Porcine leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. Pigs act as reservoir host for various Leptospira serovars. A study aimed to pinpoint the risk factors of porcine leptospirosis was designed on pigs of three agro-climatic zones- Midwestern plain zone (Bareilly), Eastern Plain zone (Barabanki) and Southwestern semi- arid zone (Aligarh) of Uttar Pradesh. Risk factor analysis was done using pretested structured questionnaire. The univariate analysis of the variables of interest was done using Fisher’s exact test/Pearson’s chi-square. Further, multivariate analysis was done through logistic regression model using serological status of animal in Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) as dependent variable. The overall seropositivity of 23.81% (70/294; 95% CI: 18.94% - 28.67%) was recorded in MAT with Icterohaemorrhagiae as the leading serovar. Multivariate risk factor analysis

revealed that accessibility of swine to unsanitary wallowing ponds (Odds ratio: 8.58; 95% CI: 3.34-21.93; P<0.001), contact of domesticated pigs with wild/feral pigs and water buffaloes (Odds ratio: 12.83; 95% CI: 3.72-44.26; P<0.001) and accessibility of swine to garbage pits (Odds ratio: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.28-12.26; P<0.016) were statistically significant. Further, risk factor analysis revealed that mature pigs of >2 years age had higher chance of contracting leptospirosis than young pigs of <2 years (Odds ratio: 12.09; 95% CI: 2.92-50.03; P<0.001) owing to higher probability for exposure to above mentioned risk factors. Domesticated pigs reared under mixed farming system that gets access to wallow in unsanitary ponds frequented by feral pigs and water buffaloes and pigs that access garbage pits frequented by rodents were at high risk of contracting leptospirosis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that can form a biofilm that provides crucial drug resistance components. The bacteria have many immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMP) including, Opr86. The Opr86 is essential for the viability of bacterium, as it has a significant role in OMP assembly and its depletion leads to alteration of cellular morphology. Therefore, Opr86 may serve as a vaccine candidate. Moreover, Opr86 may be used for raising hyperimmune serum, which may be a potential therapeutic candidate in P. aeruginosa infection. In the current study, gene fragment encoded exposed outer domain toward extracellular side of Opr86 (E-Opr86) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into pJET1.2 vector, and sequenced. The gene was inserted into pET302/NT-His vector and was expressed in Rosetta-gami 2(DE3) pLysS cells. The recombinant E-Opr86 protein expression was confirmed by the sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and subjected to purification using His-tag affinity chromatography. The purified protein (~18kDa) was confirmed by SDS–PAGE and by the Western blotting. This study successfully cloned and characterized Opr86 protein of P. aeruginosa.

Nigella sativa has been used since ancient time for curing various infectious diseases due to its miraculous biochemical and pharmacological properties. It belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and generally used as food additives and also known as black cumin. The active components in black cumin have shown remarkable characteristics like antimicrobial, anti-diabetics, anti-cancerous, anti-tumoral, analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunological and immune-potentiating effects. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa seeds extract on the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The chicken PBMCs were stimulated with two different doses (125 μg/ml; 250 μg/ml) of Nigella sativa seeds extract and the cells were harvested at different time points till 48 h post-stimulation for analysis of various immune gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. High dose (250 μg/ml) of Nigella sativa seed extract showed remarkable induction of immune response genes (IL-1β, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-12 transcripts) expression at 48h post-stimulation. The results indicated the immunomodulatory activity of the Nigella sativa seed extract on the chicken PBMCs and suggested the potential use as an adjuvant with various vaccines in chicken.

This study was conducted to develop cobb and kadaknath chicken meat patties separately by incorporating Lychee fruit peel extract (LFPE) and BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluine) individually as antioxidant and to evaluate the effect on storage quality of developed products. Control patties were developed without adding any antioxidants. Sensory scores of kadaknath and cobb patties incorporated with BHT and LFPE were equivalent to respective controls on fresh basis. The sensory color scores of kadakanath patties were significantly lower than cobb patties however flavor, texture, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability scores were statistically comparable for both types of patties on fresh basis. Sensory scores decreased and microbial counts increased significantly during refrigerated storage for all the treatments but scores for treated patties were significantly

higher than respective controls. At the end of storage TBA and microbial counts for LFPE treated patties were significantly lower than their respective control and BHT treatments. It is concluded that incorporation of 15 ml lychee peel aqueous extract per 100 g of kadaknath and cobb chicken meat resulted in the production of healthier patties. Lychee extract provides betterm protection against oxidative rancidity and microbial proliferation during refrigerated storage and can well used as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants like BHT.

The study was carried out with an aim for detection of protozoan aetiology for infertility in cross bred cattle using conventional and molecular tools in Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh. Blood and cervico-vaginal swabs of 85 crossbred cattle above 3 years of age with and without pyrexia and with the history of infertility/abortion and ten brain, sixteen liver tissue samples of aborted foetuses collected were subjected for the detection of Theileria annulata, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma evansi, Neospora caninum and Tritrichomonas foetus using Giemsa and Acridine orange staining techniques and species specific PCR.The overall prevalence of blood parasites was 17.6% by Giemsa staining with highest incidence of T. annulata (7.0%), A. marginale (5.8%) and T. evansi (4.7%) where as Acridine orange staining showed 36.4% with highest prevalence of T. annulata (15.2%), A. marginale (14.1%) and T. evansi (7.0%). PCR was standardized for detection of T. annulata, T. evansi and A. marginale, out of 85 blood samples subjected to PCR, 45 (52.9%) were found positive for blood parasites, at 25.8% (22/85), 20.0% (17/88) and 7.0% (6/85) were positive for A. marginale, T. annulata and T. evansi, respectively. The Nested PCR was found to be sensitive than primary PCR in detection of A. marginale. Blood parasites prevalence was higher in H.F cross (58.8%) and the animals with pyrexia (68.0%). The study indicates the marginal role of protozoan parasites in inducing infertility of cross bred cattle.

Present investigation has recorded ehrlichiosis associated C-reactive protein status in dogs. Total 79 dogs were screened for ehrlichiosis based on the clinical diagnosis criteria. All the screened dogs underwent for blood smear examination followed by primary and nested PCR analysis which confirm total 64 dog positive for ehrlichiosis. These confirmed cases were taken for further analysis to assess the extent of inflammation caused by acute phase protein such as C-reactive protein. Results of present investigation revealed significant increase in serum concentration of canine C-reactive protein in ehrlichiosis affected dogs as compared to healthy ones. Conventional treatment of diseased animals reduces these values towards the reference values as assessed in healthy animals. It can be concluded thatserum level of C-reactive protein is significantly increases in case of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and can be used as potent clinical biomarker for assessment of extra cytokines induced inflammatory reaction.

A study was conducted to know the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in fecal samples of pigs and broiler chicken. Fecal swabs were collected from apparently healthy animals and birds using sterile swabs. From a flock of 6000 birds, and a herd of 550 pigs, 50 samples each, were collected randomly. E. coli was isolated from all the broiler chicken samples, and 82% pig samples. AMR studies revealed 42% and 36.58% E. coli, respectively from chicken and pigs as ESBL producers. Beta lactam genes, blaTEM and blaCTX-M were detected, however, the isolates were negative for blaSHV and blaOXA genes. About 47.61% and 46.66% E. coli of chicken and pigs, respectively showed presence of beta lactam genes. Chicken isolates were resistant to cefixime (96%), tetracycline (88%), and ciprofloxacin (94%). While, pig isolates were resistant to cefazolin (100%), ciprofloxacin (65.85%) and gentamicin (51.21%). High degree of sensitivity was recorded for imipenem and trimethoprim. Multidrug resistant E. coli showing resistance to three or more group of antimicrobials were also recorded. This study is significant in the context of AMR highlighting the importance of pigs and chicken in carrying ESBL type E. coli.

A study was conducted on 16 lactating Gir cows, which were divided into four groups on the basis of body weight and average milk yield/day at Dairy farm (LPM Deptt.) S.K.N. College of agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) and subjected to four dietary treatments i.e. Wheat straw ad-lib.+ Green Lucerne (5 kg) + Concentrate (T1), T1 + Urea 75 g/cow (T2), T1 + Mustard oil cake 614 g/cow (T3) and T1 + Guar meal 505 g/cow (T4). The studied for their nutrients utilization of protein supplements and milk yield of Gir cows. Average daily intake of CP and DCP in kg/100 kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 compared to other groups. Average daily TDNI kg/100kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 (1.56) compared to T3 (1.41), T2 (1.32) and T1 (1.24) groups. The nutrient utilization as DM, CP, EE and NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 compared to T3, T2 and T1 groups. Crude fibre was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 compared to T4, T2 and T1 groups. Average daily milk production (litre/cow) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (7.85) than T3 (7.13), T2 (7.05) and T1 (6.67). It can be inferred from this experiment that feeding of concentrate mixture on Wheat straw diet with Guar meal supplement increased the milk production.

Present clinical study was conducted in 170 apparently healthy dogs for monitoring of blood pressure (Systolic Arterial Pressure: SAP, Diastolic Arterial Pressure: DAP and Mean Arterial Pressure: MAP) by non-invasive (indirect) technique using a high definition oscillometric method. Blood pressure was measured in calm animals in lateral recumbency using appropriate size cuffs placed around the median artery of distal forelimb. The average of at least five measurements from each dog was recorded as the final blood pressure. Among breeds, higher SAP, MAP and DAP was recorded in Grey hound. Blood pressure was not influenced by age and sex. End organ risk categorization using value of systolic blood pressure revealed that out of 170 dogs, 42.35%, 20.59%, 31.18% and 5.88% dogs were at minimum risk, mild risk, moderate risk and severe risk respectively. Routine blood pressure monitoring using high definition oscillometer could be helpful in preventing cardiac and renal diseases by assessing end organ risk categorization.

Atrial fibrillation is usually a chronic supraventricular arrhythmia most commonly associated with canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs. The management of atrial fibrillation is quite challenging with the control of rate and rhythm being the main strategies. In the present study, a total of 150 dogs were subjected to detailed clinical examination, physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Among 150 dogs, DCM was diagnosed in 58 dogs (38.66%). Out of 58 DCM cases, 21 had atrial fibrillation. The predominant clinical signs noticed in DCM with atrial fibrillation were exercise intolerance, ascites, cardiac cachexia, coughing and syncope. The study of echocardiographic changes in dogs with atrial fibrillation may be helpful to predict the prognosis and survival time. All 21 dogs with DCM and atrial fibrillation were divided into two groups (Group I & II) based on mitral E wave deceleration time (Edt) on Pulsed Wave Doppler. The mean values of Edt were 74.82 ± 1.29 ms and 88.99 ± 1.31 ms in Group I and Group II dogs respectively. All the dogs were treated with Tab. Pimobendan (0.25mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO), Tab. Digoxin (0.005 mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO), Tab. Enalapril (0.5mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO) and Tab. Furosemide (2mg/ kg b.wt, bid, PO). After 10 days of treatment, the echocardiography was repeated to measure the peak mitral E wave velocity and deceleration time. The study revealed a high degree of positive correlation between Edt and survival time, as indicated by the increase of survival time with every unit raise in Edt.

We report the presence of Marek’s disease (MD) virus meq among commercial layer chickens with or without the history of MD outbreak. Feather follicle epithelial (FFE) samples (285) were collected from 50 vaccinated commercial layer flocks of Tamil Nadu in India regardless of MD outbreak and were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify MDV specific meq gene. The prevalence of MD was found to be 50 per cent. Among 285 feather follicle samples tested from different age groups, the highest prevalence was noticed at 17 to 40 week age groups (38.03 per cent) followed by 9 to 16 week age groups (33.33 per cent), 41 to 60 week (32.26 per cent) age groups, 61 week and above (32.14 per cent) age groups and 0 to 8 week (23.68 per cent) age groups with overall prevalence of 32.63 per cent. The highest prevalence was noticed in the peak production period which might be attributed to activation of latent virus. It is suggested that the MD prevalence in twice vaccinated layer flocks warrants for stringent control measures in order to check the re-emergence of MD among layer chicken.

The southern Indian states depend mainly on crossbred cattle for milk production. For maintaining a high level of milk productivity of crossbred cattle and their further genetic improvement, it is necessary to know the genetic parameters and influence of various non-genetic and genetic factors on economic traits. Hence, in the present study, we estimated the heritability and influence of non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits in crossbred Jersey cattle (Jersey × nondescript). The overall leastsquares means (±standard error) of age at first calving (days), calving interval (days), services per conception, service period (days), dry period (days), lactation milk yield (liters), and lactation length (days) were 1057.83±21.25, 449.52±8.55, 2.55±0.11, 176.31±7.67, 130.27±6.73, 2265.24±63.44, and 318.61±5.62 respectively. Period of calving had a significant (p<0.05) effect on all economic traits studied except the dry period. Calving interval and service period were affected by the season of calving. The heritability estimates of age at first calving, calving interval, services per conception, service period, dry period, lactation milk yield, and lactation length were 0.289±0.06, 0.306±0.09, 0.123±0.18, 0.329±0.33, 0.381±0.48, 0.508±0.88, and 0.455±0.45 respectively. This information will be useful to disclose action plans to make scientific interventions on the production and reproduction of crossbred Jersey cattle to exploit its maximum genetic potential.

A two-year study on the morbidity and mortality in Ganjam goats of Odisha associated with digestive diseases was carried out in Ganjam district of Odisha and the effects of year, season, sex, age group and rearing management on morbidity and mortality rates due to these diseases were examined using suitable statistical techniques. Morbidity and mortality data of 5845 Ganjam goats of 71 goat keepers and 5205 Ganjam goats of 104 goat keepers from four clusters of Ganjam district were recorded from April 2018 to March 2019 and April 2019 to March 2020, respectively, each year divided into three seasons: summer (March- June), rainy (July-October) and winter (November-February). These goats reared under both range system and semi-intensive rearing system were divided into three groups: kids (0-3 months), young stocks (3-12 months) and adults (above one year) based on age. Overall morbidity and mortality due to digestive diseases were higher in 2018-19 (11.3%, 1.6%) as compared to 2019- 20 (8.2%, 0.7%). Morbidity was the highest in young ones followed by kids and adults whereas mortality was the highest in kids followed by young ones and adults. In rainy season, morbidity was the highest followed by summer and winter. However, mortality occurred mostly in summer followed by rainy and winter season. Both morbidity and mortality were more prominent in male goats than females. Morbidity and mortality in Ganjam goats reared in range system were higher as compared to those reared in semi-intensive system.

This experiment was performed to access the effect of different hormonal protocols during breeding season of mares (March to August) in Punjab. A total of 25 Marwari mares with regular oestrous cycle were selected betweenage group of 4-12 years and divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=10) mares were treated with Estrumate (PG) and Chorulon (HcG) based protocol. The ovarian status of each mare was detected by ultrasonography. Mares having mature corpus luteum (CL) and medium size

(20 mm-24 mm) growing follicle (day 1) were injected with Estrumate (cloprostanol sodium 500 μg) 2 ml intramuscularly on day 1 morning and then on morning of 6th day injection Chorulon (3000 I.U.) was administered intravenously. On day 14 mares were again injected with Estrumate 2 ml intramuscularly followed by injection chorulon 3000 I.U. intravenously on 20th day morning. In group 2 (n=10) mares were injected with single injection of Estrumate 2 ml intramuscularly after detection of mature CL and medium size growing follicles (20-24 mm). In group 3 (n=5) all mares were covered during natural oestrus. Mares in all groups were covered twice at 36 hours interval after detection of dominant follicle (≥30 mm diameter), clinical oestrus signs and teasing score. The conception rates were 70% (7/10), 60% (6/10) and 60% (3/5) in Group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mares of group 1 had better pregnancy rate than other groups hence it was concluded that exogenous administration of hormones for oestrus synchronization in Marwari mares was quite beneficial and also reduced the rearing cost of the stud farmers.

The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of two different doses of aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) supplementation on gut parasites and cost of production in Murrah buffalo calves. A total of fifteen buffalo calves (3-6 months age) were selected and maintained at the Buffalo Farm, Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar (Haryana), India. The duration of experiment was 90 days. The calves were placed into three treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 (based on nearness in body weight and age) and each group having five calves. The calves were fed with basal ration in all three treatment groups according to ICAR-2013 feeding standards along with supplementation of aloe vera leaves @ 2 g and 4 g per kg body weight in T2 and T3 group respectively. The calves fed basal diet supplemented with aloe vera @ 4 g per kg body weight were showed significantly lower (P<0.05) oocyst per gram (opg) and also showed less egg per gram (epg) but not significantly (P>0.05), in faeces as compare to control group. The cost of feeding per kg body weight gain was found lowest in T3 followed by T2 and was found highest in T1 treatment group. Thus, from above findings it can be concluded that aloe vera supplementation @ 4 g/kg body weight can be an effective herbal feed additive for buffalo calves and can increase the economic return to the farmers.

The present investigation was conducted Comparative Study on Nutrient Utilization of Cross-Bred and Gir Cows Feed Green Lucerne During Winter Season. Twenty lactating cows (in which 10 Cross-bred and 10 Gir Cows) were divided into four groups on basis of nearest their body weight and milk yield/day at dairy farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner and subjected to four dietary treatments were formulated. i.e. Green Lucerne 10 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib.+ Concentrate for T1 Crossbred, Green Lucerne 20 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T2 Crossbred, Green Lucerne 10 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T3 Gir Cow and Green Lucerne 20 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T4 Gir Cow and the studied for their nutrient utilization. DMI (kg/animal/day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (12.77) than T1 (12.18), T4 (11.49) and T3 (11.07). Average daily intake of CP, DCP and TDN in kg/100 kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 compared to other groups. The nutrient utilization as DM, CP, EE, CF and NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 compared to T3, T2 and T1 group.

The present study was conducted to explore the season and parity effect on acoustic features of vocal signals articulatedn by Murrah buffaloes during estrous cycle. Voice and blood samples were collected from healthy Murrah buffaloes (n=60), maintained at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. Animals were classified into three groups heifers (n=20), primiparous (n=20), pluriparousn (n=20) and further each group (20) was classified into two sub groups (n=10) based on winter (September-February) and summer (March-July) season. The acoustic features were extracted by the help of PRAAT 5.1.36 software package. The features like call duration (sec), intensity (mean, maximum, minimum) (dB), formants (Hz): F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, jitter (%), shimmer (%) and N/H ratio (%) were found statistically (P<0.05) different during estrus phase. The season effect especially during estrus phase was found significant (P<0.05) for minimum intensity (dB), F1 (Hz), F3 (Hz), and jitter (%). There was significant (P<0.05) difference between heifer and pluriparous buffaloes for intensity (dB) (mean, maximum, minimum), F1-F5 (Hz) and jitter (%). Significant differences were found for E2 (pg/ml) and P4 (ng/ml) plasma levels among four phases of cycle and between both seasons. This study concluded that hot season and parity cause variations in acoustic features like intensity, frequency and formants due to fluctuation in steroid hormones levels and summer stress. So, season and age factor might be considered for further determination of threshold values especially for estrus phase to develop algorithm/DSS for efficient and automatic estrus detection in buffaloes.

Gall bladder is a small pouch found attached to the liver and stores bile. A total of 24 guinea pigs of four different postnatal ages with six animals each were collected from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine as per the Ethical committee approval. Gall bladder were dissected, fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections of 4-5 μm thickness were cut and used for the routine and special histological staining techniques. The wall of the gall bladder consisted of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa in all the postnatal ages. The tunica mucosa of gall bladder consisted of irregular folds with primary, secondary and tertiary folds. All the folds were visible in the gall bladder of postnatal ages with the folding increased as age increased. Guinea pigs of 0-2 weeks of age showed only primary folds of less height. The tunica mucosa consisted of lining epithelium and lamina propria. Mucularis mucosa was not observed in all ages. Lamina propria and submucosa formed a continuous layer. The lining epithelium was simple tall columnar epithelium with irregular microvilli at the luminal border. Lamina propria – submucosa consisted of loose of connective tissue with collagen, reticular fibres, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and blood vessels. Tunica muscularis was a fibromuscular coat, consisted of loose arrangement of smooth muscular layers in longitudinal and circular fashion. Tunica serosa covered the external surface of the gall bladder in all ages and consisted of loose connective layer which was upcovered by a single layer of mesothelium.

The present study was designed to evaluate in vivo efficacy of polyherbal formulation, Himpyrin liquid, for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in cats. Twenty cats with a history of pain, inflammation, and fever due to scratch injuries/ accidents were selected (G1; n = 20) and supplemented with Himpyrin liquid along with standard treatment until complete recovery. The changes in assessment parameters score, viz. pain, fever, and activity level scores, along with adverse effects and product performance/satisfaction scores were evaluated. The results of the present study revealed that pain (p < 0.01) and fever (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in cats as early as days 2 and 4, respectively, following Himpyrin liquid supplementation along with standard treatment. The administration of Himpyrin liquid to cats restored the activity level of cats affected with fever and pain due to scratch injuries/accidents. Furthermore, Himpyrin liquid was considered highly satisfactory for inflammation amelioration due to scratch injuries/accidents in cats without any adverse effects. In conclusion, this study supplies considerable preliminary data to hint that Himpyrin liquid possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, Himpyrin liquid at 1 mL twice daily along with standard treatment could be recommended for inflammation amelioration and pain in cats. However, further clinical studies evaluating biochemical parameters were recommended to be carried out to better elucidate the mechanism of action and ultimate impact on the overall health of cats.

The current research deals with the Health care management practices of backyard poultry rearing in experiment area of Dungarpur district. The field of investigation of this study covered four tehsils of Dungarpur district i.e. Dungarpur, Bicchiwada, Aspur and Sagwara. The Study reveals that in health care management practices maximum respondents (85.43 per cent) had veterinary facilities, 75.00 per cent did not follow the vaccination, 87.78 per cent respondents provided vaccine to bird after hatching, 48.89 per cent respondent cleans poultry and equipment on alternate days, 48.33 per cent farmers said that veterinary person visited the respondent poultry house monthly, maximum farmers were weighing their birds weekly (64.44 per cent), all180 respondents (100 per cent) used isolation distance of sick poultry birds and 49.44 per cent respondents used bamboo type poultry house in the experiment area.

The study of socio-economical status of the farmers and distribution of buffalo population were conducted at Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh. Mahakaushal, a region of central India, lies in the upper or eastern reaches of the Narmada river valley in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Data were collected through farmer’s interview from target districts. Survey was indicated that the buffalo population was distributed in entire Mahakaushal region of the Madhya Pradesh particularly in Jabalpur, Mandla,

Dindori, Seoni districts and in parts of adjoining districts including Naringhpur, Balaghat, Chhindwada, Katani and Umaria. The overall socioeconomic status of farmers was poor in all the districts. The annual income of farmers of Jabalpur and Mandla districts was slightly higher than the farmers of Dindori and Seoni districts; it might be due to slightly higher irrigated lands (1-3 acres) and literate family members (4-5). The farmers in Mahakaushal region mainly depends upon the pasture feeding for their livestock. The place, where animals were gathered during grazing is known as Khirka. The mating normally occurs during grazing. It was revealed that on an average 90 percent farmers housed their animals only at night while 10 percent of farmers housed them both day and night. In 98 percent animal houses, floor was kachcha type. In about 95 percent animal house had no drainage system. In 100 percent animal house had kachcha type of drainage. The survey was the first attempt to study the demographic and geographical distribution in Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh.

Correlations are a measure of genetic factors shared between two traits. When two traits are highly genetically correlated, the genes that contribute to the traits are usually co-inherited. They contribute to understanding the development and pathways of traits, population-level gene flow and the co-occurrences of traits. They also play an important role in evolutionary biology. In the present investigation it was found that the genetic and environmental correlations of age at first egg with body weight were negative in IWD and positive in IWF strains. The genetic and environmental correlations of body weight with egg weight and egg production were positive in IWD and negative in IWF strain. The genetic and environmental correlations of egg weight at 40 weeks with EP40 and EP64 weeks were found negative. The genetic and environmental correlations of egg production upto 40 weeks with EP64 weeks were positive in magnitude in both the strains.

Data on 3908 milk records of Sahiwal cows recorded over a period of 11 months were utilized for the study. The cows were reared at Sahiwal cattle farm, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, India. The least-squares mean and standard errors for fat, solid not fat, protein, and density were reported to be 4.42 ± 0.02%, 8.45 ± 0.01%, 3.23 ± 0.01% and 29.34 ± 0.04 kg/m3, respectively. Analysis of the variance revealed that season had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on the fat, solid not fat and on the protein percentage but there was no significant effect of season on the density of milk. Again, a period of milking was reported to produce highly significant effects (P<0.01) on fat, solid not fat, protein, and milk density.

In this study four conventional parasitological methods like Wet blood film (WBF), thin and thick blood smear and Buffy coat technique (BCT) were compared for diagnostic sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected buffaloes. Out of 250 field blood samples collected from different places of Indore and Ratlam district of M.P., 1.2% were found positive by wet blood film, 4.4% by thin blood smear, 9.2% by thick blood smear and 14.8% by buffy coat technique for T. evansi. The sensitivity and specificity of the all methods were analyzed and it was observed that BCT is more sensitive than the other conventional methods of examination.

Ocular ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool which permits precise assessment of the eyeball and orbital structures contributing to a quick diagnosis and better therapy. The objective of the study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal poultry eyes and to compare the biometric measurements of both the eyes. Hundred eyes from 50 poultry birds were assessed after a routine ophthalmic examination using an 10 MHZ linear transducer. Ultrasound examination could clearly differentiate different parts of the internal eye, including the pecten oculi in the vitreous. Ocular biometry was performed by B-scan of the following structures (in mm): Corneal thickness (CT) (RE: 0.13 ± 0.07, LE: 0.12 ± 0.07), Axial length (AL) (RE: 1.13 ± 0.01, LE: 1.05 ± 0.18), Lens width (LW) (RE: 0.33 ± 0.15, LE: 0.34 ± 0.19). Lens length (LL) (RE: 0.71 ± 0.02, LE: 0.65 ± 0.02). There was a uniform correlation between the ocular structures, however, no statistical difference was observed in the parameters of both the eyes. The anatomic and biometric assessment will be helpful in identifying routine clinical abnormalities.

An extensive in vitro experiment was planned to study the effect of varying levels of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on in vitro nutrient digestibility and its effect on rumen microbes. For experiment, two negative DCAD diet were prepared from conventional prepartum total mixed ration (TMR) supplemented with anionic salt @ -50 (Low negative; LN), -100 (High

negative; HN) and a negative control without any anionic supplementation (CON1) was used for comparison. Similarly, two positive DCAD diet were prepared from conventional postpartum TMR with cationic salt supplementation @ +200 (Low positive; LP), +400 (High positive; HP) along with positive control (CON2) diet. DCAD diets was formulated using equation (% Na/0.023 + %K/0.039) – (%Cl/0.0355 + %S/0.016) mEq/100 gm of DM. Analysis of result revealed that negative DCAD (LN & HN) had better PF (mg/ml), NH3-N% and EMMP % then CON1 diet (p<0.01) and highest value was observed with HN DCAD suggesting that negative (especially HN) DCAD during prepartum can be helpful in improving rumen nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. Whereas, CON2 had better in vitro parameters (p<0.05) than positive DCAD (LP & HP) but no deleterious effect was observed, thus, suggesting that, both positive and negative DCAD are safe for use in ruminants.

The study was undertaken to record the production performance of 50 Kathani cattle in Mul tahsil of Chandrapur district. The cows were mostly found with bowl shaped udder, cylindrical shaped teats and small size of milk vein. The lactational milk yield of Kathani cows was found to be 658.26 ± 4.95 kg, average lactation period was of 229.72 ± 0.90 days and average milk yield per day was 2.862 ± 0.025 kg. The milk production performance of Kathani cattle is fair, hence, it can be considered as the draught breed of cattle and by adopting better management and nutrition practices its production can be increased.

A study was conducted on Pratapdhan birds under backyard poultry rearing in Banswara district of Rajasthan. During the study four block of Banswara were selected randomly. 15 farmers from each block were randomly selected, 15 farmers awavy them having Pratapdhan poultry birds (beneficiaries under ARYA project) and rest 15 farmers having native poultry birds (non-beneficiaries) were selected out of 60 respondents. 20 Pratapdhan chicks per farmers provided by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banswara under ARYA project after training for the respondent of economic point of view. The impact of training on poultry farming was significantly high and average knowledge score of the trainees increased from 3.68 to 8.50. The performance of dual purpose breed Pratapdhan was better under backyard poultry farming. The overall mean body weight, the mean eggs production were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in Pratapdhan poultry birds than native birds. The overall mortality rate of Pratapdhan poultry birds were significant lower (P≤0.05) than native birds. The benefit cost ratio of rearing in Pratapdhan poultry birds was recorded 1:5.15 per family. The income of small, marginal and landless poultry farmers were increased due to rearing of Pratapdhan poultry birds under backyard through low input and high output venture within a very short span of time. Pratapdhan poultry bird is one of the promising dual purpose strains of poultry, which can be popularized in rural areas of Banswara district of Rajasthan.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a galactagogue Milkease®, on the yield and composition of milk. Three multiparous crossbred cows in mid-lactation stages were selected for this study. It was given at the rate of 30 g twice daily and was fed to the animals for a total period of 2 months. Milk sampling for analysis was done in morning and evening hours once every week during the experimental period. At the end of the trial, it was observed that the galactagogue supplementation resulted in an increase of quality (composition) as well as quantity (Milk yield) of milk in all the three animals. Hence, it is concluded that Milkease® is a combination of all those essential nutrients which helps in increasing the milk yield as well as its composition.

Trypanosoma evansi is an important haemoprotozoan parasite from the Indian context. A wide range of variations in the parasite genotype and subsequently, in disease pathogenesis have been described in the literature. The present study was designed to find out the associative genetic diversity, within the various equine isolates of T. evansi across India and the globe, based on the ITS 1 gene. A total of five equine isolates were characterized. PCR products were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the maximum parsimony (MP) method with the tree–bisection– regrafting (TBR) algorithm. Indian isolates formed three haplotypes. The present isolates showed 99.06-100.00% nucleotide homology within themselves. In broader terms, present isolates were found to be phylogenetically closer isolates from Haryana. Broadly, Indian isolates of T. evansi were closely related to isolates reported from Thailand and China than those from Iran, Nigeria, and Egypt. Another remarkable finding is the close association of equine isolates from India with other isolates of family equidae and their clear divergence from isolates of T. evansi affecting other hosts from India and abroad. Vast genetic divergence was seen between the isolates suggesting of multiple distinct lineages of T. evansi amongst the Indian livestock.

This study describes histology of uterus in the Albino Wistar rat induced with oestrous. Twenty adult female Wistar rats were used in the study. Ten rats were induced with estrous using Diethylstilbestrol 1 mg/kg b.wt subcutaneously for three consecutive days. Uteri were obtained from both groups after three days upon induction of diestrous stage. Endometrial histology in both the groups displayed glandular mucosa comprising of lamina epithelialis and lamina propria mucosae. The epithelium was stratified cuboidal with numerous neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lamina propria mucosa. The cellularity was more in the estrous induced group. Lamina muscularis was absent in the tract of both groups. The uterine glands occurred in variable numbers and sizes in the propria-submucosae of the estrous induced group of rat uterii. These glands were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The myometrium consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer wherein the smooth circular layer was comparatively thicker than the longitudinal layer in both groups. Stratum vasculare containing prominent blood vessels was well appreciated between the two muscular layers. The perimetrium comprised of simple squamous epithelium.