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Several canine practitioners are facing limited success in canine artificial insemination using poorly assessed frozen dog semen due to unestablished set of semen evaluating parameters and semen diluents. The types of cryoprotectants plays import role in formulation of good semen diluents in canine semen cryopreservation which limits spermatozoa structure and viability in assisted reproductive technology. The cryopreservation process causes change in osmotic pressure and ice formation in spermatozoa which lead to cryoinjury and loss of viability and membrane integrity in post-thaw spermatozoa. This causes poor sperm quality and so poor fertility. The efficient cryoprotectants are those which penetrate deeper of spermatozoa and non-toxic. Glycerol and ethylene glycol are the most commonly used cryoprotectant for dog spermatozoa and other cryoprotective agents have been tested only sporadically. Hence, selection of better cryoprotectants based semen diluents and evaluation parameters of post-thaw semen is very much important for successful canine breeding to achieve dissemination of genetic material even after death, overcome quarantine restrictions, prevent venereal infections and semen exchange without moving stud dogs for breeding, etc. Therefore, establishing an efficient cryopreservation technique for dog sperm would be an essential resource for better dog breeding systems. The present article present the details reviews on cryopreservation of dog semen, different cryoprotectants and semen evaluation parameters for determining better production of quality dog semen.

Bangladesh is a riverine country. At present we are 4th top producer of fish in the world Rice and fish in our main food. Among fishes, Rui (Labeo ruhita) is the most popular and tasty fish for Bangladeshi people. The major fisheries sectors of Bangladesh support not only the domestic needs but also contributes to world export markets. It fulfills a major portion of the protein requirement of the general mass. Bangladeshi people cooks this fish in several ways, without marinate and marinate it will salt & turmeric powder and then fry it and boil it and making most of their daily dish. But a lot of Bangladeshi specially the children are infected by typhoid for which Salmonella sp. is responsible. Food is one of the carriers of Salmonella

Calpastatin is a candidate marker for carcass and growth traits. The purpose of this work to study MspI polymorphism in the CAST gene in three strains of Nellore sheep breed viz., Jodipi, Brown and Palla and to find its relation with growth traits. The frequencies of M and N alleles in Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Nellore Palla were 0.83 and 0.17, 0.81 and 0.19, 0.76 and 0.24, respectively and genotype frequencies of MM, MN and NN genotypes were found to be 0.68, 0.31 and 0.01 in Nellore Jodipi; 0.64, 0.34 and 0.02 in Nellore Brown and 0.56, 0.40 and 0.04 in Nellore Palla, respectively. The PIC values for Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Nellore Palla are 0.24, 0.26 and 0.30 respectively, suggesting considerable amount of variation exist in these populations. Diversity estimates (FIS) were negative for the three populations of Nellore sheep i.e., Jodipi (-0.114), Brown (-0.105) and Palla (-0.097) indicating that there is no differentiation among the three populations. The χ2-test values revealed that all the three populations are in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. The association between genotypes and body weights revealed significant differences among three genotypes (MM, MN and NN) only for birth weight; while non-significant differences were observed among three genotypes for average daily gains

Rho GTPases activity in tear fluid as well as ocular surface epithelium (OSEC) during progression of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and their modulation with Rosuvastatin in dogs was studied. Based on Schirmer’s tear test, KCS cases were staged as early (n= 21) and late KCS (N=14). Tear and ocular surface epithelial cell samples were collected from all cases for protein and gene expression studies. Rho GTPase activity in different stages of KCS was evaluated by tear fluid 1D-SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/MS, western blotting and corneal tissue immuno-histochemistry (IHC). Protein expression studies showed increased expression of Rho GTPases in early and late KCS. Effect of Rosuvastatin on progression of KCS was evaluated on 12 client owned dogs divided into two groups A (control group) and B (treatment group) having six dogs in each. Group A dogs were treated with topical eye drops alone whereas, group B animals were treated with topical eye drops and Rosuvastatin orally @ 0.2 mg/kg B.W. 14 days. Tear proteomic study revealed significant down-regulation of Rho GTPase-activating protein 7 (DLC1) and up-regulation Rho modulators and Ras-related Rab proteins in KCS cases. Group B dogs showed better response in terms of corneal clarity both clinically and photographically compared to group A. Expression of Rho GTPase proteins was increased in group B compared A post treatment. On Real-Time PCR assay, mRNA expression of RhoA and GDI2 was contained post Rosuvastatin treatment in OSCEs. Rosuvastatin treatment reduced the gene expression of Rho GTPases and blocked the progression of KCS in dogs.

Pharmacokinetic of amikacin was carried out in clinically healthy female goats of Sirohi breed following multiple once daily dose (@ 10 mg/kg bwt I/V) for five days. Concentrations of amikacin in blood plasma were estimated by microbiological assay technique and various kinetic parameters were calculated using two compartment open model. The minimum therapeutic concentration (≥ 1.0 μg/ml) was maintained up to 12 h in both 1st and 5th day of drug administration. The drug was detectable up to 24 h. Significantly higher plasma concentrations of the drug appeared at 0.042, 0.83, 0.50, 0.75, 2, 4, 8, 12 h except 0.166, 0.25, 1.0, 1.5, 6, 24 h on 5th day as compared to 1st day of drug administration. Following multiple once daily I/V administration, the values of the extrapolated zero time concentration of the drug during distribution phase (A), theoretical zero time concentration (Cpo), mean residential time (MRT) and elimination of drug from central compartment (Kel) remained non-significant, while significantly lower value of elimination rate constant (β), significantly increased value of elimination phases (B), area under curve (AUC), area under first moment curve (AUMC) and total body clearance (ClB)were observed in 5th day as compared to 1st day of amikacin administration. From these kinetic parameters, the loading (D*) and maintenance (D0) doses of 07.02 ± 0.36 and 05.91 ± 0.15 mg/kg bwt I/V, respectively were calculated for maintaining the therapeutic concentration (Cp∞ min = MIC) of 1.0 μg/ml at the dosage interval of 12 h.

Present study describes the rhythm of oxidant/antioxidant status of dogs affected with sarcoptic mange and ameliorative effects of antioxidant (S-Adenosyl Methionine) supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant status of dogs affected with sarcoptic mange. Study was undertaken on twelve client owned dogs presented at TVCC, DUVASU, Mathura, confirmed to be suffering from sarcoptic mange, which were randomly divided in two groups (group 1 and 2) irrespective of age, sex and breed, comprising of six dogs each, while six healthy dogs were taken as control. Group 1 dogs were treated with only Doramectin @ 0.4 mg/kg body weight subcutaneous weekly for 5 treatments along with standard treatment of pyoderma, whereas group 2 were additionally given S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) @ 20 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days. In the present investigation dogs with sarcoptic mange were found in a state of oxidative stress as indicated by significantly elevated Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) values and significantly reduced Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC) values as compared to healthy dogs. The dogs of group 2 showed better clinical recovery and marked ameliorations in TOS, T-AOC and OSI values in comparison to group 1 at the end of therapy. On the basis of findings of present investigation, it is concluded that administration of SAMe in addition to standard therapy can mitigate these alterations expediting the clinical recovery of diseased dogs and therefore can be recommended as an adjunct therapy with miticides for management of canine sarcoptic mange.

Rice Gluten Meal availability is more, and it is also a low-cost feed source that can be used as substitute for protein sources in broiler diets. Present study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of rice gluten meal (RGM) with and without enzyme on duodenal morphology. 240-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six groups with four replicates. During this experiment starter, grower and finisher period, experimental diets were fed to birds which were isonitrogenous and isocaloric formulated with different levels of RGM. They were T1 (control, without RGM and enzyme), T2 (control, without RGM and with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed), T3 (10% RGM), T4 (10% RGM with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed), T5 (15% RGM), T6 (15% RGM with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed). The birds of equal body weight were slaughtered on 42nd day. After thorough examination sections of duodenum were collected and processed for histomorphology. Images were taken to measure villi height and crypt depth. The present study showed the villus height was greater in the duodenum while there was a tendency for increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum of broilers supplemented with 15% rice gluten meal. These results indicated that rice gluten meal enhanced the villus development in the small intestine of broilers

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect on different processing techniques on nutritive value of dog food and to determine appropriate supplementation level of tomato pomace (TP) in dog food. Standardized diets were subjected to different processing techniques viz. raw, boiling and extrusion. Proximate analysis of feeds revealed that boiling of feed decreased the ether extract content of diets. The in-vitro analysis was done with two incubation phases, first gastric phase of 2 hours duration in the presence of pepsin, gastric lipase and HCl and a second intestinal phase with 4h duration in presence of pancreatin and bile salts. TP was included in diet at 0, 2.5 and 5% level. Results revealed that among different processing techniques, irrespective of level of TP in diet, best results were observed in case of extruded diets. DMD and OMD of boiled diets was lower (<0.001)than extruded diets and higher than raw diets. As far as level of TP is concerned, best results were obtained in diet without TP. However DMD and OMD was (<0.001) higher at 2.5 % inclusion level than at 5% inclusion level while CPD and EED were non-significant at 2.5 and 5% inclusion level. Parameters viz.pH, FFA, PV and aflatoxin content of prepared dog diets was with in permissible limits.

In this research study a high value restructured surimi gel product fish paneer was developed from the fish mince obtained from commercially low value fishes like tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The effect of protein additives (transglutaminase and egg white) on functional properties and microstructure of fish paneer was studied. Functional properties such as gel strength (23.7 kgf), water holding capacity (142%), expressible moisture content (26%) were highest in fish paneer prepared with transglutaminase (0.5%) added in surimi (tilapia: common carp, 1: 1). Folding test also revealed the highest quality of gel prepared from surimi containing transglutaminase. The egg white (1%) influenced the functional qualities positively but had lesser effectiveness than transglutaminase. The microstructure study using scanning electron microscopy images of fish paneer confirmed better effectiveness of transglutaminase (0.05%) in binding the protein molecules than egg white (1%).

The study was aimed to determine the genital changes, blood biochemical profile and efficacy of different treatment protocols in addressing repeat breeding in crossbred cattle with prolonged oestrus which was usually associated with ovulatory defects such as anovulation and delayed ovulation. For this a total of 48 repeat breeder cows with the history of prolonged oestrus and with apparently normal oestrual discharge were selected and divided into 4 groups and each comprising 12 animals. Various commonly used therapeutic techniques like administration of hCG drug with or without supportive treatment, multiple A.I. and supportive treatment alone was used in the present study. Efficacy of treatment was based on post treatment conception rate and found that the hormone hCG was the choice of drug for treatment of repeat breeding without uterine infection resulting in post treatment conception rate of 83.33 per cent which increased to 91.66 per cent when fortified with supportive treatment. In terms of genital changes occurring in repeat breeder cows under different treatment regimens in the present study it could be mentioned that there was no much variation between treatment regimens

The present study was conducted in retina of 15 buffaloes and samples were categorized into group I (1-5 yrs), group II (6-10 yrs) and group III (10 yrs above). Immunopositive reaction for Pax6 in retinal pigment epithelium was strong in group I, mild to moderate reaction in group II buffaloes and no reaction in group III buffaloes. Strong immunopositive reaction against recover in was noticed in rods and cones, their nuclei of outer nuclear layer and binucleate cells of inner nuclear layer in group I and II buffaloes. Whereas moderate reaction was observed in the similar cells of retina in group III buffaloes. Strong Immunopositive reaction against calbindin was observed in the horizontal and amacrine cells of retina in group I and group II buffaloes and moderate reaction was observed in group III buffaloes

The different types of feed and combination of feeds are the major element in growth and getting high net return from the poultry. Feed additive plays important role in improving the efficiency of feed utilization and animal performance. The current study attempted to determine the influence of herbs i.e. fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and in combinations of both at different levels in diet of broilers. The experimental trial was conducted with one hundred sixty two unsexed day-old Vencobb-400 broilers chicks. The nine treatments were given with three replication and each replicates had six birds. The herb stem powder were fed for six weeks at 0, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent level of each herb in combinations. In order to evaluate the seasonal variation it was conducted throughout the year viz. summer, rainy and winter. The chicks were fed with maize crumble at 0-4 days then starter feed from 5-21 days and 21-42 days with finisher feed. All the birds were managed under uniform managemental conditions in three seasons of Konkan climatic conditions. The experimental results showed that the significant increased dressed weight, dressing per cent, giblet, breast, drumstick thigh and meat to bone ratio in broiler fed with 0.2 per cent fenugreek seed and guduchi stem powder during winter season than rest of the treatments and seasons. It would be suggested that the supplementation of broiler chicks’ diets with 0.2 per cent fenugreek seed and guduchi stem powder improved the carcass characteristics of broilers.

In this study, three medicinal plants viz. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Terminalia bellerica (Bhumura) and Carica papaya (Papaya) were investigated for their effect on the rumen enzyme profiles and growth performances in Assam hill goat. A total of eighteen (18) Assam Hill (local) goats of 3-4 months of age were procured and reared in the Experimental Animal Shed, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India. The animals were divided into three groups viz. control receiving substrate ration, T1 with plant leaves @ 5 % level and T2 groups @ 10 % level of total mixed ration (TMR). The duration of the experiment was 90 days (from March, 2016 to May, 2016). The fibre degrading microbial enzymes viz. carboxymethyl cellulase, endoxylanase, ß- glucosidase were estimated in rumen liquor of the animals during the study period and rumen liquor analysis revealed that out of the three rumen fibrolytic enzymes, Carboxymethyl cellulase showed better (P<0.05) enzyme activity in T2 group (2.83 ± 0.01 μmol glucose/ml/h). The average body weight (kg per animal) recorded in the present experiment showed significant trend (P<0.01) from 0 to 90 days of experiment where higher value (9.62 ± 0.43 kg/animal) was obtained in T2 group. From this study, it can be concluded that these three medicinal plants viz., A. heterophyllus, C. papaya, T. bellerica do not have any harmful effect on normal functioning of the rumen. Thus, the plant leaves can be incorporated in the diet up to 10% of the total mixed ration.

The present study was conducted to find out prevalence of ticks infestation in cattle and comparative therapeutic efficacy of cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin in dairy cattle of district Koderma, Jharkhand, India. Total 3890 cattle were examined out of them 1602 cattle were found infested with different species of ticks. The overall prevalence of ticks in cattle were recorded 41.18 %. Among them 876 (54.68 %) cattle were infested by Boophilus microplus followed by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 332 (20.72%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 261 (16.29%) and 133 (8.30%) with multiple species of ticks. Round the year prevalence of tick were recorded in the cattle and highest (65.84%) prevalence were recorded during month of September and lowest (24.22%) prevalence were in March. Prevalence was noticed higher in monsoon/ rainy season (60.53%) followed by winter season (34.21%) and summer season (28.25%). Prevalence of ticks infestations were significantly higher in young cattle (up to one year), cross breed, female, reared under intensive system. The common sites of predilection of ticks were udder, perineum, groin, and dewlap and flank region. After 28 days post treatment by cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin, reduction in mean ticks population density were 74.94 %, 78.84 % and 100%, respectively

India is a developing country, where livestock sector is highly dynamic due to rapidly increasing demand for animal products in various sectors. Livestock sector contributes about 37 and 4.1 percent in agriculture and gross domestic product (GDP) respectively, of the country. It contributes in the socio-economic development of rural livelihoods. It is revealed from the investigation that in India, about 50 per cent of bovine (buffalo and cattle) population is maintained by the marginal farming households. We have argued that women have predominant responsibility for animal rearing. The productions of milk, meat and wool have increased tremendously with the increase in livestock composition. Despite the fact that exports of livestock sector have expanded in numerous times over the study period. India held strong position in exports of livestock products as poultry and dairy produce and buffalo’s meat. Study purposes that the Central Government of India should recognize and agree to implement the new programmes to expand the production behaviour of livestock products particularly in drought areas.

The effect of supplementing different levels of butyric acid on the growth performance and carcass characteristics traits on broiler chickens was observed in the present experiment. One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (Control, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of Butyric acid). Each treatment was replicated three times with15 birds/replicate. Growth performance e.g. feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio were observed. Carcass characteristics traits and development of digestive organs were observed by sacrificing four birds per group at the end of the trial. Weekly body weight gain was found to increase significantly in all supplemented groups on 6th week. Overall body weight gain was found higher in T3 group than other groups. The eviscerated yield (gm) and eviscerated yield (%) were represented to highest in T4 supplemented group whereas ready to cook yield (gm) and ready to cook yield (%) is also highest in T4 supplemented group than control. Digestive organ except proventricular (%) and cecal length (%) were found to differ significantly in all experimental groups. Small intestine (%), small intestine length (%) and large intestine (%) were observed to highest in T4 supplemented group than control. The results indicated that supplementation of butyric acid up to the level of 1.5% of feed improves the growth performance and feed utilization in commercial broiler without having any adverse effect on carcass quality traits in commercial broiler.

Not long ago, House Crow was the most wide-spread member of the Corvidae family in Punjab. Then, scattered observations revealed a decline in the population of this species, even so, that very few could be seen in many parts of Punjab. Till now there is no study on the House Crow disappearance from Punjab or any other part of the world. The present study was conducted for two continuous years from June 2015-May 2017 to obtain data on the current status of the House Crow population and to determine the possible reasons for their decline in three selected locations, viz. Ludhiana, Sangrur, and Bathinda districts falling in the Malwa region of Punjab. The survey showed that the population of House Crow in some pockets of Punjab has shown a considerable decline. These declines are troubling because the disappearance of House Crow means loss of cost-free scavenger services provided by them. This study could be used to predict and investigate the population of House Crow in other parts of Punjab and provide the baseline information for conservation practices to be adopted for the species in the state

The study was carried out to find out the effectiveness of biopreservatives and vacuum packaging on the shelf-life of milk solids based khoa. Khoa samples were prepared individually by combinations of Skim milk powder (SMP) with ghee and whey protein concentrates and SMP with cream (50 % fat). The control khoa sample was prepared utilizing full cream buffalo milk (6 % fat). Natamycin at 10 ppm and nisin at 100 IU/g were added when khoa was still hot (85-90 °C). The samples without biopreservatives were packaged in simple and vacuum packaging. It was found that vacuum packaged as well as biopreservatives incorporated samples were organoleptically acceptable up to 5 months of storage at freezing temperature (-18±2 °C).

The present study was aimed to establish a reference value of hematology and serum biochemical parameters of indigenous Manipuri cattle. The blood samples were collected from ten numbers (n=10) of apparently healthy indigenous Manipuri cattle from College Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Jalukie, Nagaland. The hematology and serum biochemical parameters were estimated by utilizing an automated blood cell and biochemical analyser, respectively. Differential Leukocytes Count (DLC) was evaluated after staining the slides with Leishman’s stain. The overall value (Mean ± SEM) for Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), Total Leukocyte Count (TLC), Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils were recorded as 32.24 ± 1.40%, 13.15 ± 0.77g/dL, 7.47 ± 0.28 ×106/μL, 43.3 ± 1.42 fL, 17.64 ± 1.02 pg, 40.64 ± 1.13 g/dL, 14.11 ± 0.44, 14.05 ± 0.94 × 103/μL, 56.75 ± 4.80 %, 31.48 ± 3.49 %, 8.75 ± 0.84 %, 5.25 ± 0.96 %, 0.625 ± 0.32 % respectively. Similarly, the overall mean value (Mean ± SEM) of Glucose, Calcium, Albumin, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and Alkaline Phophatase (ALP) were 55.53 ± 3.35 mg/dL, 11.23 ± 0.23 mg/dL, 2.72 ± 0.05 g/dL, 14.96 ± 1.14 mg/dL, 31.99 ± 2.45 mg/dL, 0.49 ± 0.11 mg/dL, 0.86 ± 0.07 mg/dL, 0.10 ± 0.007 mg/dL, 143 ± 9.78 mg/dL, 27.94 ± 1.76 U/L, 71.39 ± 4.19 U/L, and 62.4 ± 6.89 U/L respectively. The hemato-biochemical values were within the physiological normal ranges of cow except TLC. It can be concluded that the data of this study will be act as a guide on hemato-biochemical profiles of indigenous Manipuri cattle.

The experiment was conducted with a total of 12 sows of different breeds (Pure Hampshire, Khasi local and Ghungroo) for evaluating the effect of heat stress on reproductive performance, blood biochemical and physiological parameters of sows following mating. The experiment was conducted at Livestock Production Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India for a period of 3 months. The animals were divided into 2 groups viz. experimental and control groups consisting 6 sows in each. The animals of experimental group were kept in continuous exposure to direct sunlight daily for 6 hours (from 9 A.M. to 3 P.M.) up to 20 days following mating and after that, they were kept separately. The animals of the control group were also kept separately in normal condition in shaded room with temperature average 71.6 oF following mating. The serum protein (9.2 ± 0.87 g/dl) and glucose values (112.25 ± 0.75 mg/dl) & the physiological parameters like rectal temperature (41.9 oC ± 0.10 per minute), respiration rate (30 ± 0.07 breaths per minute) and heart rate (82 ± 0.15 beats per minute) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in experimental group of animal than the control but the value recorded in relation to the litter size number (5.97 ± 0.19) at weaning was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in control than that of the experimental group and serum cholesterol concentration (116.65 ± 0.05 mg/dl) also increased significantly (p<0.05) in control group than that of the experimental.

Data collected on body weights and biometrical measurements i.e., height at withers, chest girth, body length, hip width, paunch girth, face length, ear length and tail length of 1421 goats at milk teeth, 2, 4, 6 and 8-teeth of age reared under field conditions in Rayalaseema region (Chittoor, YSR Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool) of Andhra Pradesh were subjected to least squares analysis to study the effect of district and sex. The least squares analysis of variance revealed significant effects of district and sex on body weights and measurements at one or the other ages studied. The overall least squares mean body weights (kg) at milk teeth, 2, 4, 6 and 8-teeth ages were 13.97 ± ± 0.16,20.57 ± 0.38, 26.56 ± 0.68, 30.66 ± 0.62 and 34.64 ± 0.85, respectively. The overall least squares means for height at withers, chest girth, body length, hip width, paunch girth, face length, ear length and tail length at milk teeth age were 66.60 ± 0.29, 61.08 ± 0.25, 53.24 ± 0.25, 13.02 ± 0.08, 61.05 ± 0.27, 16.65 ± 0.10, 14.66 ± 0.08 and 14.51 ± 0.09 cm, respectively and the corresponding means at 8 teeth were 84.07 ± 0.72, 82.83 ± 0.69, 69.66 ± 0.99, 18.05 ± 0.56, 83.50 ± 0.95, 20.78 ± 0.24, 16.39 ± 0.30 and 16.56 ± 0.32 cm. The least squares mean were higher in males than in females and increased as age advances

Present study was carried out in Chhatrapur, Rambha, Khallikote and Jirabadi clusters of All India Coordinated Research Project on goat improvement in Ganjam district of Odisha from 2015 to 2017 to study the body weight and measurements of Ganjam goats, their correlations, and predictability of the body weight from body measurements. Data on body weight (kg), body length(cm), wither height(cm) and chest girth(cm) were recorded in adult Ganjam goats having one to four pairs of permanent incisor (PPI) teeth. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used. The mean body weight ranged from 22.5 kg to 30.6 kg, mean body length ranged from 63.0 to 69.6 cm, mean wither height ranged from 67.3 to 71.8 cm and mean chest girth ranged from 68.6 to 78.0 cm. All the correlations were found to be positive, moderate to high in magnitude and statistically significant (P<0.01). All the predictive models developed with each of the three body measurements were found to be statistically highly significant (P<0.01). The best-fitted regression equations were -23.68+0.29*BL+0.16*WH+ 0.25*CG for 1 PPI age group, the equation: -34.82 + 0.48 *BL + 0.42*CG for age group 2 PPI, the equation: -28.13+0.47*BL+0.33*CG for age group 3 PPI and the equation: -33.33+ 0.14*BL+0.18*WH+0.54*CG for 4 PPI age group. Chest girth was the dominant predictor variables among the three linear body measurements for all age groups except 1 PPI age group which had body length as the principal predictor.

Mastitis in bovines causes huge economical loss to the dairy industry. It affects the public health due to the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and the toxins produced by them through the food chain. The timely diagnosis of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its proper treatment based on antibiogram have significant impact on reducing the economical loss to the dairy farmers. Therefore the present study was conducted to find out the prevalence and antibiogram pattern of the mastitis causing bacteria in Southern Haryana. A total prevalence rate of 65.79% was observed for subclinical mastitis in Southern Haryana by the screening test. The highest prevalence was observed in winter (59.49%), followed by rainy season (69.61%) and cattle were found as more susceptible to SCM when compared to buffaloes. The major Gram negative pathogens isolated were belonged to E. coli, followed by Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas species, the common organisms responsible for environmental mastitis. The antibiogram patterns of the isolates were also studied and the maximum sensitive antibiotic against mastitis was found as Chloramphenicol, followed by Enrofloxacin, Amikacin and Ampicillin. The most resistant antibiotics in the study area was found as Ceftizoxime followed by Amoxicillin as these antibiotics were frequently and indiscriminately used for the treatment of mastitis in the study area without subjecting to in vitro antibiotic sensitive test. This emphasis the need of awareness among dairy farmers regarding the hygienic managemental practices to be followed at farm level as well as necessity of conducting antibiotic sensitivity test for the treatment.

In order to assess genetic attributes on immune traits of three varieties of domesticated Japanese quails developed by CARI (CARI-UJJAWAL, CARI-SUNEHERI AND CARI-BROWN) were chosen at random from the base populations and reared in individual cages to maintain sire and dam pedigree record system. Records of 160 progenies from 180 sires and 180 dams of each variety analysis carried using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) animal model. The progenies (480 birds) were exploited to predict the genetic variations in immune traits at 5th (Humoral) & 7th (cell mediated immunity) week of age. Analysis of data revealed that HA titre values was significantly (p<0.01) differed among the varieties and also the hatches. Sex had a no significant impact on the immune traits. For foot pad index test, varieties had significant (P<0.01) effect. But there was no significant effect between sex and also between hatches. Heritability estimates of the immunological traits based on the sire component of variance for antibody titre (HA) ranged from medium to high (0.25 to 0.44), and estimates were low in Foot pad index (0.011 to 0.171) in all the varieties.

This study was conducted to compare the carcass traits and meat composition of Hansli×CSML crossbred chickens reared under intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. At 18th week of age, three birds per sex from each rearing system were slaughtered. Carcasses were dissected into primal cuts. Breast and thigh meat samples were used for chemical analysis. The dressing and eviscerated yield % of birds under intensive system was significantly (P≤0.05) more than under semi-intensive system. The thigh and drumstick yield % of semi-intensive bird was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of intensive bird. The carcass traits of males were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of females. The results from the meat analysis recorded a higher protein and lower fat content in breast and thigh meat of birds under semi-intensive system. The meat samples of female birds had a higher fat content and somewhat lower protein content as compared to males.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of tulsi and ginger as feed additives on haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Two hundred and ten day-old chicks divided into 7 groups and each group having 30 chicks. Control group was fed on basal diet and T1 and T2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of tulsi leaf powder in the ration, respectively. Likewise, G1 and G2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of ginger powder in the ration, respectively. T1G1 and T2G2 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of both herbs in combination, respectively. Approximately 5 ml blood sample was collected aseptically from wing vein of six randomly selected birds from each group at 42nd day of experiment for haemato-biochemistry. Highly significant (P<0.01) effect of tulsi leaf and ginger powder was observed on Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, total protein, AST and ALT at 42nd day of age. Serum albumin was significantly (P<0.05) increased in treatment groups G2 and T2G2. The serum glucose and triglyceride level was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in all treatment groups except T2 as compared to control group. Highest reduction in cholesterol level was observed in T2G2 group which showed non-significant difference with G2 and T1G1 group as compared to control and other treatment groups. However, creatinine and globulin showed non-significant difference among the treatment group. It may be concluded that supplementation tulsi leaf and ginger powder as feed additives improves haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks.

This study was conducted to assess the comparative growth performance of goat kids supplemented with yeast as individual probiotic and yeast based combined probiotic preparation. Fifteen male crossbred Malabari goat kids of three months age and having body weights in the range of 8.5 kg to 10.5 kg were selected, dewormed and divided randomly into three treatment groups each having 5 animals (Average body weight of each group being 9.5-9.6 kg). The first group of goats (T1) was kept as control and was not supplemented with any probiotics. The second group of goats (T2) was supplemented with yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae while the third group (T3) was supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The final body weights of both the probiotic supplemented kids (T2 and T3) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than unsupplemented kids in control (T1) group. The body weight among both the yeast (T2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic supplemented groups also differed significantly (P<0.05). Similarly, goat kids fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic preparation had higher average daily weight gain over individual yeast fed and control goats.

Present study was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, fresh azolla was cultivated, harvested and analysed for nutrient composition, condensed tannins (CT) and obtained dried azolla meal (DAM) for incorporation in broiler ration. In phase 2, feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of DAM supplementation as alternative feed ingredient in broiler ration. Day-old broiler chicks (180) were purchased, weighed individually and allocated into six treatments(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) groups supplemented with DAM @ 0.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 percent, respectively. Each group has 3 replicates and 10 chicks per deep litter pen. Experimental birds were fed their respective diets for 35 days. The DAM contains 86.94, 22.98, 3.13, 13.64, 13.06, 40.37, 1.23, 0.79 and 0.09 percent of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), total ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and condensed tannins (CT), respectively. The weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at weekly intervals did not differ significantly (P>0.05) irrespective of groups except feed intake. It was concluded that DAM incorporation up to 5.5% of diet is a good source of nutrients and as an alternative sustainable feed ingredient for broilers without affecting performance.

A cross sectional study was carried out to know the status of H9N2 LPAI virus in retail poultry shops (RPSs) established in live bird markets (LBMs) of eastern Madhya Pradesh, India. A total 288 samples were collected from 4 districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh following cluster sampling method. Samples included 120 tissue samples and 168 environmental samples of live bird markets. All the samples were analysed for virus isolation by embryonated chicken egg inoculation, Hemagglutination (HA), Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) and Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RTPCR). A prevalence of 9.2 % was found in tissue samples and that of 20.8 % was found in pooled environmental samples. Out of four districts in the study, samples from three districts were found positive for H9N2 AIV. A strong positive correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r = 0.92) was found between tissue and environmental samples. This study indicated presence and possible spread of H9N2 AIV in these LBMs. These LBMs might impose risk of acquiring infection to occupationally exposed individuals. Therefore, a proper vigilance is needed over the poultry supply chain especially the poultry retail shops along with general awareness about basic biosecurity measures for prevention and control of H9N2 infection.

A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding rice based distillers dried grain with solubles (rDDGS) without or with different enzymes on gut health in broiler chickens for 42 days. The experiment was conducted as per 3x4 factorial completely randomized design. A total of 384 broiler chicks were divided into twelve different treatments with 4 replicates for each treatment and each replicate consisted of 8 chicks. Two levels of rDDGS were taken (12.5 and 15%). Protease, xylanase and multienzymes supplementation under different treatments were done. The jejunum histomorphometry in terms of villus height (VH) and their ratio with villus depth (VD) were found significantly (P<0.01) lower at 15% rDDGS level compared to control and 12.5% levels. The xylanase and protease enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.01) increased the VH and their ratio with VD as compared to control and multienzymes supplemented group. The interaction effect rDDGS and enzyme supplementation was found on VH and VD ratio, where higher ratio was observed at 12.5% rDDGS level with protease enzyme and lower ratio was observed at 15% rDDGS level without enzyme supplementation. The microbiology of the gut in terms of total viable count (TVC) of crop and jejunum significantly (P<0.01) decreased upon increasing rDDGS levels compared to control, whereas reverse effect was observed on Lactobacillus. Thus, it may be concluded that enzymes supplementation improved histomorphometry and microbiology of the gut in broiler chickens at inclusion level of 12.5% rDDGS.

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of melatonin supplementation on physiological parameters in buffalo calves under summer stress. Twelve healthy Murrah buffalo male calves of 6 month to 1 year age group were taken for the study. Buffalo calves were divided into control (CG) and treatment (TG) group. In TG, Melatonin (18 mg/50 kg BW) was injected subcutaneously, two times at 1st and 20th day. Rectal temperature (RT) (°F), respiratory rate (RR) (breathes per minute) and pulse rate (PR) (beats per minute) was recorded by a clinical thermometer, flank movement and by palpating the coccygeal artery respectively. RT, RR and PR differed significantly (P<0.05) in CG and TG between morning and afternoon. RT, RR & PR were increased significantly (P<0.05) from morning to afternoon in both the groups. During afternoon the rectal temperature was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group. In conclusion, melatonin affected the fluctuation in physiological activity

Weight is an important index in swine meat industry. Indirect method of weight measurement involves usage of body measurements. Heart girth is known to be better correlated with body weight in pigs. A study was carried out to determine the relationship between different girths like the heart girth (measured just behind the forelimbs), middle girth (measured around mid-region of the body) and tail girth (measured just in front of the hind limbs) and live weight in Landly pigs (Landrace* Desi). Data was collected for body length, girths, and live weight in 39 pigs, both male and female and 9-10 months of age, reared in the IVRI Swine farm. Multiple linear regression method was used for analysis under GMP9. The results showed high positive correlations of weight with middle girth. Area calculated using middle girth and heart girth had the best fit and the lowest error. This can be applicable to pigs reared under field conditions.