This study was conducted to develop cobb and kadaknath chicken meat patties by incorporating Lychee fruit peel extract(LFPE) and study the effects on physicochemical and nutritional quality of developed products. Kadaknath patties had significantly higher protein percentage and less fat percentage. Cobb patties had significantly higher cooking yield than kadaknath patties. Total phenolics content of LFPR treated patties was significantly higher than control. The lightness, redness and yellowness value of kadaknath patties were significantly lower than cobb patties. The lightnesss value of LFPE treated cobb patties were significantly lower than BHT and control patties. The hardness value of kadaknath patties were non significantly higher than cobb patties. No significant difference was noticed in hardness values between control, BHT and extract treated patties. No significant difference was shown in chewiness, springiness, gumminess and cohesiveness values of kadaknath and cobb patties, No difference was shown after incorporation of LFPE. It is concluded that incorporation of 15 ml lychee peel aqueous extract per 100 g of kadaknath and cobb chicken meat resulted in the production of healthier patties with higher total phenolic content. Lychee extract provides better protection against oxidative rancidity and can be used as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants like BHT. The physic-chemical parameters did not differ majorly among kadaknath and cobb patties except for the cooking yield.

The study was conducted to understand the overall usefulness and to assess the efficacy of two dimensional B-mode ultrasonography in the diagnosis of clinical and intra-abdominal pathological conditions in dogs. The medical records of all the dogs referred for or presented with clinical signs related to intra-abdominal pathological conditions were retrospectively analyzed. The cases where an ultrasonographic diagnosis was made using a real time two dimensional B-mode scanner with 3.5 MHz convex transducer and a definitive diagnosis was later obtained using either invasive and/or minimally invasive alternative diagnostic techniques were selected for the study. In those cases where a confirmatory diagnosis could be achieved through the alternative diagnostic techniques, the results obtained were compared with the ultrasonographic findings to assess the efficacy, accuracy and reliability of ultrasonographic diagnosis. Among 348 dogs suspected of intra-abdominal pathologies, 236 dogs were diagnosed positive and 112 were diagnosed negative. Among the 236 cases diagnosed positive for intra-abdominal pathologies by ultrasound, 233 cases were found to be true positive and three were false positive. Among the 112 cases diagnosed negative for abdominal pathologies, 102 cases were true negative and 10 cases were found to be false negative using alternative techniques. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies were estimated as 95.88%, 97.14%, 98.73%, 91.07% and 96.26% respectively. The findings suggested that ultrasonography could be used as a reliable tool for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathological conditions in dogs.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of amla fruit powder on differential gene expression level of toll like receptors (TLRs) in broilers. Three hundred, one-day-old broiler chicks were used for the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into 30 subgroups i.e., 6 dietary treatments with five replicates per treatment and each replicate has 10 birds. The first group was kept as a control (T1) and given basal diet without antibiotic while second (T2) basal diet with antibiotics, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were dietary supplemented with amla fruit powder @0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. At the end of feeding trial (6th week), blood samples were collected from one broiler per replicate, making five samples per treatment and thus a total of 30 samples were analysed. Total RNA was isolated from blood samples by using TRIZOL method; cDNA was prepared, and analysis of temporal differential gene expression profile wascarried out using Step I plus real-time PCR system. The differential expression level of TLRs that includes TLR 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 gene transcripts in birds was studied by using relative quantification method and level of target mRNA was determined by comparative CT method (ΔΔCT method). Significantly highest level of increase in mRNA expression of TLR 2 was observed in treatment group 0.75% amla-supplemented group (T5) and significant down regulation of TLR 4 was observed in all amla supplemented group.

The present work was conducted to study the histoarchitectural and morphometrical characteristics of the oesophagus in six adults, apparently healthy Large White Yorkshire cross-bred pigs (SVVU-T-17 Breed). The lamina epithelialis consisted of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria consisted of areolar connective tissue, lymphatic aggregates and ducts of the glands. The lamina muscularis mucosae consisted of a few, small, scattered bundles of smooth muscles in the pharyngoesophageal region, cranial cervical, middle cervical and caudal cervical regions and it formed a continuous layer in the cranial thoracic regions to cardia regions of the oesophagus. The thickness of lamina muscularis gradually increased from the cranial thoracic to the cardia region of the oesophagus. The submucosal glands were compound tubuloalveolar, mixed in nature and they were more extensive at the pharyngoesophageal junction and began to fade out at about the caudal cervical region of the oesophagus. The submucosa layer of the cranial thoracic region consisted of one or two small glands and that of the middle thoracic, caudal thoracic and cardia regions lack submucosal glands. The highest thickness of total tunica muscularis was measured in the cranial thoracic part of the oesophagus and the lowest thickness was measured in the middle cervical part of the oesophagus in pigs. Tunica muscularis was composed of skeletal muscle fibres in the cranial two-thirds of the pig oesophagus but the caudal third amalgamation of both skeletal and smooth fibres. The tunica adventitia consisted of loose connective tissue with abundant reticular fibres, collagen fibres, few elastic fibres, many blood vessels, adipose tissue, lymph vessels and nerves. 

Present study was carried out to prepare ready to cook chevon chunks with goat meat for which different non-meat ingredients were added to provide chunks like characteristics and increase yield. Soy flour, oat flour and chickpea flour were added at different concentrations to the batter along with different condiments and spices in 3 treatment groups. Analysis of cooking yield and emulsion stability showed significant (P≤0.05) difference among the treatment group, T1 having soy flour, oat flour and chickpea flour at 10% level each showed highest cooking yield and emulsion stability. The proximate analysis also differed significantly (P≤0.05) with varying level of non-meat ingredients. Instrumental colour profile i.e. lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values differed significantly (P≤0.05) among all treatment groups. All attributes of textural indices and sensory quality of chevon chunk varied significantly (P≤0.05) among samples. During sensory analysis all treatment groups received satisfactory scores on 9 point hedonic scale and T3 (Soy, oat and chickpea flour at level of 12.5%, 12.5% and 5% respectively) received significantly (P≤0.05) highest scores in appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. Overall T3 was considered best among all the treatment groups.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different protein source on carcass characteristics in commercial broilers. A total of 150, one day old cobb chicks were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in each group and ten chicks in each replicate. Basal diet (T1) prepared following BIS (2007) standards and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating blood meal at 5 per cent (T2), fish meal at 5 per cent (T3), silkworm pupae meal at 5 per cent (T4) and meat meal at 5 per cent (T5). The results revealed that blood meal and meat meal at 5 per cent resulted in significant improvement in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency compared to control and other groups and no significant difference in survivability among all groups.

The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on haematology and biochemical parameters of Murrah buffaloes reared under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period from 21 days before calving (pre-partum) to 5 months of lactation (postpartum) to find the effect of supplementation of moringa in following treatments, namely, T1 (control) - Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013), T2- 75 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding and T3- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 150 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding. The findings of study revealed that haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin (g/dl) WBC, monocytes (%), basophils (%), eosinophils (%) levels of T3 treatment group were higher than T2 and T3 but did not differ significantly among various treatment groups. Lymphocytes level of T3 treatment group was significantly higher than T1 and but did not differ significantly with T2 treatment group. SGOT concentration (IU/L), SGPT concentration (IU/L), Plasma cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) and Plasma iron concentration (µg/ dl) were better in supplemented groups but did not show any significant difference in different treatment groups.

The present investigation was carried out to investigate hatchability of eggs of Kuroiler breed of chicken at poultry farm SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). For the study total 180 fresh eggs of Kuroiler chicken of 25-38 week age were collected and stored at different temperatures i.e. 30±2°C and 20±2°C as per treatment i.e. T1 (30°C + NF), T2 (30°C + F), T3 (20°C+NF) and T4 (20°C + F). Result shows that the hatchability (FES) was found higher (90.70%) at 20°C temperature and lower (83.33%) at 30°C temperature with fumigation. At same temperature 20°C, hatchability found some variation in fumigated group (90.70%) and non-fumigated group (88.10%) due to lower incidence of bacterial growth. There was nonsignificant difference of fumigation on mean percentage hatchability of fertile eggs. Storage temperature significantly (P≤0.05) affects the hatchability it found lower at 30°C than at 20°C. Embryonic mortality found lower (09.30%) in T4 and higher (17.07%) in T1 group. Embryonic mortality also affected by the interaction of temperature and fumigation. It is suggested that for higher hatchability eggs were stored at 20°C temperature and the eggs are necessary fumigate before the incubation for better hatchability results.

The purpose of this study was to examine egg features from various types of farming systems such as mechanized farm, semimechanized and non-mechanized farm. To examine the quality of eggs from different categories of farms, eggs were gathered from different regions of India and compared based on external and internal features. The egg weight was considerably (P<0.01)

higher in semi-mechanized farms, according to the findings. Similarly, the semi-mechanized farm had a higher shape index than the non-mechanized farm. Egg shell thickness was found to be 0.390.00 mm on average, with no differences amongst the different production systems. The average shell weight was reported to be 6.66±0.02 g. The overall mean for albumen weight was 33.98±0.09g, and the albumen index was 3.3±0.00, both of which were statistically significant (P<0.01) for each farm. Mechanized farms had the greatest albumen weight (34.04±0.19g), followed by semi-mechanized (33.75±0.19g) and non-mechanized (33.04±0.19g) poultry farms. As a result, automated farm (mechanized farm) eggs were found to be of higher overall quality.

With the rapidly increasing growth in meat production and consumption, hygiene aspects have become a significant concern in India. Consumers are at risk of various health problems due to substandard facilities and unhygienic practices at poultry meat shops. The current study aims to assess hygienic conditions and meat handling practices at retail poultry meat shops by using a hygiene rating scheme. A survey-based study was conducted among 160 retail poultry meat shops in Nagpur to assess sanitary status. A hygiene rating assessment checklist from the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) was used for interviews, which contained various domains of design & facilities, control of the operation, maintenance and sanitation, personal hygiene, training, and record keeping. Each of the domains was scored as per replies of respondents and personal observations. The study indicated that 56.3 percent of poultry meat shops in Nagpur need improvement with B grade hygiene rating, while 26.9 percent of poultry meat shops show non-compliance with C grade hygiene rating. Results show that regular monitoring and formal training of meat handlers is necessary to improve knowledge of hygienic practices of meat handlers and sanitary levels of poultry meat shops.

Poultry meat, as source of high-quality animal proteins, is important for sustaining health and nutrition of ever growing human population. Carcass traits are economically important for the chicken industry. The present study was planned to evaluate the carcass traits among Kadaknath, Narmada Nidhi and Rhode Island Red birds. The birds were kept in deep litter in identical conditions and were fed with the same standard commercial broiler diet. Twenty birds from each genetic group were sacrificed

at 12 weeks of age for obtaining data pertaining to carcass traits namely live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast

muscle weight, wings, drumstick weight and thigh muscle weight. The statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance

using SPSS 20.0 package and means were compared by DMRT. The study revealed that body weight of Narmada Nidhi was

higher than Rhode Island Red and Kadaknath, and within breed males grew faster than females. The results showed that carcass

parameters viz., live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, wings, drumstick weight and thigh muscle weight of Narmada

Nidhi and Rhode Island Red birds were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Kadaknath birds. Breast muscle weight

differed significantly among these three genetic groups (P<0.05). However, the differences in dressing percentage among three

genetic groups were found to be non-significant (P>0.05). The result indicated that these three breeds of different genetic groups

differed in various carcass traits. Narmada Nidhi birds were found to be superior followed by Rhode Island Red as compared

to Kadaknath for carcass traits.

Present study demonstrates the influence of heat stress on adaptability and physiological responses in cross-bred cattle. Eighteen

cross bred cows were selected from three districts of central plane zone of Uttar Pradesh, on the basis of their body weight,

body condition and parity and were divided into three groups, 6 cows were kept in each district. The experiments were carried

out in spring and summer season at Lucknow, Unnao and Sitapur districts of Uttar Pradesh. Physiological responses viz. Rectal

Temperature, Pulse rate and Respiration rate are recorded twice a day during both seasons. Temperature Humidity Index (THI)

of all three districts was also calculated. There was found a significant (P<0.01) deference in THI values in spring and summer

seasons in all three districts. There was no significant change in Physiological response like Rectal Temperature, Pulse Rate and

Respiration Rate in both seasons in morning hours but there was found significant (P<0.01) increase in Rectal Temperature,

Pulse Rate and Respiration Rate in summer season as compare to spring season at afternoon. Overall Mean±SEM of Iberia

heat Tolerance coefficient and Gaalaa’s heat Tolerance coefficient were significantly (P<0.01) more closure to 100 in spring

season as compared to summer season. Overall Mean±SEM of Benezera coefficient of Adaptability and Dairy Search Index

was significantly (P<0.01) more closure to 2.00 and 1.00 respectively in spring season. In conclusion Heat tolerance indices and

physiological responses show more adaptability in spring season as compared to summer season in cross-bred cows.

According to the current data the population of the cattle in our country was drastically increased in few years and their contribution in the total milk production was remarkable. Generally, the small & marginal farmer who maintains bulk of the livestock in the country, are the targeted group in this study. It benefited poorly endowed areas like drought prone, arid and semiarid areas. The sector also provided additional employment opportunities to the people in the rural areas especially to the female population who manage the livestock in the household, thereby empowering rural women with livestock in the household, proving as a source of economic empowerment. In present investigation had surveyed a total of 71 farms from different districts of Uttar Pradesh which were mostly private and trustee and the actual observation of each and every farm has been taken into account. The present paper attempted to study the type of farm ownership, existing animal pattern on the farm, percentage of animal on different categories on the farm, housing pattern, feeding pattern, breeding pattern, labour pattern, milking pattern, health care pattern and source of water available at the farm as a whole and to the farmer in individual, which plays a vital role in the production of milk and farm management. It was found that the socio-economic status indirectly influence the milk production of the dairy farms.

Escherichia coli is one of the most important pathogens in poultry farms around the world, causing colibacillosis and early chick mortality. Outbreaks cause heavy economic losses as primary pathogen and comoribund with other diseases. The report presents

an outbreak of colibacillosis with mortality of 12.50% in one-week old Karaknath chicks at an organized poultry farm in Meerut. The cases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical findings, postmortem investigation and laboratory examination. The ailing chicks were weak and dejected, with stunted growth, respiratory discomfort and vent pasting. Postmortem examination revealed polyserositis with fibrinous hepatitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, air sacculitis and omphalitis. The E. coli isolates were obtained from the infected tissues of dead chicks and cloacal swabs of sick birds using bacteriological and biochemical techniques. The isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefuroxime, tetracycline, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin, but showed sensitivity to ampicillin/sulbactum, amikacin and gentamicin. The apparently healthy and ailing chicks of the farm were treated with gentamicin @ 5-10 mg/kg body weight orally for 5 days. Multivitamin @ 5 g/L was given in drinking water for 3 days to improve the immunity. Treatment resulted in clinical recovery of the chicks and checked further mortality at the farm.

The experiment was carried on 40 post partum anoestrus buffaloes during breeding season. The buffaloes were divided in four equal groups, Group I was treated with Ovsynch protocol + PRID which removed on 7th day and administration of GnRH @ 10 mcg i/m on day of AI. Group II treated with Progesterone impregnated intra-vaginal device which was removed on 7th day and GnRH @ 10 mcg i/m was administered on the day of AI. Group III was treated by using Ovsynch protocol alone and Group IV was kept as untreated control. Fixed time Artificial Insemination was performed in responded animals. Ovarian activity measurements studied on 0, 7th and 10th day of experimentation were found to be 3.94 ± 0.13, 9.84 ± 0.64 and 10.546 ± 0.18 mm during breeding season. Follicular developments were found significantly (p<0.01) greater on day 10th than day 0. However, overall follicular growth was observed significantly (p<0.01) greater on day 10th and the size of corpus luteum were recorded significantly greater (p<0.01) on day 7th. Follicular size improved (10.86 ± 0.71 and 8.84 ± 0.67 mm) with treatment of Ovsynch + PRID protocol as compared to PRID + GnRH (10.50 ± 0.59 and 7.13 ± 0.37 mm) and Ovsynch alone (10.25 ± 0.28 and 7.63 ± 0.63 mm) during breeding season in post partum anoestrus buffaloes. All the hormonal protocols have improved follicular size as well as size of corpus luteum in comparison with control group in post partum anoestrus buffaloes.

The present study was aimed to investigate the clinical, haemato-biochemical profile of hypophosphatemic dairy buffaloes, followed by therapeutic management. The investigation was conducted on 20 dairy buffaloes brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS, Hisar. The study revealed 4-7 years old buffaloes in their early lactation to be most commonly affected and the prominent clinical signs observed were anorexia, hypogalactia, straining during urination and difficulty in walking. Haematology showed significant (P< 0.01) increase in neutrophils count and mean values of ESR. Serum biochemistry revealed significant decrease in serum inorganic phosphorus with non-significant elevation in other biochemical parameters. Animals were randomly allocated into 2 groups. In group I, sodium acid phosphate @120 gm in 600 ml NSS (half dose IV and half SC), followed by same dose orally for 5 days was given along with supportive therapy while in group II, Injection NovizacR (buffered phosphorous injection) along with supportive therapy was given for 5 days. Based on therapeutic trial, sodium acid phosphate therapy was found to be the most effective in management of hypophosphatemia in dairy buffaloes.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the carcass parameters of the Broiler chicks when fed with varying levels of the Rosemary leaf powder and Black Cumin seed powder in different treatment groups. The Broiler chicks were divided into ten dietary treatments groups and each dietary group was replicated to three sub-groups for uniform distribution. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50%, of Rosemary in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. The T5, T6 and T7 groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50% of Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration. The T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% in combination with Rosemary and Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. There highly significant effect was observed on dressing weight per cent, eviscerated weight per cent, while non- significant effect was observed on abdominal fat per cent, liver weight per cent, heart weight per cent, gizzard weight per cent, giblet per cent, blood loss per cent and feather loss per cent due to supplementation of rosemary and black cumin in diet of broilers. It can be inferred that supplementation of Black Cumin 1.00% alone and in combination 0.75 % of both herbs is quite effective and could be viable proposition for lucrative Broiler farming for carcass status.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of calf management practices in buffalo to manage calf mortality. Trial was conducted on 40 buffalo calves of same breed selected from village-Sangteda, Block- Kotputli, District- Jaipur, Rajasthan. Buffalo calves were divided in two group; 20 buffalo calves were kept in each group viz. control (T1) and treatment group (T2). Two buffalo calves of each farmer were selected to maintain similarity in management practice. Treatment group (T2) calves were cut naval cord and treatment with tincture iodine, colostrums feeding with in 1 hour of calving @ 10% of calf body weight, de-worming with albendazole at 7 and 21 days after caving whereas the control group (T1) was not adopted these practices. The data were recorded by the farmers daily and by the researcher at fortnightly interval. Analysis of data revealed that adopted calf management practices decrees calf mortality 25 percent in treated group as well as average daily body weight gain of calves 22.43 percent more in treatment group. The B:C ratio of adopted calf management practices observed 1: 34.24 under farmer management practices. These findings may suggest that adoption of cut naval cord and treatment with tincture iodine, colostrums feeding with in 1 hour of calving @ 10% of calf body weight, deworming with albendazole at 7 and 21 days after caving enhanced daily body weight gain and reduces calf mortality for getting higher return and sustainable profit from buffalo farming.

The present study was conducted on the lungs of buffalo in the southern region of Rajasthan including different districts like

Udaipur, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand. A total of 27 buffalo were selected whose lungs were showing the pneumonic

lesions and swab samples were taken under aseptic conditions. The duration of study was from January 2021 to November 2021.

A total of 20 isolates were identified viz. E. coli (40%), Proteus spp. (30%), Klebsiella spp. (20%), Pasteurella spp. (10%),

Staphylococcus spp. (5%) and Pseudomonas spp. (5%). E. coli isolates (8) were sent National Salmonella and Escherichia

Centre, Kasauli for serotyping. The serotypes were O11 (62.5%), O26 (25%) and O121 (12.5%).

The present study was conducted to determine stx and eae virulent genes in E .coli and their subtyping during 2021-2022. For

this, One hundred fifty six (156) rectal swab samples from healthy cattle and sheep were investigated for the presence of stx1,

stx2, eae, ehxA and bfp virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In all, 133 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates

possessed at least one virulence gene targeted. Eighty nine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates (sixty two

from cattle and twenty seven from sheep) were obtained. STEC were more prevalent in cattle (63.11%) than in sheep (45.76%).

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were detected from 10 (10.30%) cattle and 1 (1.69%) sheep rectal swab samples.

All the EPEC isolates detected were atypical. Subtype analysis of stx genes in cattle exhibited 18.39% as stx1, 34.48% as stx2

and 18.93 as both stx1 & 2. Similarly, stx analysis in sheep revealed stx1 in 45.65%, stx2 in 6.15% and both stx1 & 2 in 6.15%

isolates. Among 20 (15.03%) eae positive isolates of E. coli recovered from Cattle and Sheep, eaeA gene was found associated

with 16 (18.39%) and 4(8.69%) rectal swab of Cattle and Sheep respectively. Upon intimin subtyping, int-β was detected in 03

(75%) and 04 (25%) while as Int-γ was detected in 01 (25%) and 10 (62.50%) of sheep and cattle rectal swabs respectively. Two

E. coli isolate positive for eae gene form rectal swab of cattle could not be subtyped. The present investigation indicates that

stx1, stx2, stx1&2, eae- β and Int-γ could be common subtypes prevalent in STEC and EPEC strains of healthy cattle and sheep in

India. Statistically, the difference between prevalence of STEC and EPEC in Cattle and Sheep was found significant (p = 0.05).

A detailed investigation was carried out on the 16 naturally occurring cases of canine babesiosis from Jaipur (Rajasthan). The aim of this study was to determine the Clinico-haemato-biochemical changes in dogs naturally infected with Babesia. The present study reports the significant changes in hematology and biochemistry i.g. Hemoglobin (9.37 ± 0.57 g/dl), Total erythrocyte count (6.24 ± 0.42 × 106 /µL), Platelets count (1.49 ± 0.17 × 105 /µL), ALT (84.66 ± 15.15 U/L), BUN (40.12 ± 9.59 mg/dL), and Serum Creatinine (2.74 ± 0.68 mg/dL) in affected dogs when compared to healthy dogs. Clinical and Physiological observations were indicative of severity of babesiosis in dogs. This disease is multisystemic and complex.