70.2 and 70.8) are regarded as the most significant indicators of thermal stress. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression pattern of HSP70 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The recorded temperature humidity index (THI) = 83.2; 66.7 and relative humidity (RH) = 80.3; 80.5 for summer and winter seasons, respectively. Thirty two healthy Murrah buffaloes were selected from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and randomly divided equally (8 each) into four groups (control and supplemented groups of buffaloes during summer and winter season, respectively). The treatment group was supplemented with Astaxanthin @ 0.25 mg/kg body weight/animal/day during the period 30 days prior to expected date of calving and upto 30 days postpartum. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was applied to investigate the variation in relative mRNA expression profile of HSP70 gene during different seasons. In the present study, the expression of HSP70.1, HSP70.2 and HSP70.8 were significantly (P<0.05) higher during summer season when compared to winter season. The relative expression of HSP was seen to be significantly (P<0.05) highest on the day of calving in control and treatment groups of both the seasons. From this study, it could be concluded that astaxanthin supplementation caused a down regulation of HSP70 expression in periparturient Murrah buffaloes which infers that its treatment ameliorates the adverse effects of heat and cold stress and augments immunity during stress in the periparturient buffaloes.

Under the present study the post-thawed developmental potential and apoptotic incidence of in vitro-produced (IVP) buffalo embryos vitrified by solid surface technique were assessed. The abattoir derived oocytes were in vitro matured in maturation media and fertilized with capacitated epididymal sperm. The fertilized embryos were cultured in commercial Research vitro cleave media for in vitro embryo development. Embryos at morula stages were vitrified using vitrification media composed of 35% Ethylene glycol. The vitrified morulae were thawed and allowed to grow in culture media similar to non-vitrified control embryos up to the blastocyst stage. The post-thawed developmental competence of vitrified embryos was recorded to be significantly lower in terms of compact morula (57±1.22% vs 81±1.87%), blastocyst (32±1.22% vs 58±1.22%) and blastomere count (129.0±1.22 vs 159.2±1.31) as compared to non-vitrified control. Furthermore, Annexin-V and PI staining dye were used for staining the embryos for apoptotic study under confocal microscope. The apoptotic study of embryos observed by confocal microscopy revealed that rate of apoptosis was significantly higher in vitrified group as compared to control (53.33±2.13% vs 26.67±3.43%). Our study concluded that the vitrification increased the rate of apoptosis which significantly affected the development potential of vitrified-thawed embryos.

Study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation and renal dysfunction in wistar rats. Eighty-four adult healthy wistar male rats were divided into twelve equal groups. Experiment was carried out as per 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design with two clinical conditions (Kidney-Normal and Kidney-Compromised); three levels of cholesterol supplementation (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and two niacin levels (unsupplemented and supplemented @ 100 mg/kg body weight), respectively. At the start of the experiment, renal dysfunction was induced in respective rats by daily injection of gentamicin for 8 days. Blood samples were collected from experimental animals on zero, 20th, 40th and 60th days of trial to study liver specific serum enzyme profile viz aspartate amino transaminase (AST),alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP).Gentamicin injection resulted in significantly increase in levels of enzymes. Also cholesterol supplementation @ 0.5% and 1% resulted in significantly higher levels of enzymes studied. However, treatment with niacin @ 100 mg/kg body weight resulted in marked improvement in level of enzymes studied.

Deleterious interaction between seminal plasma proteins and egg yolk has been well documented in buck semen. Reduced lethal contact between seminal proteins and egg yolk can be a prerequisite for improved post thaw semen quality. Sperm concentration that determines seminal plasma volume in extender regulates quantum of lethal proteins and intensity of lethal interaction in diluted goat semen. Therefore, experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of dilution and sperm concentration in diluted buck semen utilized for cryopreservation and artificial insemination. Semen from four healthy Barbari bucks was collected and pooled. Pooled semen was equally divided and diluted with TRIS based extender containing 6% glycerol and 20% egg yolk at four different sperm concentration viz. 100 million /ml, 200 million /ml, 300 million /ml and 400 million /ml and cryopreserved. Frozen thawed semen was evaluated for progressive motility, live percent, hypo-osmotic swelling test and motility parameters using computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA). A significantly (p < 0.01) higher value for live percent, progressive motility, HOST percent, VCL (μm/sec), VAP (μm/sec), VSL (μm/sec), BCF (hz) and DNC (μm2/sec) were observed in semen diluted to 200-million/ml of sperm concentration. The results depict a better counterbalance between the different factor influencing the viability, membrane integrity, path velocity and motion characters in semen diluted to 200-million/ml of sperms as compared to other sperm concentration in diluted semen. In conclusion, 200-million/ml sperm can be preferred concentration for semen dilution and cryopreservation that result in better post thaw semen quality in buck semen.

An experiment was conducted to study the follicular dynamics during estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes. Seven animals of 5 to 10 years were selected for the study. All the animals were synchronized as per the ovsync protocol and the pair of ovary of each animal was scanned by ultrasonography machine on 0, 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 21st day of estrous cycle. The non-significant difference was observed in antral follicle count of 3 to 5 mm, 5 to 8 mm and follicles count (> 3 mm). Whereas, significantly (p<0.05) lower mean values were recorded on the day of estrus (0.14 + 0.14) as compared to 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 21st day of estrous cycle. The significant individual variation (p<0.05) was recorded in average mean of 3 to 5 mm and total antral follicle count (>3). However, the difference for 5 to 8 mm and >8 mm was non significant. The positive correlation of low and high antral follicle count was observed in the present study. Two animals of low antral follicle count remained non pregnant and two animals showed three follicular waves during estrous cycle.

Total 45 cases admitted to VCC, Hisar, 16 cases diagnosed to be suffering from impactive colic were included in this study. These cases were subjected to complete clinical examination and were randomly divided into two groups for evaluation of haemato-biochemical and therapeutic efficacy. All the affected animals were exhibiting colicky signs along with lack of defaecation and had decreased or absent gastrointestinal borborygmi. Per-rectal examination revealed pelvic flexure as the most common site of impaction. There was increase in temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, CRT, Hb, PCV, TEC, GGT, LDH, AST, BUN and creatinine. Along with fluid therapy, ceftriaxone (antibiotic), flunixin meglumine (NSAID) with supportive therapy, enteral liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphate and fenbendazole in both groups I and II, group I horses were additionally given aloe vera, ginger, garlic, chebulic myrobalan and asafoetida, while group II animals were given appetite stimulant and digestive tonic powder. The combination of above mentioned herbs/drugs have been tried with excellent recovery in group I animals with 100% efficacy.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of monensin supplementation in reducing faecal nitrogen excretion in non pregnant non lactating murrah buffaloes and its effect on blood metabolites. The nitrogen released by the livestock in faecal matter contributes to the N2O content of environment, which is a potent green house gas. Fourteen dry Murrah buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each on the basis of body weight. Both groups were fed as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard without and with monensin supplementation (350 mg/head/day) in control and treatment group, respectively for sixty days. Nitrogen intake, urinary and total nitrogen out go and nitrogen balance (g/d) were not (P>0.05) affected by monensin supplementation. However, faecal nitrogen excretion (g/d) decreased (P <0.05) and blood plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration increased (P<0.05) in treatment group as compared to control. The concentration of blood non-estrified fatty acid, blood urea nitrogen, total protein and albumin were not affected (P>0.05) by monensin supplementation. In conclusion, dietary monensin supplementation to non pregnant non-lactating Murrah Buffaloes increased blood glucose concentration and reduced faecal nitrogen excretion which will reduce the contribution of buffaloes to nitrous oxide emissions and its negative impact on environment.

The study was conducted on 72 weaned Wistar male rats which were divided into 3 groups viz. control, T1 and T2. Control rats were given diet without zinc supplementation while the rats of T1 and T2 groups were given diet containing zinc sulphate @ 50 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively for 8 weeks from 4 to 12 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected on 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of zinc supplementation and oxidative parameters were studied. Oxidative indices viz super-oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (G-s-T), catalyse (CAT) and lipid peroxidise (LPO) showed decreasing trend in T1 group, whereas increasing trend was observed in T2 group as age advanced; no such increasing or decreasing trend observed in control, except LPO activities, which showed increasing trend with advancing age. Zinc @ 50 mg/kg body weight/day (T1) proved better choice than zinc @ 100 mg/kg body weight/day (T2) in reducing oxidative stress in growing rats.

Pharmacokinetic studies of enrofloxacin were performed after single intravenous (IV) administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) to 6 healthy Barbari goats. The study was performed by cross-over design. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein at predetermined time intervals after drug administration. Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental model. The drug showed distribution half life (t1/2α) of 0.11±0.02 h and elimination half life (t1/2β) of 1.34±0.06 h. Large volume of distribution (Vdarea) of 3289.92±278 ml.kg-1 in goats indicated high distribution of drug into various body fluids and tissues. The average values for area under plasma drug concentration-time curve AUC(0-∞) and area under first moment curve (AUMC) was 2.97±0.19 μg.ml-1.h and 5.03±1.41 μg.ml-1.h2, with mean residence time (MRT) of 1.68±0.24 h respectively

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance of broiler chicken. A total of 300 commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six treatments having five replicates consisting of ten birds each. The chicks fed with standard basal diet in two different growth phase i.e. starter(0-28d) and finisher (29-42 d) The first group was kept as control (T1) and given basal diet without antibiotic while in second group (T2) basal diet was supplemented with antibiotic, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were supplemented with amla fruit powder @0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. Over all feed intake ranged 3860.4 (g) (T6) to 4059.0 (g) (T1) and significantly lower feed intake was found in 0.75% and 1% amla fruit powder supplemented group as compared to control. The lower feed consumption in higher levels of amla fruit powder supplemented group might be due to better utilization of nutrients. Over all weight gain at the end of growth period ranged 2105.8 (T1) to 2240.4 (T5) and significant higher body weight gain was found in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla supplemented group results in significantly improved FCR as compared to control. Dry Matter metabolizability and Nitrogen metabolizability was significantly higher in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla fruit powder supplemented group as compared to control group. Higher gross energy metabolizability was recorded in all amla supplemented and antibiotic supplemented group as compared to control group.

A total of 150, day old broiler chicken were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with three replicates having ten chicks in each replicate to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) on growth and performance of broiler chicks. The birds in group control (C) were fed on basal diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 the basal diet was supplemented with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of sun dried Azolla, respectively. The body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in treatment T3 (2182.07) which was comparable with T2 (2173.10) and T4 (2132.67). Highest (P<0.01) feed consumption was recorded T3 (3900.98) group. FCR was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in T2 (1.67) which was comparable with T1 (1.72) group. The DM digestibility and nitrogen balance were found to be similar in all the groups however nitrogen voided was higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. Performance index was highest (P<0.01) in T2 (1299.62) group similarly protein efficiency ratio was also higher (P<0.01) in T2 (3.33) group which was statically similar to that of T3 (3.13) and control (2.93). Feed cost/ kg broiler (in `) and total cost/ kg broiler (in `) was lowest in T2 group. Therefore, inclusion of Azolla up to 7.5% level in the ration improved body weight gain and feed consumption in broiler chicken. Beyond this level of supplementation, there was reduction in Performance of broilers.

Thirty female Black Bengal kids were selected randomly at the age of 2 months and divided equally into three groups with having ten kids in each group and maintained from 2 to 12 month of age under three different management systems, viz., extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems in Tripura, a North Eastern state of India. Four phenotypic variables, hematology and biochemical profiles were done every month and data were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. There was a significant (p<0.01) increase in mean (±SEM) body weight, height at withers, heart girth and body length of the goats maintained under different systems of management over the months. However, mean (±SEM) blood hemoglobin (Hb), glucose, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase level in plasma of goats under different management systems varied significantly (p<0.05) between age groups from 2nd months to 12th months of age. Except plasma glucose level, mean (±SEM) body weight, heart girth and body length of the goats under extensive system were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those for goats maintained under semi-intensive and intensive system of management. Mean (±SEM) plasma cholesterol level in goats under extensive and semi-intensive system were more (p<0.05) than that of the goats under intensive management system. Black Bengal goats reared under extensive management system showed a better performance in terms of body weight gain, body measurements and biochemical profiles as compared to the goats reared under semi-intensive and intensive management system.

This study examined the suitability and comparative efficacy of Zn through different levels and sources on blood-biochemical profile and serum mineral status. 63 weaned (130±3.1g) wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into 7 equal groups in completely randomized design. These rats were fed a common basal (synthetic) diet for 90 days, except for Zn supplementation, which was 10 ppm through zinc sulphate or 10, 20 and 40 ppm nano Zn either from commercial or synthesized (prepared by green method) source. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each animal through cardiac puncture and analysed for hemato-biochemistry and serum minerals. The Hb, PCV in blood and glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine in serum were comparable (P>0.05) among various treatment groups. Serum Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Mn were also not affected by source and different levels of Zn supplementation, however, serum Zn levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher in nano zinc supplemented groups as compared to control and 10 ppm nano Zn groups. It is concluded that Zn nano particles can be safely supplemented up to 40 ppm level in the diet of rats.

Coconut products have a great role to play in the fast developing functional food sector. In this pretext, a study was carried out using tender coconut water (TCW), ripened coconut water (RCW) and coconut milk (CM) as ice flake substitute in meat emulsion. Increasing concentrations of each of this substituent, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was used to replace ice flakes in chicken nuggets formulation and the quality parameters were studied. Among the three treatments, the results were nearly identical for TCW and RCW, while CM addition showed most satisfactory results. In nuggets with TCW and RCW, a significant (PË‚0.05) decrease was observed in moisture and pH, while a significant increase was observed in ash content and standard plate count (SPC). A slight increase in crude protein, fat and shear force was also observed with addition of TCW and RCW. There was no statistical significance in sensory parameters except for flavour in RCW added chicken nuggets. CM added nuggets showed a statistically significant (PË‚0.05) increase in sensory scores and 100% substitution of ice flakes with CM showed highest sensory scores except for juiciness. In CM incorporated nuggets, moisture content and pH value decreased significantly (PË‚0.05) where as ash and CP content increased significantly (PË‚0.05). Moreover higher level of CM addition resulted in higher binding ability of meat emulsion. The microbiological analysis showed a non significant increase. The results showed that among three ice flakes substitutes studied, CM was found more effective in enhancing the quality of chicken nuggets.

A study was conducted to see the effects of threonine supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato-biochemical parameters of commercial layers. Sixteen hundred and eighty (1680) BV-300 laying birds of 40 weeks age with an average body weight of 1353±5.86g were allocated in a completely randomized design with five (5) groups of 336 birds in each. Groups were formed according to the dose of supplemented threonine in various rations i.e. NRC specification, BV-300 strain requirement, 110% of BV-300 strain requirement, 120% of BV-300 strain requirement and 130% of BV-300 strain requirement. With the increasing levels of supplemental L-threonine, GSH-Px activity and serum SOD level increased linearly (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). Among hematological parameters, though non-significant, Heterophils/Lymphocyte ratio tended to decrease linearly (p=0.02). The sugar and total protein concentration increased linearly (p<0.001) while albumin and globulin concentration increased linearly and quadratically. There was a linear decrease (p<0.001) in blood cholesterol level. It may be concluded that L-threonine supplementation at 130% of BV-300 recommendation has a better antioxidant function and better haemato-biochemical parameters.

Aspeculuris tetraptera is a pinworm of laboratory and wild rodents. Mice colonies transported from Bombay to Nagpur, showed stress with sudden mortalities of 25 (20%) mice out of total 125, without any further clinical signs. All animals were subjected for to the fecal examination and revealed pinworm infection. It was diagnosed by presence of ellipsoid eggs in the faecal matter of rodents. However, infestation was characterized by rectal prolapse, intestinal impaction, and mucoid enteritis. Intestinal samples especially ceacum and colon were taken out after post-mortem and washed thoroughly with salt water, then the intestines kept in new clean petri plates so as to allow the worms to come out in water in petri plate. After about half an hour, the small worms were collected and were kept in 70% ethanol and later vital statistics was performed. The males worms were 2 mm to 3 mm long and 110 μ to 200 μ wide, with a short conical tail that is 110 μ to 149 μ long. Both spicule and gubernaculum were absent. The females were 3 mm to 5 mm long and 205 μ to 255 μ wide, with a conical tail that is 395 μ to 557 μ long. The eggs are symmetrically ellipsoidal and 70 μ to 100 μ long by 25 μ to 40 μ wide. Control is recommended to remove parasitic eggs from the environment through adequate hygiene to prevent the spread of new infestation.

An experiment was designed on diagnostic biomarkers and effect of standard therapy followed during acute pancreatitis in rat model. Rats were divided in three groups, A (Control), B (acute pancreatitis) and C (treatment) groups, 12 rats in each. Supra-maximal dose of cerulein (50 μg/kg b wt) was given i.p. at hourly interval for 7 h in groups B and C. Group A was treated with 0.25 ml of NSS at same interval. Treatment and sampling started after 12 h of last injection of cerulein. Group C rats were treated by antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and vit-E. Hematological and biochemical estimations were carried out at 12, 24, 60 and 156 h of last dose of cerulein. Hematological parameters found to increase significantly in group B and C than A and significant reduction noted in group C after treatment. Serum lipase and amylase were considered as accurate biomarkers and their values were found to increase several times in induction groups and became almost normal at 156 h of sampling in C group. Significant reduction in AST and ALT values noticed in treatment group. BUN and creatinine became normal in Group C at 156 and 60 h, respectively. Serum calcium became normal at 60 h. It was concluded that significant increase in serum lipase, amylase, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and CK-MB had diagnostic significance of acute pancreatitis and their values became normal in treatment group earlier and faster than group AP showing that standard treatment had significant role in acute pancreatitis.

India is the fifth largest producer of eggs and ninth largest producer of poultry meat in the world. Poultry farming has become a remunerative business as there is huge demand of poutry product. In recent years, backyard poultry production has been extremely emphasised in sustaining and enhancing rural livelihoods. In this farming, birds are kept in low-input and low- output system and can easily be managed by women and children of the households. The present study was carried out in five blocks namely Nowshera, Sunderban, Rajouri, Darhal and Thanamandi of Rajouri district of J&K State. Twelve poultry farms each from organised and unorganised system of poultry production were selected randomly from selected blocks and thus form a sample of total of 120 respondents. The study showed that 95 percent of the respondents in organized system were practicing semi-intensive system of poultry farming where as only 3 percent were practicing intensive systems of poultry farming, 100 percent were rearing broiler and they provide separate houses, 100 percent of poultry owners in organized system kept birds in Pacca house, upto 0.5 square feet space per chick and 0.8-12 square feet space in case of broiler birds, 95 per cent of the respondents under organized system reported mortality due to outbreak of diseases. Majority 97 percent respondents of unorganized system reported mortality due to the attack of predators and outbreak of disease respectively.

The study was carried out at Military Dairy Farm on Eighty milch Frieswal cows. The cows were divided in five parities and three stages of lactation. The study was done for Body Condition Score and its relation with production parameters namely solid not fat percent and weekly fat corrected milk yield (3.5%) along with the effect of parities and stages of lactation on Body Condition Score, production parameters. The Body Condition Score (BCS) system is a subjective scoring method of evaluating the energy reserve of dairy animal to provide better understanding of biological relationships between body fat, milk production parameters. The overall least square mean of body condition score related to parity as well as stage of lactation was 3.35±0.04. The effect of parity was found significant on body condition score and solid not fat percent and weekly fat corrected milk yield while stage of lactation showed significant effect on body condition score and solid not fat percent. The stage of lactation did not showed significant effect on weekly fat corrected milk yield. The significant correlation and regression of body condition score was not seen with solid not fat and weekly fat corrected milk yield. This can be concluded that parity and stage of lactation have positive and significant impact on milk production parameters.

Ruminal acidosis is one of the common condition that oftenly found on account of ingestion of excessive amounts of readily fermented carbohydrate by ruminants. The present study was planned to characterize ruminal fluid and its therapeutic efficacy of suitable probiotics in the management of ruminal acidosis. A total of 265 animals were screened from different areas of Jammu region including the cases that were presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura. Forty three (43) animals were found positive for acidosis. The overall prevalence of ruminal acidosis including sub-acute form in Jammu region was 16.22%. The mean value of all acidotic animals was found 5.11 ±0.06. The odour of ruminal fluid of acidotic animals was pungent, sour and fishy whereas the consistency was watery. The mean Methylene blue reduction test time and the protozoal count in rumen liquor in acidotic animal were found to be of 9.50±.53 min and 0.66×105/ml respectively. The microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained rumen fluid of acidotic animals was increased Gram +ve. The altered ruminal fluid parameters were returned to normal following fortnight probiotics treatment.

The study was carried out at Military Dairy Farm on Eighty Frieswal cows. The cows were divided in five parities and three stages of lactation. The study on different body measurements and body weight along with the effect of parities and stages of lactation were done. Result of the study showed the significant (P<0.01) effect of parity on heart girth, height at wither, height at hook, body length and body weight. The significant (P<0.01) effect of stages of lactation was observed heart girth and body weight. The non significant effect of stages of lactation was observed on height at wither height at hook and body length. The various body measurements were found in close relationship with each other and it can be concluded that they are bounded with each other strongly.

The present study was undertaken to analyze the resource use efficiency in integrated farming systems of Banswara district of Rajasthan by using the multistage sampling plan. This district was purposively selected for the study. A total sample of 60 households were selected from the study area in which 30 households from irrigated and remaining 30 households from rainfed condition. Both Linear and Cobb-Douglas Production function was employed to analyze the resource use efficiency. In the present study, the linear production function had shown the better results in terms of statistical criteria. The results of the present study revealed that some inputs namely machine labour, and human labour were over utilized among overall farming systems. The seeds, fertilizers, FYM and plant protection measures were under-utilized in rainfed area while labour, feed and concentrates were under-utilized for livestock activities in irrigated area of Banswara district. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a much scope for reorganization of these resources to optimize their use to enhance the return in the study area.

A study was conducted on the testes of 30 Large White Yorkshire pig aged between seven months to around one and half year. The testes were procured from apparently healthy animals from private abattoir house in Bikaner. The testes were located in the perineal region. The left testis was larger and longer than right testis. Long axis of the testis was vertical in position. The parenchyma of testis was reddish grey in colour. The mediastinum testis was an axial strand of fibro-elastic tissue and white in colour. It was well developed. The parameters of length, breadth, thickness, circumference, volume and weight of left testes were non-significantly higher than right one.

Variations in the different environmental parameters including temperature, wind velocity, pressure and relative humidity had influenced the bovines and reduce the feed intake further leads to the reduction in the milk production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the summer stress and to record the efficacy of polyherbal anti-stressor product (Restobal®, M/s Ayurvet Limited) against the management of summer stress in buffaloes with hyperthermia. Twenty buffaloes with hyperthermia were selected during the summer period and divided into two equal groups. Group I buffaloes (control group) with hyperthermia were treated for hyperthermia alone and buffaloes under group II (treatment group) was treated for hyperthermia along with the oral polyherbal anti stressors product. Whole blood and serum were collected on the 0th day, 3rd day and 5th day of treatment for laboratory analysis. Buffaloes in the treatment group showed the increased total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, elevated serum glutathione peroxidase levels and reduced serum cortisol levels when compared with the buffaloes in the control group. The present study concluded that polyherbal anti stressor product (Restobal which contains Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica, Mangifera indica and Withania somnifera) is recommended as supportive therapy in the management of summer stress along with the treatment of hyperthermia in buffaloes.

The present study was conducted to know the detail functional aspects and molecular interaction of Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) of bos taurus at Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Bhubaneswar from time period between January 2018 to February 2018. IGF1R is one important tyrosine kinase receptor present on the cell surface of bovine as well as human plays a central role in differentiation of the cells and inhibition of apoptosis by mediating IGF1 signaling pathway. Thus, a functional analysis of this protein is required to know the various interactions with other proteins that will give a better platform for designing of drugs against different cancers in bovine. So in this study, the amino acid sequence of the bovine IGF-1R was retrieved from NCBI site, the retrieval of interacting proteins (STRING) platform was used to know the different protein networks for the functional analysis. The conserved domain was determined by using pfam database. It was found there were 11 nodes and 51 edges in its network and having strong interaction with Insulin preproprotein (INS) with score 0.993 but posses’ weak interaction with Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator protein with a score of 0.960. It was observed the Protein tyrosine kinase domain is conserved in this protein at the postion from 999 to1264, showing no co expression with other proteins in bos taurus.

A total of 65 milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis were collected from villages of Sabarkantha Milk Union and were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. Out of 74 recovered isolates, Str. agalactiae was the most frequent, followed by E. coli and Str. dysgalactiae. The in-vitro antibiogram revealed that most isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone/tazobactam, followed by gentamicin, tetracycline and cefoperazone/sulbactam. Ampicillin/cloxacillin combination was found least effective.

Klebsiella spp. are ubiquitous members of Enterobacteriaceae that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Opportunistic pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia and K.oxytoca are capable of causing nosocomial infections of surgical wounds, urinary tract, biliary tract, lower respiratory tract etc. and can also harbour genes coding for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). For the present study, 480 hand and nasal swabs were collected from 120 animal handlers in an attempt to isolate Klebsiella spp. Out of 118 presumptive colonies of Klebsiella spp. obtained by conventional culture method, 67 were confirmed as the same by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction that targeted gyrA gene. AMR pattern of those confirmed isolates done by disc diffusion method revealed maximum resistance to penicillin (100%) followed by enrofloxacin (94.73%) and maximum susceptibility to gentamicin (84.21%) followed by tetracycline (68.42%).