Present paper reviews about the origin, subfields, mandates and application of artificial intelligence in animal disease diagnosis. Artificial intelligence  (AI) is  intelligence  manifested by  machines and has developed into subfields; Machine and Deep learning. Machine learning (ML) provides application of algorithms for identification of patterns of data and creates a model to make future predictions. Commonly used algorithms are linear regression, random forest, decision tree, K-nearest and support vector machines. In deep learning, algorithms are classified into categories; Convolutional neural network, Restricted Boltzmann Machines, Auto encoder and Sparse Coding. The Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is one of the most notable approaches, doesn’t require human supervision and automatically detects the significant features. Some of the commendable CNN architectures presented at ILSVRC (ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC); AlexNet, ZFNet, VGG-16, GoogLeNet etc. Regarding use of AI technique in veterinary sciences, this paper reviewed some of the documented data of its application in disease prediction and diagnosis; The National Animal Disease Referral Expert System (NADRES) of ICAR-NIVEDI, detection of left atrial enlargement on canine thoracic radiology (Li et al., 2021), Predicting survivability and need for surgery in Horses with Colic (Fraiwan et al., 2020), detection of sub clinical mastitis in cows with the help of machine learning by Ebrahimie et al. (2018), CNN  (GoogleNet)   in discriminating between meningiomas and gliomas in canines MRI’s (Banzato et al., 2018) and using a xenograft platform and machine learning in development of exosomal gene to detect residual disease in dogs with osteosarcoma (Makielski et al., 2021).

Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in India and outbreaks are recorded throughout the year in commercial and backyard poultry farms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the acceptability, safety and immunogenicity of orally administrated live ND vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads to backyard poultry under field conditions. The birds were randomly divided into two groups of each 100 birds. In group 1, live lentogenic ND LaSota vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads (NDV-CG-BDs) were administrated orally at 21 days of age. In group 2, all the birds were vaccinated on 21 days of age with the same batch of live lentogenic ND LaSota vaccine using drinking water. The Newcastle disease humoral antibody response was assessed using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The chicks readily taken the live lentogenic Newcastle disease LaSota vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads (NDV-CG-BDs). There were no untoward reactions or mortality throughout the study period of 90 days. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in body weight observed between the groups during the study period. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) of mean HI titers in NDV-CG-BDs group in comparison with NDV vaccine administered through water on 7,14,28,45,90 days post vaccination. The protective HI titer of ≥ Log24 was observed from 7th days post vaccination and maintained up to 90 days post vaccination in both the vaccinated groups. In conclusion, the poultry farmers can easily adopt the procedure at the farm site and control the Newcastle disease in backyard poultry.

The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of concentrate mixtures containing graded levels of malt sprouts. Malt sprouts in the concentrate feed was included at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels to make five isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures. Crude protein content of concentrate mixtures varied from 19.61% to 20.32%. Ether extract content in concentrate mixtures varied from 5.33% to 5.96%. No significant difference was observed in truly degraded substrate, partitioning factor, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, DM digestibility and ammoniacal nitrogen among the concentrate mixtures tested. However, the net gas production, short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy were lower (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 5 (containing 40% malt sprouts) than other concentrates evaluated. It was concluded that malt sprouts could be could be incorporated upto 30% in the concentrate mixture of ruminants without affecting nutrient digestibility, ME availability and propionate production.

The objective of this study was to explore the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized from aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum (S. indicum) seeds in Dalton’s lymphoma ascitic cells. The anticancer efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from plant extract (S-AgNPs) was compared relatively with chemically synthesized nanoparticles (C-AgNPs), which were produced using trisodium citrate. The C-AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Following this, MTT assay was done in vitro to evaluate the percent cell inhibition and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Among the various treatments, S-AgNPs were found to have higher percent cell inhibition as 77.61 percent. Trypan blue dye test was done to assess the percent of cell viability and number of viable cells. The cell viability in percentage for S-AgNPs was low (43.8 percent), whereas for C-AgNPs, it was 57.48 percent. After this, cells after treatment at IC50 concentration, were subjected for Acridine orange / Ethidium bromide staining. This revealed the manifestation of cells in the late apoptotic stage, treated with S-AgNPs. Hence, it may be concluded that silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from sesame seeds induces cytotoxicity in cancer cells.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of most important pathogen economically affecting poultry worldwide. In the present study, filed samples from broiler flocks showing respiratory distress were analyzed by specific 16S rRNA PCR. The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed in silico by bioinformatics tool. At the flock level, 04 out 11 (36.36%) flocks were found positive for presence M. gallisepticum infection. Further, 7.57 % samples from Bhor and 6.06 % samples from Wai tested positive for presence of M. gallisepticum with PCR. In silico sequencing analysis revealed that field M. gallisepticum sequence was 100% identical with M. gallisepticum PB1/06/Ind sequence whereas it was 99.5% identical with f-99, ts-11 and 6/85 M. gallisepticum vaccine strains.

The strongyle and coccidian parasitism was monitored through faecal eggs/oocysts count in Muzaffarnagri ewes, during peri-parturient period (PPP) to study the prevalence and effect of different environmental factors. The data generated on faecal count were transformed using log transformation (log (n +100)) for normalization. The transformed data were analyzed through least squares analysis considering the effects of factors like physiological state (pregnancy/lactation), season of lambing and years. Resulted means were back-transformed and presented as Geometric means. Strongyle worms and coccidian infections were the major infections affecting the ewes. Haemonchus contortus was the predominant strongyle worm in the ewes though worms like Oesophagostomum and Trichuris spp. were also observed. Coccidian infection was mixed and seven species of Eimeria were recorded. Overall prevalence of coccidian and strongyle worm in ewes during PPP was found to be 54.31 and 33.40 percent respectively. Specific coccidian prevalence in pregnant and lactating ewe during PPP was 54.98 and 48.18 percent respectively while strongyle prevalence was 31.07 and 36.50 percent, respectively. The coccidian prevalence in peri-parturient ewes differed kidding and lactating season-wise and Year-wise. However, the observation with strongyle worm infection was reverse. Mean faecal egg count (FEC) in lactating ewes was found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) than pregnant ewes. Also, means FEC in ewes lambed in two different seasons were significantly (P<0.001) different. Similarly significant variations in FEC were observed between years of lambing. Though, mean FOC in pregnant and lactating ewes did not differ significantly yet the effect of lambing season on FOC was significant and ewes lambed in first season (February–April) showed lower FOC mean.

Japanese quail is the wild species of poultry popularly known as “Bater” that has been domesticated in recent times.The present trial was planned with the objective to investigate the carcass characteristics of Japanese quail fed on dietary supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder alone as well as in combination, along with different bedding materials like sand, saw-dust and wheat straw. A sum total of 360 day-old commercial quail chicks were reared under brooder for a period of 7 days and uniformly distributed to three different bedding material groups as B1, B2 and B3 with each group having four treatment groups, henceforth twelve treatment groups were made, each having two replicates and kept for duration of 42 days. The results indicated highly significant (P<0.01) effect of dietary supplementation of Tulsi alone or in combination with Moringa on dressing percentage as well as eviscerated percentage. For bedding materials used, results were non-significant both on dressing percentage and eviscerated percentage. Hence, it can be concluded from the investigation that there is significant effect of supplementation of Tulsi alone or in combination with Moringa however, no effect was seen due to bedding material on carcass characteristics.

A cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of one year to identify the species spectrum and determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in Thalaivasal region, Tamil Nadu, India among 16 commercial layer farms comprising multi-age flocks which were divided into four age groups of 20 to 35, 36 to 50, 51 to 65 and 66 to 80 weeks. The result of the study showed that 93% flocks were infested in 20 to 35 week group whereas 100% in all other age groups during winter (December 2020 to March 2021). During summer (April 2021 to July 2021), the 100% chickens in all groups except 51 to 65 week group which showed 98% infestation. In rainy season (August 2021 to November 2021), 100% flocks of all ages were infested. The present study, two lice species namely shaft louse (Menopon gallinae) and wing louse (Lipeurus tropicalis) and one species of feather mites (Megninia ginglymura) were recorded throughout the year. In the entire study period, the birds were infested with either single or mixed type of ectoparasites. The prevalence of louse infestation was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in older birds ranging from 36 to 80 weeks of age and lower in younger birds of less than 36 weeks of age. The prevalence of feather mite infestation was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in younger age ranging from 20 to 50 weeks of age and lower in older birds of more than 50 weeks of age. The mean intensity revealed heavy ectoparasite infestation in the rainy season irrespective of age.

With an objective to evaluate the value of different extenders semen was collected from Murrah buffalo bulls (n=6) by artificial vagina and subjected to dilution using different extenders viz Tris egg yolk citrate (TEYC), LDL, tocopherol (TEYC with 1 mg/mL tocopherol) and sericin (TEYC with 0.25% sericin) based extenders. Semen was cryopreserved and sperm with intact acrosome were evaluated by flow cytometry immediately after dilution, at equilibration stage and after cryopreservation. There were non-significant differences in the proportion of live sperm with intact acrosome (frozen-thawed semen) for all the diluters studied except for buffalo bull number 5333 which evidenced significantly lower (P>0.05) proportion of live sperm with intact sperm in the tocopherol based extender. The overall percent live sperm with intact sperm was significantly higher (P<0.001) for LDL based extender as compared to TEYC, tocopherol, and sericin extenders at the equilibration stage and in frozen-thawed semen. It was concluded that the LDL based extender is best for cryopreservation of buffalo semen.

Haemoprotozoan diseases have deleterious impact on health and production of animals causing death in acute cases, production losses in chronically affected animals which decrease economic share of livestock sector. Thus with aim to record prevalence rate of haemoprotozoan infection in diary animals from Bikaner region of Rajasthan (India) present study was conducted from January to September 2021 on 200 (117 cattle and 83 Buffalo) dairy animals. Conventional microscopy method of Giemsa’s stained blood smears was used for screening blood samples for haemoprotozoans. Out of total screened 24(20.5%) cattle and 13(15.7%) buffalo were found positive for haemoprotozoans with highly prevalent Theileria spp. 12.5% (25) followed by Anaplasma spp. 3.0% (6), Babesia spp. and mixed infection 1.5% (3) each. Age wise highest prevalence showed by below 6 months aged (22.3%) followed by > 2 years (20.9%) and 6 months to 2 years (19.7%) in cattle and below 6 months (23.1%) followed by 6 months to 2 years (16.7%) and > 2 years (10.7%) in buffalo. Breed wise crossbred cattle showed highest infection rate of 23.5% with female more infected in both species 24.1% (20/83) in cattle and 18.7% (11/59) buffalo and highest prevalence rate in monsoon season in both cattle(28.4%) and buffalo(24%).

Now a days due to increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is a quest for alternative to synthetic antimicrobial drugs. As cow dung is a natural product with reported antimicrobial activity. In the present study 30 cow dung samples from different cattle breeds in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha were tested against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species isolated from milk samples. Methanol, Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of cow dung were prepared and its antimicrobial properties were assessed as per Disk Diffusion method. From the studies conducted it was revealed that the Methanol extract of cow dung exhibits more antimicrobial activity than the Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of cow dung.

The Present investigation was conducted on eighteen pregnant Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian × Tharparker) cows and was divided into three equal groups. Control group was fed with only basal diet. T1 and T2 group was fed with basal diet along with 250 ppm and 500 ppm Boron/day from 30 days before to 60 days after calving. Temperature humidity index, reproduction parameters were calculated and analysed. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction in postpartum oestrus interval, days of first observed estrum, service period and number of services per conception and significant (P<0.05) increase in the size of dominant follicle was observed by ultrasonography. Increase in conception rate, reduced incidence of retention of placenta, postpartum metritis was noticed in boron supplemented groups. Hence supplementation of boron at both levels found to be effective in improving reproductive performance of Karan Fries cows during hot humid condition.

The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of ‘challenge feeding’ on the performance and economics of milk yield of crossbred cows. During the research trial in the pre-partum period, animals of the T1 control group were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance per day from the 60th day to prior to calving till the day of parturition. T2 group animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 1.5 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day from 60th day to 22nd day prior to calving and from 22nd day prior to calving till parturition animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day. T3 group animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day from 60th day to 22nd prior to calving and from 22nd prior to calving till parturition animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2.5 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day. The overall mean daily milk yield per animal was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 (11.03 kg) as compared to T2 (9.85 kg) & T1 (6.96 kg). The cost of per litre milk production was ` 25.90, 23.79, and 23.72 in T1, T2, and T3 groups respectively. It was concluded that the practice of challenge feeding of crossbred cows improved the production performance during early lactation without affecting their periparturient health and was found to be economical.

Probiotics are the best feed additives used in poultry to establish beneficial gut microflora by maintaining normal intestinal microflora by competitive exclusion antagonism. Three hundred and fifty day old commercial broiler chicks randomly allotted to 7 treatments with 10 replicates containing 5 chicks in each replicate and reared for 42 days. The treatments consist of corn-soya and fish meal-based control diet, control diet supplemented with antibiotic (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate, @500 g/ton) and probiotic at 100, 200, 400, 600 & 800 g/ ton diet. Fish meal (4%) was included in the diets as microbial challenge so as to assess the efficacy of the probiotic supplement. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P<0.05) improved in birds fed on diets supplemented with probiotic at 200 g/ton and higher levels compared with the control. The overall feed consumption was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds fed on control diet when compared to other treatment groups except the diets supplemented with probiotic 100 g/ton. There were no effects on carcass traits but the percent breast yield (%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed diets with probiotics at 400, 600 and 800 g/ton. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in dry matter (DM) and protein retention between the treatments. Hence, it can be concluded that probiotic at 400 g/ton may be supplemented as an alternative to antibiotic for improving performance of broiler chicken.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of monensin supplementation on the attainment of sexual maturity and semen quality in bucks. Eighteen weaned kids aged 3 months were divided into three groups. The control animals were fed according to the requirement of ICAR (2013) standards, with 40:60 ratios of concentrate and green roughage. The treatment group was fed similar to control with addition of 10 mg/head/d and 20 mg/head/d of monensin in T1 and T2 group respectively. One month period of adaptation allowed before starting the experiment. The supplementation experiment was started at the age of four months for sixty days. The final body weights of animals (kg) did not differ (P>0.05) significantly; i.e. 19.32 ± 0.54, 20.44 ± 0.78 and 21.42 ± 0.36 kg in control, treatment I and treatment II respectively. The ADG was higher (P<0.01) in treatment groups (119.3 ± 3.9 and 127.3 ± 6.09 respectively in T1 and T2)as compare to control (91.00 ± 2.33). There was no significant effect on DMI in treatment groups.

The study conducted to evaluate the incidence of canine atopic dermatitis in Mizoram and to assess its clinical features according to the diagnostic criteria of the disease. The dogs brought with the history of recurrent pruritus and fulfilling clinical criteria given by Favrot et al. (2010) were subjected for various diagnostic techniques. After exclusion of other pruritic dermatological problems such as flea allergy dermatitis, scabies and demodecosis, intradermal test with environmental allergens was performed on atopic dogs. They were later evaluated for distribution of clinical lesions and severity measured by Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index. Evaluation of serum IgE using Canine IgE Rapid test kit and serum Interleukin-31 levels using the Serum Interleukin-31 ELISA kit was done. Blood samples were analyzed for hemato-biochemical parameters. The incidence rate of canine atopic dermatitis was 3.27% (20/612) and the age group of 6 months to 3 years were mostly affected. Incidence was higher in female dogs. Hematological study revealed significant changes in total leukocyte count, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia. For biochemical parameters, there were no significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin. Serological estimation of immunoglobulins and interleukin revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in levels of IgE and interleukin-31 in the serum of atopic dogs. The dogs showed positive intradermal test to house dust, house dust mite and some pollen.

In the present study oxygen in the form of ozonated water has been used to tests its antimicrobial activity against the pathogens isolated from bovine mastitis. Ozone is a well-known oxidant that can be commercially manufactured using basic ozonizer equipment. Ozone dissolves quickly in water and keeps its antibacterial properties even when dissolved as reported by several researchers. In this study, the effect of 0.1 ppm,0.3 ppm, 0.4 ppm and 0.6 ppm ozonated water charging after of time 20 minutes was analyzed on different microbial isolates isolated from mastitis. The antimicrobial effect of ozonated water was evaluated using the disc diffusion method following routine procedure. The 0.6 ppm ozonated water was found to be highly sensitive against S. aureus. As its action was studied with single charging, multiple charging or using ozonated water in 20 minutes interval may reduce the microbial load as an ideal antiseptic. Ozonated water at different concentration was effective in reducing the bacterial load, but it did not eliminate them completely. It may be advocated as a surfactant before milking like microbial antiseptics.

This research was conducted to study the nutritional practices adopted by the dog owners in the Central Punjab. 50 dog feed samples were collected from various part of Central Punjab, which includes Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ludhiana, Moga, Jalandhar, Tarn-Taran and Amritsar. Moreover, 491 dog owners were randomly selected and interviewed directly by visiting houses and polyclinics from Central Punjab. The appraisal of data revealed that, 42% of population offer homemade feed, 6% population offer exclusively commercial feed and 52% of the population offer both homemade and commercial feed to their pets. 28% of the population of the Central Punjab feed only vegetarian diet to their dogs while 72% of the population offer mixed feed. 95% of the population feed chapatti to their dogs however, only 33% of the dog owners feed rice to pets. Milk is offered by 84% dog owners to their pets. Nutrient composition of feed samples indicated that 24% of feed samples were in range of 18-22% protein, 94% of the feed samples were having less than 5% fat and 66% of feed samples were having fibre less than 3.5%. The pH value was less than 4.0. Based on the data available, it is clearly indicated that feeding practices followed by the dog owners in Central Punjab closely followed the trend of food consumed by the dog owners. 60% of the feed samples were found not to fulfill the overall nutrient requirement of dogs. The microbial parameters were well below the prescribed limits.

The present work was carried out in the Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa to study the production performance of Narmadanidhi birds under Azolla supplemented diet on day old chicks. In this study 72 straight run chicks were divided into three groups, comprising three replicates and eight birds in each replicate. The birds of the control group (T1) was fed a basal diet while the other groups (T2) and (T3) was fed 5% and 10% of basal diet replaced by sun dried Azolla powder on DM basis. The birds were reared up to the attainment of market weight (1.0 kg live body weight). Body weight shows significant differences in different groups. Highest body weight was observed in group 2 which was supplemented with 5% Azolla in the diet. Growth rate data in the experimental birds clearly indicated that there was highly significant difference between the groups. The feed intake values revealed significantly lower in both the Azolla fed groups compared to the control group. The Overall FCR was significantly better in T2 group as compared T1 and T3 groups. The study will help to reduce feeding cost and improve the livelihood of rural farmers as additional income source.

The present study was carried out in Agra chack area of R S Pura tehsil of Jammu district of J&K state. The productivity can be increased to greater extent by nutritional management (UMMB feeding). The Urea molasses mineral blocks based on locally available by products were made using standard procedure. The experiment comprised of eighteen female buffaloes of 5-6 years and 2nd -3rd parity. They were divided into three treatments having six animals each. In control (T0), basal diet was fed to the animals, in Ist group (T1), urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) were offered in last trimester of pregnancy and in 2nd group (T2), the UMMB were offered postpartum in addition to the basal diet. All supplemented buffaloes gained more body weight (1.59%), body condition score (1.67%) and heart girth than their unsupplemented controls. The UMMB supplementation appeared to have made better difference over controls where animals were already on poor diets. The birth weight and weaning weight of calves born to supplemented animals was significantly higher (30.50% and 23.55% respectively) in comparison to unsupplemented group. The postpartum estrus, conception interval and conception rate reduced in supplemented group than control. The increase in milk yield/ animal/ day was observed to be 1.5l in supplemented group with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.73. Overall, UMMB supplementary feeding during prepartum and postpartum period improved production and reproduction in buffaloes.

The present study aimed at assessing the occurrence of coxiellosis in cattle and buffaloes on 117 small-sized livestock farms owned by small or marginal farmers of 36 villages in Uttar Pradesh of India. The samples of blood and serum (250 each) collected from 86 cattle and 164 buffaloes were screened for Coxiella burnetii infection by PCR assay targeting IS1111 transposase gene of the pathogen (trans-PCR), Latex Agglutination Test employing synthetic linear antigenic peptide (LAP) of Com-1 protein of C. burnetii (Com-1 LAP-LAT) and commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX), taken as a reference. In our study, none of the bovine blood or serum samples showed the presence of C. burnetii DNA in trans-PCR, however, antibodies against the pathogen could be detected in sera of 5.6% (14/250) animals by Com-1 LAP-LAT and 5.13% (13/250) animals by ELISA kit. A way forward is suggested for developing improvised LAT as a simple, pragmatic, affordable diagnostic test having field applicability by employing multiple antigenic peptides of potential immunogenic proteins of C. burnetii. The risk of bovine coxiellosis under small livestock settings seems to be less than that reported on organised farms in India; however, studies involving many farms with varying holdings of large ruminants, which constitute the main proportion of milch animals, are needed for assessing the risks in bovines and their handlers in the right perspective.

Dried dairy products viz. churpe-balls and churpe-strips were developed with the incorporation of apricot powder into fresh cottage cheese at different levels (05, 10, 15 and 20%) and spinach powder at levels (03, 06, 09 and 12%), respectively. Nutritional attributes of the products were studied during the investigation. The addition of apricot powder in churpe-balls resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in moisture, ash, hydrosoluble vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin and ascorbic acid) and decrease in protein, lactose and fat contents. Similar trend was also observed due to incorporation of spinach powder in churpe-strips. Storage studies done for 120 days reveal that except moisture, there were losses of all the nutrients in both products with the advancement of storage. Except lactose in churpe-balls, all the interaction effects of supplementation and storage were found to be statistically significant.