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JAR - Volume 9 - Issue 3

[<<< GO BACK ][ VOLUME 9 - ISSUE 3 ]

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2019
Abstract :
Title: Expression of Immunodominant Regions of E2 from an Indian Isolate of Classical Swine Fever Virus
Abstract :

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important contagious fatal disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. This disease is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. Upon infection, three proteins of CSFV, namely E2, Erns and NS3 induce detectable antibodies. Since E2 is a major glycoprotein that produces neutralizing antibodies and provides protective immunity, it is widely used as a marker for measuring vaccine efficacy and antibody titer. In the present study, immunodominant regions of E2 glycoprotein from Indian field isolate of CSFV were expressed in E. coli. The 336 amino acid long N-terminal ectodomain (full-E2) and the 207 amino acid (aa 173-380) long C-terminal immunodominant region (partial-E2) were expressed and purified as 54kDa and 24kDa recombinant proteins, respectively. Both full-E2 and partial-E2 recombinant proteins were also characterized using MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis as CSFV-E2 structural proteins. The yield of purified full-E2 and partial-E2 recombinant protein was 26 mg and 84 mg/ liter culture, respectively. For raising hyperimmune sera against these proteins, chickens and rabbits were immunized with 200μg purified protein and boosted three times with 100μg purified protein intramuscularly. The sera collected one week after last booster were analyzed for CSFV-specific IgG antibody response using purified CSFV as coating antigen in ELISA. The results revealed that full-E2 induced better antibody response in both rabbits and chicken as compared to partial-E2. This study also indicated that these recombinant E2 proteins can be used as diagnostic antigen in ELISA.

Title: A Study on the Molecular Epidemiology of Brucella abortus among Cattle in Western Rajasthan
Abstract :

Bovine brucellosis is usually caused by biovars of Brucella abortus. It is one of the important diseases impacting the dairy sector in India, including Rajasthan, which is often neglected because of its endemicity and often persists in the poorest and most vulnerable populations. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Brucella abortus in the cases of reproductive disorders such as abortion, stillborn or weak calves, neonatal mortality, retained placenta, delayed conception and infertility among the cattle in Western Rajasthan. A total of 87 vaginal samples including swabs (64) and discharges (23) were collected from cattle with a clinical history of reproductive failures, and screened using Brucella genus specific bcsp31 gene based PCR followed by Brucella abortus species specific IS711 based PCR. The results revealed 12.64% of the clinical samples positive for the presence of Brucella spp., including 12.50% of vaginal swabs and 13.04% of the vaginal discharges. All the samples detected positive in genus specific PCR were detected positive for the presence of Brucella abortus. The present study confirmed the considerable involvement of Brucella abortus as a major etiological agent in the clinical cases of reproductive disorders in cattle highlighting the urgent need for implementation of strict measures to control the disease in Western Rajasthan.

Title: Effect of Three Spices on Oral Glucose Tolerance and Biochemical Parameters in Experimentally Induced Type-II Diabetes: A Comparative Study
Abstract :

The aqueous seed extract of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three extracts were evaluated for its antidiabetic potential by estimating biochemical parameters and glucose tolerance level on normal and Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The rats were divided into six groups as normal, diabetic control and four aqueous extracts (black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three) treated groups. In this experiment, the aqueous extracts were administered to STZ-NT induced diabetic rats at the doses of 500 mg/kg BW P.O. per day for 30 days. The comparative effect of extracts on oral glucose tolerance test and ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid, creatinine, and glucose level were evaluated. The statistical data indicated there was a significant increase in glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid and creatinine level in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. Comparative effect of aqueous treated group indicates that black cumin and fenugreek extract treated groups had better glucose tolerance as compared to other extract treated groups in diabetic rats. Conclusively, the aqueous extracts of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic, and their combination had beneficial effects in producing hypoglycemic effect along with significantly alleviating the altered biochemical enzymes in STZ-NT induced diabetic rats.

Title: Quality Attributes of Functional Pork Patties Incorporated with Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) Pomace Powder
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to develop functional pork patties incorporated with dried kinnow pomace (DKP) powder as a fiber source. Four different levels of DKP powder viz. 0% (Control), 2% (T-1), 4% (T-2) and 6% (T-3) were used by the replacement of lean meat in the pre-standardized formulation. The cooked product was analyzed for various physico-chemical properties, proximate composition, instrumental texture and color profile, and sensory quality parameters. A significant improvement in quality attributes and functionality was observed in pork patties with addition of DKP powder. Cooking yield and emulsion stability significantly (P<0.05) increased with the incorporation of DKP powder and was reported highest for T-3. Fiber content increased amongst treated products. Color profile varies significantly, however, textural attributes improved positively with the incorporation of DKP powder. At 4% level of inclusion, sensory analysts rated the treated products in ‘very good’ quality. It can be concluded that functional fiber enriched pork patties with improved cooking yield, emulsion stability, textural profile and sensory quality can be successfully developed with incorporation of 4% Dried Kinnow Pomace powder.

Title: Biochemical Changes of Ketosis in Cows at Post Parturient Period
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to determine biochemical changes in apparently healthy control and ketotic cows. Fresh urine samples were collected from 350 post-parturient cows to screened urinary ketone bodies by using Modified Rothera’s test and urine Diastix test. Total forty cows showing clinical signs of ketosis were included for biochemical studies (before and after treatment). It was observed that serum glucose was significantly (P<0.01) lower as compared to helthy animals. While, serum ketones and urine ketones levels were significantly (P<0.01) elevated. Similarly, total serum protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ketotic cows. It can be concluded that group treated with Decadurabolin (Nandrolone Decanoate) in association with parenteral dextrose give excellent recovery rate in Ketosis.

Title: Heavy Metal Contamination in Excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in Rural Areas of Punjab
Abstract :

Bird excreta are considered as bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in agricultural areas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the heavy metal concentrations in the excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon and Indian Peafowl to monitor the environment contamination in rural areas of Punjab. This study was carried out in two villages i.e Rampur Chhana (District Sangrur, location I) and Dargapur (District Patiala, location II). The excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon and Indian Peafowl were collected. After collection they were digested for metal analysis which was done through ICAP-AES. The study showed toxic level of Pb, high level above normal range of As and Ni more in the excreta of Indian Peafowl than in excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon. The concentration of B was in toxic range in excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon. It was inferred that they relied in similar environmental conditions while having exposure to different feeding habitats might have resulted in species specific heavy metal accumulation. Our studies showed that location I had more concentration of heavy metals like Pb, B and As which seems to be due to the presence of industrial units near this location. It has been concluded that more level of heavy metals in the excreta of Indian Peafowl was due to its high trophic level in the food chain. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among both the bird species which signifies the bioaccumulation of metals in the excreta of Indian Peafowl.

Title: Performance of Cattle Insurance in Select Districts of Karnataka
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Kolar, Shivamogga and Dharwad districts representing Southern, Malnad and Northern regions of the Karnataka. The data was collected from secondary sources for the selected districts and State. The study employed Compound Annual Growth Rate (CGAR). The results showed that number of animals insured under National Livestock Insurance (NLM) scheme in Karnataka between periods (2006-18) grew from 9487 to 236332 with CAGR of 28.52 per cent. The claim to premium percentage varied from 20 to 81 per cent. Number of animals insured was found to be higher under Cattle Group Insurance scheme (26278 to 37477) than NLM scheme (970 to 7360) in Kolar district between periods (2015-18). The lowest claim to premium percentage was observed in Dharwad under NLM scheme ranging between 13.32 to 25.46 per cent in the period of 2015-16 to 2017-18.

Title: Comparative Gross Morphological Studies on the Os-Coxae of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on os-coxae of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. The os-coxae consisted of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis. All the three bones were fused and the space between these bones was occupied by lumbo-sacral mass. Ventrally, the bones of os-coxae did not unite with each other leaving the pelvis open. Ilium was divided into pre-acetabular and post-acetabular parts. The dorsal surface of the pre-acetabular part was elongated and concave whereas post-acetabular part was small and convex in both the species. A very sharp and prominent crest was observed dorsally on either side of the lumbo-sacral mass. The renal fissure for the lodgement of the kidneys was observed in both species. The ischium was flat and somewhat triangular in shape. It formed a large sciatic foramen with the ilium and obturator foramen with pubis. The pubis was a thin rod-like elongated bone situated along the ventral border of the ischium and formed ischio-pubic incisures in brown wood owl but in crested serpent eagle, the pubis was completely fused with the ischium forming a flat plate-like structure. There was a small pectineal process at the anterior end of the pubis in the brown wood owl. The acetabulum was circular in outline and in the form of a foramen for articulation with the head of the femur.

Title: In-vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil
Abstract :

The present study was designed to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of Thyme essential oil (TEO) for its potential encapsulation in nano delivery systems and further application in meat products. For computation of antimicrobial efficacy, zone of inhibition assays and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) organisms was done. In general, there was a strong inhibitory effect with zone size ranging from 27.5 mm to 45 mm against tested organisms, however, the effect was slighter higher against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity for various oil concentrations as determined by 1 diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2-azinobis-3ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods revealed that radical scavenging activity ranged between 8.14% to 78.73% and 6% to 67.75% for DPPH and ABTS assay, respectively. It can be concluded that thyme essential oil possesses significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and may be encapsulated in nano delivery systems for potential application in any meat matrices.

Title: Effect of Forage Crop Rotation on Soil Nutrients Status and Productivity of Land and Water
Abstract :

Two experiments were conducted for one year duration each initiating from summer (experiment 1) and winter season (experiment II), respectively to understand whether preceding crop has any impact on biomass yield, water productivity and soil nutrients status. Multicut sorghum-berseem crop rotation yielded 21.53, 31.44 and 21.68% higher dry biomass (DM), protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) in experiment II than experiment I. Highest water productivity of 3.12±0.01 kg DM/m3 was recorded in Berseem-sorghum crop rotation in experiment II followed by annual rye-sorghum rotation (2.83±0.02 kg DM/m3). Nutritional (kg CP/m3 or Mcal/m3) water productivity were also highest in berseem-sorghum crop rotation. Depletion of soil nitrogen (N) was highest in sorghum-berseem crop rotation in both the experiments; however, depletion of phosphorus (P) was highest in maize- annual rye crop rotation in experiment I and sorghum-berseem crop rotation in experiment II. Potash (K) depletion was almost similar in all the crop rotations in both crop sequences. Organic carbon (OC) depletion was not affected in experiment I after one year of rotation; however, in experiment II, berseem-sorghum crop rotation showed the organic carbon level below the critical value (0.5%). Preceding crop had impact on soil fertility and productivity of succeeding crop. So, it may be recommended that multicut varieties of sorghum and berseem may be rotated for round the year fodder production which can sustain 15-16 adult cattle per ha considering the feeding of 20 kg green fodder per head per day.

Title: Pre-hatched Developmental Changes of Harderian Gland in Chicken
Abstract :

The present study aimed to explore histogenesis of the Harderian gland of chicken from the 11th to 20th day of incubation. The Harderian gland was situated in the orbit, postero-medial to the eyeball in the embryo and loosely attached by periorbital fascia to the underlying muscles. The primordial Harderian gland appeared as an aggregation of undifferentiated cells on either side between interorbital septum and the retina, on 11th day of incubation. By the 16th day of incubation, gland was seen as elongated tube with little contortion of the lumen bounded by epithelial cells which subsequently became large on the 18th day of incubation. The gland appeared as branched tubular structure and gave rise to out pocketing in the mesenchyme. At the 20th day of incubation, the Harderian gland was seen to be a branched tubuloacinar type surrounded by thin layer of connective tissue. The acini formation was well defined and intralobular ducts with large lumen were seen in the parenchyma.

Title: A Comparative Study of Meat Quality Traits in Different Improved Varieties of Chicken
Abstract :

The present experiment was designed to study meat quality traits in improved varieties of chicken. Six different varieties (CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanraja and Kuroiler) used in Chhattisgarh for backyard poultry were studied. The meat quality parameters like pH, total lipid, total cholesterol, ash, ether extract and sensory evaluation were studied. The pH values of meat was significantly (P<0.01) influence by varieties. The overall mean pH values were recorded to be 6.40 ± 0.50, 6.35 ± 0.05, 6.39± 0.05, 6.17± 0.06, 6.38± 0.06 and 6.26± 0.05 for CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanaraja and Kuroiler respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) higher pH value of leg meat as compared to breast meat was recorded. Older birds had more lipid content than younger birds. The cholesterol content of meat was significantly (P<0.01) affected by age and body parts. Cholesterol content of meat increased with increase of birds’ age. Leg meat had high cholesterol content as compared to breast meat. Higher protein and total ash content as well as lower ether extract content was observed in CARI Shyama. Highest overall acceptance was recorded for meat of CARI Shyama in sensory evaluation.

Title: Enhancement of Productivity and Profitability through Integrated Farming Systems in Rajasthan
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to enhancing the productivity and profitability of tribal farmers through various intervention of farming systems in Udaipur district of Rajasthan state. The study was based on primary data which were collected through pre-structure schedule for the year 2015-16 as benchmark survey, 2016-17 and 2017-18 from the selected households. The result of the study shows that prior to start the RKVY project during benchmark year 2015-16, three farming systems were existed in study area viz. FS-I: (C+D), FS-II: (C+D+G) and FS-III: (C+G). In the year 2017-18, there are five farming systems were observed viz. FS-I: (C+D+V), FS-II: (C+D+V+O), FS-III: (C+G+V), FS-IV: (C+D+G+V) and FS-V: (C+D+G+V+O) in the study area. The total cost was observed lowest in FS-III (`77105.19) and it was found highest in FS-II (`195324.56). The most profitable farming system based on of net return per farm was FS-II `101910.59. The return per rupee investment was found maximum in FS-IV (`1.71) which was observed the most profitable farming systems. Employment generated per farm was found maximum in FS-V (385.75 man-days). The change in net income per farm was increased by 187.08 per cent and employment generation per farm was also increased by 69.56 per cent over existing to improved farming systems. Thus, the well organized and integrated with crops and other labour intensive enterprises like dairy, poultry, vegetable, fruits, etc. can significantly increase the employment of farm families particularly small and marginal farmers having surplus family labour.

Title: Effect of Frying on Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meat Samosas
Abstract :

Present study was undertaken to assess the effect of deep fat frying on quality characteristics of chicken meat samosas. The formulation and processing conditions for preparation of chicken meat samosas were standardized. A total of three types of samosa were prepared by using various frying methods as deep fat frying (T1, 185ºC for 6 min), flash frying (T2, 185ºC for 2 min) and flash frying followed by deep fat frying (T3, 185ºC for 5 min). The developed products along with raw samosas (C) were studied for various physico-chemical, proximate parameters, instrumental colour profile and sensory analysis. T1 and T3 products were compared for sensory attributes. The pH of T3 samples was noted significantly (P<0.05) lower than T1, T2 and raw samosa. T3 samosa was recorded with highest fat percentage and calorific value. Protein content of T1 and T2 were comparable and was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T3. The T1 samples were noted with significant (P<0.05) higher flavour and overall acceptability attributes as compared to T3 samples. Thus, it can be concluded that samosa cooked by frying in refined soybean oil at 185ºC for 6 minutes had better sensory attributes with good nutritive value.

Title: A Study on Detection of Adulteration in Milk Samples from two Districts of Chhattisgarh State
Abstract :

Milk has high value as a food because it supplies good quality proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in significant amount than any other single food. Milk is a perishable commodity; due to this some vendors and middle man add preservative to milk to increase its self-life, water to increase volume and thickening agent to counter the dilution. The 65 milk samples collected from vendors and local household of Durg- Bhilai and Rajnandgaon were examined for the presence of different adulterants and preservative. The most commonly found adulterant in tested milk samples were detergent (32%) followed by pond water (26%), skim milk powder (15%), neutralizer (12%), glucose (12%), shampoo (9%), sodium chloride (7% ), sucrose ( 6%) and urea (3%). The adulterant in milk not only causes economic loss but also health hazards to consumers. Hence there is urgent need for creating awareness among consumers and local milk vendors about unethical malpractices in milk supplying chain.

Title: Rotational Grazing Pasture Management System in Sheep in Tamil Nadu to Gain Better Bodyweight through the Control of Nematodes
Abstract :

A model rotational grazing pasture for sheep at Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Madhavaram, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University (TANUVAS), Chennai was established in 2015 to study the performance of sheep grazed in the rotational pasture. An area of 1,00,000 sq. ft was divided into 10 paddocks i.e. 9 for rotational grazing and 1 for control. 13 numbers of sheep allowed for grazing for 7 days in each paddock on rotational system. In control paddock, 13 numbers of sheep allowed for grazing continuously for 6 months. 16.89% of more weight gain was observed in sheep grazed in rotational paddock than that of control paddock. Average nematode egg count in dung samples which were collected from sheep grazed in rotational paddock was lesser than that of sheep grazed in control paddock. Rotational grazing of sheep has definitely impact on controlling parasitic load in sheep as well as on pasture by interfering the life cycle of parasite.