Current case report describes successful per-vaginal delivery of a dicephalic derodymus monster in a primiparous Murrah buffalo after fetotomy.

Many genes responsible for polygenic inheritance of particular characteristics are scattered around the genome. Their position is known as quantitative trait loci (QTL). It is the chromosome site at which a gene / group of genes affecting a quantitative trait is located. In case of disease susceptibility, it is useful to identify the individual genes to understand their normal function and to design accurate medical treatments. In case of animal and plant breeding it would be useful to identify young individuals with favourable alleles without waiting for their expression at maturity. Those with favourable genotype could be removed earlier from selective breeding programs, while potentially high quality types could be cloned immediately. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are becoming increasingly popular in genetic research, and they are an excellent complement to QTL mapping. Whereas, QTL contain many linked genes, which are challenging to separate. GWAS produce many unlinked individual genes or even nucleotides, but these studies are riddled with large expected numbers of false positives. Moreover, GWAS remain limited to organisms with genomic resources. Combination of these two techniques may provide the ultimate deliverable: individual genes or even nucleotides that contribute to the phenotype of interest.

A total of ten numbers of apparently healthy crossbred cows of 1st to 4th parity with normal calving history and free from any immediate post-parturient complications were selected to study the body condition score with relation to certain blood biochemical parameters for establishment of cyclicity during postpartum periods. Body condition score of all of the selected numbers of cows were evaluated on every fortnightly interval from the day of parturition upto eight (8) weeks on the basis of Body Condition Scoring System (5 scale) and 50 numbers of blood samples were collected from 10 numbers of cows for estimation of blood biochemical profile. The study revealed that the BCS, level of serum total protein, cholesterol, BUN, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium differed significantly (P<0.01) at different days of postpartum i.e., day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60. In conclusion, it was observed that the level of serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, BUN, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium had a positive relation with BCS and postpartum cyclicity of the crossbred cows.

The study was carried out at Military Dairy Farm on twenty one milch Frieswal cows. The cows were freshly calved. The study was done on Body Condition Score and its relation with service period in animals. The Study established the significant relation between BCS and days open. Study showed that the cow with moderate BCS had shorter days open in compare to lean (≤2.75) and obese (≥4.00) cows.

A full term non-descript pluriparous cow aged six years was presented to Referral Veterinary Polyclinic (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics wing) of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar with the history of intermittent abdominal straining but unable to calve. Clinical observation revealed that cow was restlessness, exhibiting other imminent signs of parturition such as teat engorgement along with udder enlargement, relaxation of sacro-sciatic ligaments and vulvar oedema. Per-vaginal examination revealed mild degree of torsion < 180o where fetal part and cervix was palpable. Animal was restrained and torsion was corrected by simple rolling method without the application of plank. After one roll, uterus was detorted and per-vaginal mutation was performed to correct fetal maldisposition, then, three point tractions were applied and live female fetus was extracted out. Gross examination of fetus revealed polydactylism i.e. accessory/duplication of phalanges in all the four limbs and this duplication was more pronounced in hind limbs. Further detail history revealed that the bull to which cow was bred had similar condition that relates it to be genetically linked disease. The animal was discharged on same day with administration of systemic antibiotic, anti-inflammatory along with herbal ecbolic and recovered uneventfully within three days of treatment.

Allograft is a tissue or organ obtained from one member of a species and grafted to a genetically dissimilar member of the same species. Pregnant mother nourishing within itself a fetus acts as an antigenically foreign body. The foreign nature of conceptus, caused by inheritance of genes from its father that encode for proteins foreign to its mother, poses a unique problem for species that are viviparous in which mothers immune system can potentially destroy the conceptus. It requires modulation of the maternal immune system which limits fetal allograft rejection without compromising the ability of the mother to fend off infection. While as tissue (other than fetus) grafted inside uterus is instantaneously rejected by mother/dam. Host T cells responds to peptide epitopes of MHC molecules of grafted cells.

Caessarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure, used as a last remedy to treat the cases of dystocia and for the delivery of fetal monsters or for delievery of fetuses with anomalies. A full-term dystocia affected buffalo in its third parity was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, at the International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (IIVER), Rohtak Haryana for treatment. Anamnestic data revealed normal body vitals including temperature of 101.4oC and pulse of 75/minute. On per vaginal examination, it was revealed that fetus was presented in normal anterior presentation with dorso-sacral position. It was also found that there was malformation of forelimbs (abnormally bent limbs) and which were retained beneath the body of fetus, while as hind limbs of fetus were not accessible. The extension of limbs was difficult due to their malformation & abnormal curvature. Hence, it was diagnosed as a case of dystocia due to malformed fetal limbs and a decision to relieve it through an emergency cesarean section was undertaken.

The lymphatic circulatory system consists of two major components viz., the lymphatic vessels and nodes. This system plays important role in immune surveillance, lipid absorption and maintenance of tissue fluid balance. The lymphatic vasculature also serves as the primary route for metastatic spread of tumour cells to regional lymph nodes. Swelling of lymph node usually indicates the existence of a disease process in its tributary territory. Medial retropharyngeal lymph node serves as the collecting centre of the head region. The buccal lymph node is only found in a minority of dogs mainly larger purebreds. The axillary lymph centre is involved in vascularisation of the thoracic limb and first three mammary glands considered during mammary gland surgery. The popliteal lymph node is the important lymph centre found in hindlimb provides valuable data about health status of canine. The heterogeneity and plasticity of the lymphatic drainage of mammary glands is common in the bitch. Sentinel lymph nodes of uterus might be used to reach an early diagnosis of uterine diseases. There is great individual variability within the lymphatic system due to presence or absence of some lymph nodes. In this review we summarize the clinical importance of lymphatic territory and anatomical position of some important lymph nodes in dog.