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Title: Economic impact of tourism in India
Abstract :

Tourism is world’s largest industry without making smoke. It occupies one in nine global jobs and contributes 10 per cent to the world’s Gross Domestic Product. It is a dynamically developing area of external economic activities. It affects different other sectors of the economy through its high growth and progress rates, substantial amounts of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure expansion and introduction of new management and educational experiences. Consecutively it adds positively to the social and economic development of the country as a whole. Its actual and potential economic impact is amazing. So this paper is an attempt to measure the economic impact of tourism in India. Currently a lot of measures are there to measure the impact. The important measures are Input-Output Method, Multiplier Method, Economic Impact Assessment Scale, Tourism Satellite Accounts Method, Impacts of Visitor Spending Method and Computable General Equilibrium Model. In this study the author is using the Visitor Spending Method.

Title: Women Empowerment through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Three Dimensions: An Empirical Study of Rural Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

In the present paper an attempt has made to study women empowerment through SHGs in three dimensions in rural Andhra Pradesh. Among all the 13 Districts of Andhra Pradesh, three districts of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh were selected as sample area for the study. Multi stage random sampling method is used for selecting sample units. The selection process carried out in four stages; relating to districts, mandals, villages and households. The primary data collected from 600 households were selected from the 24 villages of the 6 selected mandals from all the 3 North Coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh. The opinion of SHG members collected with Likert’s five point scaling technique on 10 indicators for each to dimension of Social, Economic and Political issues relating to empowerment. To find out whether the participation in SHG programs has led to empower or not, Empowerment Index is calculated separately for Old Self-Help Groups (OSHGs) and New Self-Help Groups (NSHGs) and made comparison. Descriptive analysis along with Chi-square test, F-test and Z-test are used for fruitful inferences. The Results revealed that the OSHG members are observed better empowered when compared to NSHG in socio, economic and political dimensions. Further the study confirmed that as member in SHGs for long time helps to improve the women empowerment.

Title: Environmental Informatics: The Foundation, Allied & Related Branches—Analytical Study
Abstract :

Environmental Informatics is the emerging interdisciplinary practicing facet responsible for the applications and utilization of Information Technology in Environment, Nature, and Ecology. Different other areas viz. Geology, Agriculture, Forestry, Geography, Climatology, Oceanography, etc are also important stakeholders of Environmental Informatics. The branch Environmental Informatics also called as Eco Informatics, Ecology Informatics in some contexts. Environmental Informatics is quite different from Environmental Information Technology. Environmental Informatics interconnects both environmental as well as information sciences for the complete natural processes with language common to both humans and computers. This is still a practicing phenomenon; however, in few countries, this can be seen as a branch of study. There are different potentialities to offer Environmental Informatics as an academic branch due to its wider scope and utilizations. The field is practiced by professionals in forestry, agriculture, ecology and environment, corps and horticulture, geography and geology, etc. In this paper, various internal and related aspects of Environmental Informatics in different areas and sectors are analyzed.

Title: Road Signs and City Driving: Do They Go Hand in Hand?
Abstract :

This study investigated the interaction of roadside advertising signs (RASs) with driving decision at road intersections in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria with the aim of determining whether the influence of RASs on drivers in the study area was similar to findings in other cities of the world. 150 questionnaire were administered to respondents based on their familiarization with the selected roads. Using descriptive statistics and chi-saquare analysis, the results revealed a high concentration of RASs around location with highest road intersections. 78.0% of the respondents were induced to read RASs with 56.4% of the respondents distracted trying to read the content of the RASs. Result also revealed a relationship between education level and inducement to read the RASs. It was concluded that RASs constituted hindrance to drivers as found in other parts of the world. The rate of hindrance could be reduced where erections of signs are strictly regulated.

Title: A Look into the Dark Pages of Usury by Ravenous Loan Sharks in India - A Review on Media Reports
Abstract :

Usury is a plague which haunts most of the underdeveloped sections of the society. Here a complete picture of the moneylenders, who they are, their history, why people go for moneylenders and not formal financial institutions, surety asked for loans by them, various consequences of default of payment by borrowers, notorious instances, laws to protect the affected in the form of acts and probable solutions for this issue are discussed. Media is continuously reporting the evils of usury which clearly reveals the evil grip usury has on the society. Nobody, the rich or the poor is spared. To support this study, a review was done on the media reporting on usury. The paper is a review of the “money lenders” in India. This study is done as a precursor for the ICSSR-IMPRESS sponsored project under the title “A strategic model creation for sustainable financial inclusion through influencers for under-privileged sections of the society”.

Title: Farmers’ Satisfaction with the Public Agricultural Extension Services in Tripura State of North-East India
Abstract :

In India, the Department of Agriculture (DoA) in the state is the prime public extension service provider which undertakes regulatory function and also management of supplies and inputs. A study was conducted to assess the level of farmers’ (clientele) satisfaction on agricultural extension services of DoA. The study was conducted in Tripura state of North- East India during 2012. The required information was collected from 80 farmers (clientele) of the DoA using structured interview schedule. The findings of the investigation indicated that a majority of the clientele had expressed medium level of relevancy, quality, usefulness and customer (clientele) service satisfaction of the extension services provided by the Department of Agriculture. Based on the findings of the study, it was suggested that the department should provide relevant market information, inputs should be provided timely, extension personnel should be equipped with appropriate teaching materials and methods, the extension personnel should encourage farmers for developing farmers groups or Self-help Group for helping themselves. The research study was conducted by the first author as a thesis work to fulfill the partial requirements for M. Sc. (Agriculture) in Agricultural Extension degree programme.

Title: Self Size and Placement of Self Depicted in the Family Drawings of Orphan and Normal Children
Abstract :

Differences in depicting the size of self and placement of self by orphan and normal children in relation to different family members was studied using family drawing method. 105 orphan and 100 normal children constituted the sample of the study. The results revealed that orphan and normal children differed significantly from each other with respect drawing the ‘size of self’ and ‘placement of self’ in relation to different family members. More orphan than normal children omitted ‘self’ figure in their drawings. More normal than orphan children have depicted the ‘size of self’ figure equal to that of all family members, size according to age and placed self figure close to mother, father and siblings.

Title: Participatory Action Research Saved Bullocks of Village Kanadwadi, Maharashtra from Potential Threat of Horn Cancer and Skin Allergy
Abstract :

Kanadwadi, a village situated in district Sangli of Maharashtra, India, where the bullock owners used to get their bullock’s horn sheared and painted them using chemical paints and applied chemical colors to the body of bullocks during bail pola festival, which is one of the potential causes of horn cancer and also causes skin allergies. Animal Rahat initiated intervention on this issue and involved this particular village community in the entire process, so as to make the process participatory. All the processes including formulation of the problem/ issue, interpretation of the findings, planning and corrective actions were based on the experiences. This process served community needs and created awareness and commitment to find solution within community. As a result of Participatory Action Research (PAR), villagers agreed not to shear the horns, paint them using harmful paints and application of chemical color on their body, hence saving 30 bullocks of their village and around 200 bullocks of nearby villages from potential threat of horn cancer and skin allergy.

Title: Study on Controversial Advertising in India
Abstract :

In the era of globalization, everyone is in competition with others. The world of advertising is also not an exception. Controversy in marketing is nothing new. At any cost, advertisers want to attract the attention of the viewers towards their product. They are always looking for ways to do that. Some also get tangled into controversial issues either intentionally or not, which can harm their brand image. The goal is just one and single - to sell the product by hook or by crook. While some advertisers have undertaken controversial advertising campaigns which have been very successful, some have been damaging to the company. Overtly or covertly, the advertisers break ethical guidelines, challenge the norms set up by the supervisory bodies. When protest erupts, either the advertisers drop those advertisements form being broadcast for a temporary period or move up to the court to fight for their reasons. This research paper focuses on the violation of the advertising ethics in Indian advertising being practiced since many years and its effects on the audience and also to find out the loopholes in the controversial advertisements.

Title: E-service Delivery of Union Digital Center in Rural Bangladesh: A Perspective Analysis of Client’s Satisfaction
Abstract :

This paper basically evaluates the citizen’s satisfaction on the e-service delivery of union digital center (UDC) at the grassroots level in Bangladesh. Majority of the people live in rural areas of Bangladesh. Rural local government bodies have been providing them numerous services. Sometimes, rural people need to move to the urban authorities for the faster service as well. The UDC collectively represent and important nexus for service delivery decentralization, local government strengthening, and community empowerment. The centers are enriched with various need-based modern devices. In reality, the quality and the effectiveness of these e-services mostly depend on the satisfaction of the local people and their complement. This study also found that The UDC has relative advantages over alternative service delivery arrangements, and that it has produced positive impacts on bridging the digital divide in Bangladesh. Therefore, UDC faces some serious problems which are also mentioned in the later part of the article with its remedial measures for authority concern.

Title: Bollywood Remade: A Study on Umrao Jaan
Abstract :

Recreating the past is difficult, film makers barely succeed in replacing the memory of the past vision with their own. This research is based on a comparative study on the elements of both versions of the movie ‘Umrao Jaan’ and its social elements. This research solely investigates the social acceptance of the character of Umrao Jaan borrowing from both the movies - Umrao Jaan: 1981 and Umrao Jaan: 2006, drawing a distinct comparison of both eras and the evolution of the character. The research represents a critical analysis of Bollywood’s visual interpretation of the character of Umrao Jaan. The idea is to portray the influence of visual culture over a social spectrum. This analysis highlights the social manipulation of the notions of the Indian women. The poetry and the songs from both the movies will be studied as symbolic elements that represent the shades of the character. The research defines the interpretation of the dilemma the character faces in the understanding of her dual identity as a courtesan and a woman. Even though Bollywood cultivates the ideal picture of a bold woman in the movie yet it fails to give it a new dimension. The research objectifies the reference of a puritan society as a symbol in the representation of the character in the movie. The element of beauty and femininity is studied as a complex association in the character’s role and the industry’s portrayal of the character. Romance is also studied as a major element that the movie has used to define the character.

Title: The Causal Impact of Farmer Field School in Indonesia
Abstract :

Pesticides have many private and social costs to agriculture. To address this problem the World Bank has promoted Farmer Field School. The objective of the study was to estimate the Average treatment on Treated due to exposure of the farmer at Farmer Field School. The outcome variables were yield per acre and expenditures on pesticides. The decision to select Farmer Field School villages or farmers was not random from the point of view of policy makers. It was very important to overcome the problem of selection bias in finding a comparison group. The pre-treatment comparison of socio-economic indicators suggested that exposed farmers were systematically different from non-exposed farmers. I used propensity score matching as the possible solutions for overcoming the problem of selection bias. Indonesia had the most extensive experience with the Farmer Field School approach. The data from a panel survey of Javanese household organised by the Indonesian Center for Agro-Socioeconomic Research, available on public domain of data catalogue of World Bank. The Propensity Score Matching matched the exposed and non-exposed farmer in terms of observed socio-economic variable. The empirical findings suggested that the FFS did not result in any significant improvement in yield or reduction in the expenditure on pesticide.

Title: Impact of Micro Finance on Household Expenditure Pattern of Rural Women Borrowers: An Empirical Analysis
Abstract :

The present study elaborates the performance of SHG-Bank linkage programme of NABARD in Rajasthan. It mainly discusses the impact of SHGs on education, food and health expenditure by households. The study found that SHGs have helped the members to meet out household expenditure on food, health and education. The expenditure pattern shows that majority of households have contributed to the expenditure from the income earned after becoming the member of group. The qualitative analysis with the help of two case studies of rural women further validates the quantitative analysis and claimed that because of the involvement in self help groups, the income and expenditure level increased along with standard of living. The study suggests that sustained efforts should be continued to promote various livelihood generation activities so that the household may increase their income and put more household expenditure on food, health and education. Apart from this, the members should be provided proper orientation to utilise the money in most efficient manner.

Title: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India: The Engine of Growth
Abstract :

With rising cost of crop cultivation, narrowing margin, fast increasing family expenditure and rising unemployment, agriculture may not succeed in offering meaningful living to millions of farmers in rural India. Seeing the growing contribution of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in increasing employment and income of the people, it is felt that MSME sector may supplement farmers’ income and help rural India to achieve equity and promote a balanced economic development. The MSMEs also support in industrializing rural areas. Growth of the sector in the last few decades is quite encouraging. But these enterprises are facing many bottlenecks such as infrastructure, demand, quality raw material, manpower with skill and credit facility. This article attempts to study the growth, importance and key challenges of the MSME sector in India. The article concludes with a statement that MSMEs are the lower layer of the enterprise system, which contributes to the overall GDP and welfare by generating additional employment, increasing export and maintaining equity. Therefore, MSMEs must be explored and made use of as a powerful tool of growth and social justice.

Title: NGOs in Specialised Health Care: A Study of Cachar Cancer Hospital Society of Cachar District of Assam
Abstract :

Prevention of diseases, diagnosis, treatment of illness, injury in human beings, etc., forms the subject matter of health care. Diseases like diabetes, stroke, cancer, cardiac diseases, renal diseases and so on needs specialised health care services owing to their specific treatment modalities. The Government of India has been trying its best to deliver health care services at the primary, secondary and tertiary level. Tertiary health care services provide specialised and super-speciality health care services which includes cancer management, neurology and neurosurgery, cardiology and cardio-thoracic surgery, nephrology and urology, and a host of other complex medical and surgical interventions. But these specialised and super specialised health care services are often very costly and are beyond the affordability of general population. Moreover, the Government with its limited resources are not able to provide such services to all the needy people. So, the Government took initiative in including various NGOs in providing such type of specialised and super-speciality health care services so as to benefit the needy and the poor. The present paper discusses about such activities by NGOs in the field of specialised health care, citing the example of The Cachar Cancer Hospital Society (CCHS), a NGO which provides specialised health care services in the field of cancer, to the needy and the poor population.

Title: Ecotourism and Sustainable Community Development: A Case Study of Sillery Gaon, West Bengal
Abstract :

Ecotourism has a significant role in community development in the host areas through alternative but sustainable livelihood. This tourism practice meets the needs of the tourists and hosts together, protecting the natural environment. Nowadays, this tourism involves visiting new areas to learn about various landscapes, environment, habitats as well as the cultural activities of an individual community. It also expands the possibilities for future. So, ecotourism can be an effective method for sustainable rural development in the Himalayan tract of West Bengal. In Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal, ecotourism is still a community-based activity which involves local people and their culture. Most of the ecotourism sites in this part of West Bengal are within forest and hilly tract. Here growth of ecotourism has been phenomenal during the last decades with the influx of tourists that boosted the local economy. Sillery Gaon, a small village, in ‘Silk Route Circuit’ of West Bengal, is a new addition to it and a perfect example of this scenario. It is situated in Kashyone, gram panchayat of Kalimpong District. This pictorial village is surrounded with the dense forest of Pankhasari range and blessed with the panoramic view of Tista River and Kanchenjunga. In the last ten years, the villagers have developed ecotourism facilities and activities which transformed their traditional agrarian economy to tourismbased livelihood. This paper is based on a case study that analyses the symbiotic relationship between the ecotourism practice and sustainable community development of Sillary Gaon village. It also deals with the prospects and challenges of ecotourism sector of this village.

Title: Occupational aspiration of agricultural graduates
Abstract :

Aspiration is considered as one of the important traits of personality of an individual. The present study has to be conceived as a contribution towards understanding of the nature and extent of aspiration of the students. It is essential to understand the various occupational aspirations of the Agricultural Graduates and the sources of information utilised by the Agricultural Graduates for occupation and job opportunities. The study was conducted during September-December 2011 at the faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya (BCKV). The sample consists of all the 1st semester and 3rd semester students of M.Sc (Agriculture). The analysis of occupational aspirations suggested that while students aspired to a particular type of job, they were not necessarily expecting to get the job to which they aspired. In the context of this study, a higher percentage of students (30%) aspired to be A.R.S performers exclusively, however many were not really expecting to go as a researcher. Among the mass media sources, all the respondents used news papers as sources for job placement followed by websites (88.36%). Among the least used mass media sources was radio (only 1.72%). Among the informal sources it is noted that students received maximum information regarding job from their friends (88%) followed by their parents (50.43%).least used sources for information was neighbours (6.46%).

Title: Understanding the Outlook on Menstruation in India “Let’s talk PERIOD!”
Abstract :

The connotations of impurity that surround menstruation gave rise to the phrase and concept of ‘polluted women’ which is one of the few things that almost all the religions (be it Hinduism, Christianity or Islam) seems to be agreeing upon but in actuality it is a game of interpretation at its core. The word ‘menstruation’ that has now been normalized far enough for it to be considered offensive today, finds its roots in religious fanaticism. The elucidation of religious texts in the majority of the religions was left to men so it is not a breach to say that their understandings and explanations might be biased to further their ‘females are inferior’ agenda and can be easily debunked and stripped of their credibility as baseless myths. But women around the world are still suffering under the yoke of these misconstrued interpretations and have been condemned to an eternity of inhumane treatment during those 5-7 days every month. It doesn’t just affect their physical health but the seclusion and alienation cost them their mental equilibrium too. In a time when comfort and care is needed the most, they are subjected to irrational practices that aggravates their trauma and which is so hard to comprehend that society dismisses it as histrionic behaviour. The demotion of menstruation as a tabooed topic is not just a desirable ideal now, but it has become an imperative necessity so in an attempt to keep up with the changing times there is a wave of change being felt in the environment. It is time that this patriarchal society gets rid of its conservative mindset. Everything boils down to pose this question – in a world where a woman’s ability to bear children is her only strength celebrated by this male-dominated society then why, menstruation, a process which aids that is shunned down as a topic which is not worthy or ‘normal’ enough to be discussed in a civil conversation?

Title: Changing Scenario of Family System in India: An Analysis Against the Backdrop of Changing Social Values
Abstract :

The predominant type of living arrangement in pre-independence India was joint family system. It was based on the notion of collectivism and charity. It was a serving place for not only nurturing and preserving social values, but also passing them down through generations. After the advent of industrialization and subsequent emergence of urbanization and modernization, the joint families started disintegrating into nuclear families. The modern nuclear family is perpetually promoting the principle of individualism or independence in contrast to the value of collectivism deep-rooted in joint family. It is, therefore, a value shift in family from collectivism to individualism. It is followed by a loyalty shift in family from lineal ties to conjugal ties. Consequently, nuclear family has become an indispensible social unit in contemporary Indian society. However, its sustainability may perhaps be uncertain in a distant future because of the inclination of present younger generation to complete independence in life. Probably this may result in the emergent of a new type of living arrangement to satisfy the needs of generations of people in a remote future.

Title: Social Networking Experiences on Facebook: A Study on the Students’ of Comilla University
Abstract :

This study is to identify the students’ experiences on the uses of their favourite social networking site like Facebook and its effect on their daily life. In this paper, a survey was conducted by ninety five (95) students’ from the six faculties of the Comilla University are taken as samples. Data were collected by using a questionnaire during July to August 2016. Most of the respondents reported that a constructive effects of using social networking sites is evident in their daily life. This study significantly found that they used Facebook for communication with their friends and others, getting information, educational purpose, sending birthday greetings, job purpose and entertainment etc. This study also suggested that there is a need for higher education policy makers in Bangladesh to properly connect the students’ involvement in social networking to their academic purposes.

Title: Challenging Traditional Gender Roles – Women Empowerment through Ornamental Fish Farming
Abstract :

In the contemporary world, ornamental fisheries /aquaculture is gaining much popularity; in fact, globally it is a trading and marketing industry rather than a hobby. Earlier days, ornamental aquaculture in India was just a hobby for people. Slowly the hobby got momentum to be a viable business as it boomed with trade values internationally. India has enormous potential to be one of the top ornamental fish producing nations as it has huge in untapped or unexploited resources. Ornamental aquaculture can generate income and employment and has immense potential for the upliftment and empowerment of women. Women in fisheries is predominantly involved in post-harvest activities but inclusion of women in aquaculture will help in creating gender equalisation in the sector. Ornamental aquaculture has been tried and tested by several countries, states, and organisations in rural development and the progress of women in all walks of life through ornapreneurship.

Title: Groundwater Management of Katihar District Problem and Awarness
Abstract :

Groundwater is an essential source of drinking water in many countries. Groundwater is best described as the world’s real hidden treasure. Almost everywhere it has made a difference in providing safe drinking water and livelihood security in times of drought. Management of ground water resources in Indian context is an extremely complex proposition. The highly uneven distribution and its utilization make it impossible to have single management strategy for the country as a whole. The study mainly describe region of katihar district of Bihar. Groundwater of Katihar region is based on component of the hydrological cycle, mode of occurrence, water level fluctuations, chemical quality, and status of development for vital resource of human sustenance. The following retrospective study provides a broad context for unifying technical contributions that make up this focus on groundwater resources, management strategies, development, problems and issues, mass awareness and training activities of the Katihar region, Bihar.

Title: Political Participation of Women in Tripura since Independence
Abstract :

The recent participation levels of women in formal politics in India reveal two positives that augur well. First, the upsurge among women voters that started in the 1990s reached the highest female turnout ever, so far, in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Second, women’s participation in high-voltage election campaigns during the 2014 general elections also showed a substantial increase. However, the continued under-representation of women in legislative bodies and within the rank and file of political parties offsets the momentous gains made in the people-driven feminisation of electoral politics in India. Within a brief historical context identifying the beginnings of women’s electoral participation in India, the article presents a time series analysis of women’s voting patterns, showing that there have never been concerted efforts by political parties to mobilise female voters on any issue concerning women in either national or state level elections. Promises by political parties in their manifestos on gender issues remain clichéd and are conveniently forgotten after the hustings. India’s failure to pass the Women’s Reservation Bill is presented as the most telling testimony about lack of seriousness among political parties in taking better account of women’s increasing electoral participation.

Title: The Right to Work, State and Society:Study of MGNREGA
Abstract :
Development of people’s rights in a representative democracy like India’s is a complex historical process. It could be distinguished between two kinds of rights (customary and legal rights). The former refers to rights based on customs and rituals and the later refers to rights sanctioned by the state. Usually such rights are enshrined in the constitution. The anti-colonial struggle and the post-independence India opened up streams of democratic consciousness and it spread new visions of social transformations, giving concrete socio-economic content to the agenda of freedom struggle. Creative society thus emerged as a theatre of intense struggle between forces of freedom and forces of domination. Here, the paper has discussed about legal rights (in the context of modern nation states) especially with reference to the right to work in India through a case study of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
Title: Women and Health: Issues Behind
Abstract :

Women health is very crucial as they are considered to be the central and key person in the families. However, women are not very conscious about their health related issues, and always take these issues very lightly. These mindsets have to be changed by different communication interventions. Women have many elements which prevent them to consider their own personal health issues, like –shyness and hesitations, lack of health literacy, lack of awareness, lack of interest for interpersonal communications by the healthcare professionals, lack of proper health communication, to name a few. These complications can be mitigated with the help of properly drawn target based health communication strategies which can not only inform, but also influence the health behaviors of the women. Mainly the initiatives are to be taken by the programme or policy implementing agencies with the help of target audience, which will help bringing better health outcomes and significant social changes.

Title: Renewable Resources in India: An Overview
Abstract :

Renewable resources are capable of solving the twin problems of energy supply in a decentralized manner and helping sustaining the clearer environment but it is difficult predict the role of unconventional sources of energy. Renewable energy is becoming an increasingly important part of India’s energy mix. India now has an economy with a dynamic private sector and a burgeoning middle class, however, faces growing challenges to maintain its economic growth. Many of India’s energy players suffer from financial weakness, with limited financial resources and restricted investment ability. India needs considerable investment to build a reliable and adequate energy supply chain. Technical and managerial expertise of Indian energy companies needs to improve. This is particularly relevant in the renewable sector, which is fast expanding and in need of skilled personnel. Although installed capacity remains quite small, it has promising potential for growth. Private investment has been the key driver behind the growth of renewable in India. Renewable energy would play a critical role to solve some of India’s energy problems and to improve the quality of people’s lives. Ambitious policy targets would help build investors’ confidence in the future of India’s renewable sector.

Title: Intellectual Property Rights in India: Legal analysis, Status and Strategies
Abstract :

Intellectual property is the creation of human mind and human intellect. This is why this kind of property is called “Intellectual” property. Intellectual property is created by incorporating information in tangible objects capable of multiplying in unlimited number of times at different locations anywhere in the world. The property is basically in the concept, idea, and thought and thereafter is the actual product, work or process, etc. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) provides further clarification on what exactly should be the nature of Intellectual Property. According to WIPO, the Intellectual Property includes rights relating to inventions in all fields of human endeavors, scientific discoveries and industrial designs. It also contains trademarks, service marks and commercial names and designations, literary, artistic and scientific works and performance of artists, phonograms and alike. Further, the protection against unfair competition and all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial scientific, literary or artistic fields have been aptly given space in the domain of intellectual property.

Title: The Health Crisis of Marginalized Populations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Recommendations
Abstract :

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the global population adversely. The impact is not limited to health only; rather extend to affect the global economy, transport, education and largely the social integrity. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the marginalized population more intensely. The marginalized population in the community are severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Community support and timely intervention for these population will prevent the spread of infection to these people as well as in the community. This review discusses the impact of COVID-19 in the marginalized population and some recommendations to deal with this issue. Extensive review of literature done by using the terms of marginalized population (transgender individuals, commercial sex workers, refugees, and migrant workforces, peoples living in prison, old age homes and hospice care) with COVID-19 in the electronic databases.

Title: Marital Conflict in Intimate Relationship
Abstract :

Civilization depends upon the strength of ideal values and sentiments in marriage for maintaining marital relations which play an important role in offering an easy and effective guidance in their marital behavior. The personality traits of two individuals, their backgrounds, the attitude affect the future of any marriage. Working women’s problem depends on the type of employment and domestic commitment. Tension is felt because she feels torn between loyalty towards job and towards husband and child. Role conflict arises when there is a clash between equally important roles. Due to shortage of time and energy on the one hand and a large number of demands of family members working women enable to meet her demands and needs and make her life unhappy. The present study was planned to investigate the marital conflict of working women from different organized sectors. A sample of three hundred working women was selected purposively. The marital conflict of working women was quantified as per the scoring of scale developed by Krebs and Laird, 1998. It was observed that the highest range of marital conflict was found in case of nurse followed by officer, college teacher, clerk, doctor and school teacher. There was no significant difference among them as far as marital conflict was concern.

Title: Indigenous Culture and Medicine
Abstract :

Growing up from the (Tribal Stage) system, only a few ethnic groups isolated in the geographical environment (Geographies Environment) are left behind in ethnic life. Following the same pattern of civilization, as they did in ancient times, they live in isolation in the wilderness or in the mountains of the modern world. They are said to be centuries old as they were the first settlers to inhabit the land.

Title: Everyone’s ‘GOD’ is a ‘DOG’ from Other’s End: ‘Casteism’ in India: A Different Perspective
Abstract :
This argumentative article challenges the idea that the Hinduism is Brahmanical in nature, and Brahmans are the root of all evils in India. It argues that Hinduism is the religion of well-off trading class with the examples so cited from the History of ancient India. It rejects the confirm bias among the foreign nationals, especially Chinese people, based on a logical argument that the caste system in India is no more prevalent, and has changed its nature with the changing paradigm. This article also attributes to the fact that Brahmans were not the most powerful but one of the oppressed classes of the society who also had to bear the consequences while trying to abide by their religious beliefs during the entire phase of history in India. The ‘Jizya tax’ extorted by the Muslim kings from the non-Muslim subjects had devastated the Brahmins culturally, politically and economically. The article argues into details about the political indifference that Brahmins have been subjected to, particularly since independence of India. The factors that count multiple-deprivation have projected Brahmin women as one of the most disadvantaged class economically, socially and politically in India today.The article concludes with the argument that a new school of thought called ‘Ambedkarism’, has raised the esteem of lower castes, that at times results into caste based violent conflicts. Under the leadership of the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Indian governments have constantly and intently been undermining the educational interest and economic uplift of the Brahmins, especially the women from the Brahmin community. Besides, foreign countries must not see India through the prism of imperialist history that at times hurts the comparative competitive advantages and its image as a nation.
Title: Higher Education in Women Empowerment in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study on Jahangirnagar and Dhaka University
Abstract :

The present research conducted in Jahangirnagar University and Dhaka University of Bangladesh. There were total 174 respondents for the study. 118 respondents were from Dhaka University and 56 respondents were from Jahangirnagar University. General objective of this study was to identify influence of higher education in women empowerment. Research findings showed that there is significant relation between higher education and empowerment level. Actually science faculty students of both universities are empowered then other faculty. In terms of involvement with organization number is high in Jahangirnagar University. In contrary number of respondents are high in Dhaka University in terms of involvement with profession. In terms of decision making the number of Jahangirnagar University respondents are higher than Dhaka University students.

Title: Healthcare Systems & its Challenges in Pakistan
Abstract :

This paper shows the multiple challenges in Healthcare Systems’ Programme and its weaknesses and also gives some recommendations to improve it. Healthcare system plays very important role in the development of the country. If a country wants to make progress in all fields of life, it should provide the health atmosphere to its citizens and it is only then possible when it is increased by manpower system. Pakistan is an underdeveloped country and it stands 65th position among 102 developing countries. It has totally taken inherited Healthcare system from British side in 1947and now this Healthcare system consists of private and public sector. The private sector serves nearly 70% of population and 30% by public sector (Papanek, 2019). According to the constitution of provisional health of Pakistan, it is the government responsibility to provide the health facility to its citizens. Healthcare Services are delivered through a three-tiered namely; (Primary, secondary and territory Healthcare system). In Primary Healthcare services only Basic Health Units (BHUs) and Rural Health Centers (RHCs) are included. And in Secondary Healthcare Services Tehsil Head Quarters (THQs) and District Head Quarters (DHQs) are included. And Tertiary Healthcare hospital is an individual system.

Title: Japan-Russia Territorial Dispute: A Study of Bilateral Negotiations
Abstract :

The territorial dispute between Japan and Russia has been ongoing since century and did not come up with satisfying solution yet. The disputed Islands were Shikotan, Habomai, Etorofu, Kunashiri and Kurile chain. In San Francisco Treaty there were divisions of the two Islands among the country but like all the time, Japan claims all the four Islands as it was their historically integrated part. However, it has soured the bilateral relations for more than centuries and many treaties were signed for peaceful co-existence but unsuccessful. Both the side gave their valid arguments for the territories they claim and it is difficult to find out a solutions.

Title: Economics of Production of Sugarcane in Orissa
Abstract :
Sugarcane is a major cash crop of India, particularly in UP, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujurat, and Foot hils of Uttarakhand. Sugarcane crop has a productivity of 70 tonnes/ha and an area of 4.2 mha. It plays a pivotal role in the national economy. Sugarcane is considered as one of the best cash crops in Orissa. It is grown in all the 30 districts of Orissa. The selected district Dhenkanal occupied 4th position in area (1.49 thousand ha) & in production (99.06 thousand MTs) and 5th position in yield (668.50 qtls/ha) in 2005-06. This study was carried out in Dhenkanal district, Orissa. The study area to find out status and constraints of sugarcane cultivation. A sample of 160 farmers was randomly selected from two blocks i.e. Dhenkanal & Kankadahad. The establishment of a sugar factory in Dhenkanal district has increased the prospect of this crop in the surrounding area. The average size of holding was 2.44 ha. in region-I and 1.89 ha. in region-II. The land was unequally distributed among different categories of farms. The net return over variable costs per hectare were ` 38220.96 in region-I and ` 34380.10 in region- II. The average yield of sugarcane per hectare was 73.88 tonnes and 69.88 tonnes in region –I and region-II respectively
Title: Contribution of MGNREGS in eradication of rural poverty- An Assessment
Abstract :

Poverty reduction and rural development are the most difficult and biggest challenges in the country. Since independence a number of poverty alleviation and rural development programmes have been implemented during the plan period aiming to reduce poverty.These development programmes can be grouped in two categories (i) wage employment schemes (ii) Scheme self-employment schemes. In these programmsviz: MFALDA, SFDA, Food For Work programme, National Rural Employment programe and Employment Assurance scheme (EAS). During 1989-90 a massive programme of JawaharRozgarYojana was launched by merging NREP and RLEGP. Later a unique new wage employment programme known as SampoornaGrameenaRozgarYojana (SGRY) was introduced by merging JGSY and EAS. The Swarnjayanthi Gram SwarozgarYojana (SGSY) is a major ongoing programme for the self-employment of the poor.

Title: Target Setting to Reduce Infant Mortality Across Indian States: A Statistical Approach
Abstract :
Background: An important area in healthcare policy is Child survival. The metric for Child survival is Infant Mortality Rate. As a country, India has registered significant decline in Infant Mortality Rate, however, the progress of individual States have varied, with many well performing and various laggard States. States are important units for healthcare policy since the subject of health comes under the State List in the Constitution; therefore implementation of interventions is the responsibility of the State. This paper therefore seeks to develop a Statistical model to estimate Infant Mortality Rate and set targets based on the factors that determine the predictive model.
Methodology: Infant Mortality Rate for different States were regressed against relevant healthcare service delivery metrics, quality of infrastructure metrics, socio-economic factors as recorded in National Family Health Survey 4 (2015-16). A multivariate model was developed estimating IMR at given values of operational factors. For policy target setting, States were clustered on the basis of Infant Mortality Rates and target for each cluster was defined in terms of factors and in turn, a target IMR value for different clusters were derived.
Results: The result demonstrate that the Infant Mortality Rate levels for reference year 2015-16 had a significant relationship with “Percentage of women with mobile phone” and “Percentage of women who received at least four Antenatal Care visits during their pregnancy”. The second metric as a proxy for gender development had a higher beta coefficient than the first metric, a proxy for health infrastructure.
Conclusion: Improving the metric for institutional birth percentage, registration of pregnancies and using technology to follow up and manage data on pregnancies are important. The second factor highlights the convergence of development outcomes that is, lower IMR with higher agency (higher literacy and access to technology) and development of infrastructure (increased mobile penetration). Therefore, for gender development indicator, access to technology, internet penetration, digital literacy and incentivizing higher agency to women of the household are recommended.
Title: Youth of India in the Novels of Chetan Bhagat
Abstract :

It is the younger generation who takes country’s progress forward but young generation has to go through a lot transformation at this age. They are worried and scared about their future career, getting good percentage so that they could get admissions in top colleges. They also go through hard time handling personal and emotional affairs. This is the delicate age where they also feel like falling in love. So, there are thousands of things going on in their minds. There is a high percentage of unemployment in India. Younger generation is more worried, concerned and disturbed about their uncertain future. Chetan Bhagat is a contemporary young and famous writer who brings forth the issues of youth in his novels, newspaper articles. He also works as a motivational speaker and guide younger generation on their career choices. His most of the novels have made record sales and are known as best sellers. Though he is an English Language writer but still his style of writing is so simple that those who have a tight hand at understanding English can understand the storyline without taking the help of heavy weighted English dictionaries. From the very beginning of his career as a novelist he explored the issues and problems of youth through his well-etched characters.

Title: A Sociological Analysis on the Survival Strategies of Illegal Urban Transport Operators in Harare Zimbabwe
Abstract :

This study set out to investigate the survival strategies of illegal transport operators in Harare, using the City- University of Zimbabwe route of Harare. With most studies on this area, mainly focusing on public transport operations under a broader category, this research paid particular attention to the marginalized public transport operators, which are commuter omnibus operators. As such, the study documented crackdown on commuter omnibus operators by the law enforcement agents, and how in return commuter omnibus operators have managed to come up with strategies that deal with this crackdown. Taking a sociological analysis; this study through the use of the structure-agency theory of Giddens, seeks to comprehend the reality faced by commuter omnibus operators in their day to day activities. Taking a qualitative standpoint, this study also gives a critical gaze into the strategies employed by commuter omnibus operators in countering crackdown by law enforcement agents in the City- University of Zimbabwe route. Thus a qualitative research methodology, mainly in-depth interviews, natural observation and secondary data sources, were utilized in the collection of data.

Title: The politics of Madrassa Education in Pakistan: Nexus with Militancy
Abstract :

Madrassas play a very important role in an Islamic society. Besides imparting education, these religious seminaries also provide basic necessities to the deprived sections of society in Pakistan. However, since 2001, the credibility of madrassa education has been put into question since it has been alleged that Madrassas have links with militant organizations. Though, small in number as compared to private and public educational institutions, madrassas do perpetrate intolerance and hatred towards other sects and religion. However, the other side of the argument perceive this as oversimplification and overgeneralisation of a complex phenomenon. According to them, madrassas do not necessarily perpetrate terrorism since they play a very important role in Pakistan’s religious and social life.

Title: Children in Brick Kiln: Scenario in Odisha
Abstract :

The current review focuses on the children who are engaged in labor, especially brick kiln industries that has not only affected them but the environment as a whole. The major study area is Odisha, an eastern state in India that shows high incidence of children being employed in such places. This article also focuses on various laws and legislations associated with this scenario along with certain recommendations that will be presented to the policy makers and the key stakeholders.

Title: Perception of the Farmers Regarding Constraints Faced during Farmers’ Fair
Abstract :

Famers’ fair an important tool in transferring latest technologies to farmers is gaining momentum over the years. The main purpose of organizing such farmers’ fair is to create awareness among visitors about new technologies developed by researchers primarily from the government sector, agricultural and allied research centres and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs). Considering its importance, an exploratory study was carried out to identify the constraints perceived by the visiting farmers and remedies suggested by them for improvement of farmers’ fair. The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCS HAU), Hisar main campus during 2019-20. Empirical data were collected through personal interview technique with the help of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule and analyzed using standard methodology. Findings revealed that infrastructural constraints were perceived highest with composite index value (CIV) of 38.28, followed by physical (34.37), institutional (30.00), miscellaneous (19.27) and social (07.81) constraints. With regards to suggestions, most of the farmers suggested time duration of farmers’ fair should be increased followed by adequate transport facilities, seeds should be made available at low price, etc. Hence, the paper recommends that although the farmers’ fairs are playing an effective role in information dissemination but must be updated each year to catch more attention of the farmers.

Title: Revisiting Human Rights in Contemporary India: Status of Institutions and Trends in Cases
Abstract :

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination[2]. The concept of human rights is not a very new thing for Indian civilization. At the same time, Indian society would had been probably one of the worst societies in the world practicing number of social evils degrading the life and value of human beings – like caste discrimination, sati prathta etc. Human rights in India underwent lot of ups and downs. Post-independence, most of the human rights as declared by UDHCR were reflected as Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution, which was adopted on 26 January 1950. Since then we have been seeing number of cases of human rights violations by the authorities. We also witnessed a number of historical judgements which further strengthened Human Rights in India. The last four years remained in news for various new trends in both – violations as well as strengthening of Human Rights in India. The paper attempts to outline such recent trends in last four years under the governance of right wing political party – Bhartiya Janta Party[3] in India.

Title: Ageing Population of Urban India & Psychological Well-being Issues
Abstract :

Groundswell in the population of the elderly has multitudinous implications on the economy of a nation as well as the structure of public policies and programmes. Maintaining the health and wellbeing of the elderly, who constitute a large part of India’s population is an emerging area of concern in law as well as psychology. This chapter addresses the predicament of the ageing population and the various inequalities and transgressions such as elderly abuse and fiduciary crime that thwart successful ageing and wellbeing. Contemporary conceptions of wellbeing such as that of remarriage, bereavement and resilience in the elderly are also discussed. Furthermore, inadequacies of the policies and programmes developed on the national as well as global level to safeguard the needs of the elderly are also explored.

Title: Understanding the Functions and Classification of Market Centres in Rural India: A Case Study
Abstract :

The market centres perform the functions as service centers, helps in increasing the socio- economic and political contacts in the surrounding area. The functions of markets are largely depends upon the threshold population, transacted commodities, administrative character and the transportation links between the market and its hinterland. On the basis of varying functions and numerous characteristics of market centres, they can be further classified into different types, so as to understand the peculiar nature of the market centres in any spatial unit. This paper aims to analyse the function and classification of market centres of the study area on the basis of several variables which are closely related to the spatial development of market centres, such as, number of shops, estimated participants, transacted commodities, market function, and trade area.

Title: Incompatibility of Security Laws and Human Rights: Case of Naxalite Movement and Tribals in Odisha, India
Abstract :

In India, several special security laws in the naxalite affected are responsible to violate national and international human rights guarantees, both by the naxals and security forces. The indigenous tribal people are experiencing three kinds of human rights violation due to naxalite movement; firstly, naxals are involved in killing, abduction, summary trail, execution and torture of civilians; secondly, secondly, security forces are responsible for arbitrary arrest, illegal detention and torture and thirdly, chronic forms of HR violations like right to life, land, development induced/conflict induced development, displacement due to security reasons, forest laws and others. This paper is an empirical study in the naxalite affected Koraput region in the state of Odisha to have a critical examination of the extent of human rights violations and tries to locate the contradictions of the stand poised by the government of India and International human rights legal framework. Secondly, to identify the limitations of international human rights laws, especially IHL and UDHR to deal with specific population groups like tribals in India. Finally, it argues for alternative ways for the protection of Human Rights of the indigenous populations in the conflict areas.

Title: Understanding the paradigm shift in teaching and learning
Abstract :

Knowingly or unknowingly the teaching and learning takes place directly or indirectly in different forms (formal, non formal and informal) at different level (primary, secondary and higher education) from ancient to present era. Here the method of teaching and learning knowingly or unknowingly has been changing according to social change. In modern era the teaching and learning takes place with well formulated school environment and it is the primary source to generate skilled human resource. To enhancement of this primary and predominant process it is need of the hour to takeout the paradigm shift in the teaching and learning process.

Title: Working and earning status versus domestic responsibilities: A reverse ratio for women
Abstract :

The present study examines the impact of the working and earning status of women on their everyday domestic responsibilities from the experiences of a sample of 112 working women from Nashik city ranging in 23 to 56 years of age. A questionnaire with the basic demographic information, some close ended questions and a checklist of forty-two family chores were administered to the sample as research tools. Main findings reveal that in spite of the working and earning status of women the everyday domestic responsibilities of family living are not shared on fair basis by men and women. Some of the backbreaking ‘everyday family chores’ are not at all done by men in the sample population. This inequality in work distribution and shouldering responsibility could be an outcome of the prevalent patriarchal or male dominant family system in India. Nashik being a religious town seems to follow the traditional role-patterns of women and men even though due to the economic reasons women have taken up the additional function of earning for the family. The data were analyzed and mean, standard deviation and t-value were estimated. The present study was confined to the urban working women in the city of Nashik in Maharashtra, India.

Title: Issues of Migration in Nagaland
Abstract :
The movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary is called migration. People can either choose to move which is “voluntary migration” or be forced to move which is “involuntary migration”. A variety of reasons lie behind migration. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The reasons encouraging an individual to migrate were categorized as “push” or “pull” factors. Push factors come in when people are left with no choice but to leave their
country of origin. Pull factor happens when people are attracted to move to a particular area or place from their own home. The present state of Nagaland, which has an area of 16, 579 sq. km. with a population density of 119 per sq. km, has been faced with migration issues during the recent years. Thus, taking into account all
the push and pull factor of migration, this article tries to explain the reason for the in and out migration in the state of Nagaland.
Title: A Study of Feudal Coalition and Control System in Tokugawa Japan
Abstract :

This article is about political scenario of early Edo period and successfully controlling over feudal coalition of local lords and various control measures of Tokugawa system. Beginning with the Onin War, Japan slipped into the century of sporadic civil war known as Sengokujidai or Warring State period in which local feudal lords (daimyo) ignored the shogunate and the imperial court and struggled with each other for local hegemony. From the mid-16th century, a movement towards national reunification gradually emerged out of the violence of the warring feudal domains and was carried through by three powerful hegemons, and they were successful in controlling the feudal coalition. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effective role and policies of Tokugawa system. This paper focuses how the feudal coalition was controlled and features of control measures adopted by Tokugawa Japan and effectively maintained the political status quo, but at the same time they promoted economic changes that slowly undermined the Tokugawa order.

Title: Hirakud Dam Oustees and Procrastination of Justice in India
Abstract :

The Government of India had taken many developmental initiatives in the early years of independence and Hirakud Dam project was one among them, which was claimed as a milestone at that juncture and designed to serve multiple purposes of a substantial population in the State of the than Odisha. The initial phase of land acquisition and people displacement for the project was trouble ridden. The affected people staged agitations and shown their unwillingness for construction of dam on the river Mahanadi at Hirakud, Sambalpur. Despite of people resistance and indifferences they were persuaded for the greater causes and displaced with the assurance of immediate rehabilitation and adequate compensation for their sacrifices. In this paper an attempt has been done to make an account of existing circumstances and which also reveals the facts that there is serious abdication of the responsibility on the part of both, the Regional Government and Central Government. It is found that a large number of oustees of the project have not been restored and rehabilitated yet, even after nearly 75 years past to the commencement of the project. The nature of deprivation, stigma and social disintegration caused by displacement is found to be profound and widespread among the substantial population of Dam’s oustees. The displaced have started developing a sense of distrust and hopelessness with a grave sense of disappointment and allegation against government. Lack of proper compensations and rehabilitation by the government has forced the displaced people to move to different places to settle themselves on their own initiatives. The recent attempts of measures by the Regional Government have been failed repeatedly simply because of inadequate approaches of government machineries. It is suggested that there are needs of more rigorous and holistic approaches of the State power to settle the long standing issue in a comprehensive manner.

Title: The Hidden Factor of Female Offending – Gender
Abstract :

The social concept of gender emphasizes the bond between society and people. Gender is not determined through the sexual characteristics of either women or men but constructed socially. Gender role is a social position that includes a variety of actions and attitudes that are usually considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their personal or biological sex. This research was based on “gender role and crime”, and the main objective was to examine the impact of gender role towards the female offending in Sri Lankan context. A simple randoms ample of 60 convicted female prisoners from Welikada prison in Sri Lanka was selected as the sample and data were gathered using semi-structured interviews. Questions were focused on the crime committed, direct reason for committing, civil status and socio-economic background of the offenders. All 60 offenders could be categorized into five groups based on the “type of crime committed”. Majority of the offenders were accused of “Drug possession and trafficking”, and it holds 55% from the whole. Prostitution (28%), abortion (8.3%), homicide (3.3%) and financial fraud (5%) were recognized as the other crimes committed. Economic status, addiction, social labelling, social indignity, motivation, and protection were identified as primary reasons for offending. “Gender role” has been played a particular part in female offender’s life which is hidden from direct reasons. Female gender role is created an early civilization based on the household and childcare. Nevertheless, with the intangible change of society has disorganized the female gender role. Male gender role existed with the dominance of the household with minimal change. Female gender role became complicated within the limitations of traditional duties. Child socialization upgraded to structured education alone with money based basic needs. Females entered to all professionals expanding duties hold, while maintaining the responsibilities of traditional gender role. Although it showed an increment of education of females, it has supported to “fraud” indirectly. As major duties of female gender role created with biological features of the female body like accouchement, female body base hiding and escaping methods, vulnerability as rape and social labelling of indignity were unchanged. The research revealed female offending is a normal response by normal females towards abnormal gender conditions of the society. To address this social dilemma, gender role should be flexible; responsibilities should be taken by the family as an institution while mutual accountabilities are transferred for individuals.

Title: Does Power Justify Rape? – Examining Social Behavior and Related Concepts
Abstract :

Power, according to some is considered to be a possibility to influence others, some say it is something which entrenches control over others, some say it is something which promotes people to take action and facilitate decision making and planning. But many a time this power is used or misused in enabling or disabling an individual from doing or performing certain things. Thus, this paper aims to do an in-depth examination of the relationship between power and Rape, this paper aims to put forth certain theories which are concerning the commission of Rape. Furthermore, this paper aims to apprise the reader by conflating the sociological, psychological, and political impacts and consequences in a subtle way.

Title: Destitute children and initiatives for their welfare in Bangladesh
Abstract :

A large number of children are destitute in Bangladesh. They suffers severely from malnutrition, under weight and drink unsafe water. They are never enrolled in school. About 0.68 million children lives in the street in Bangladesh and they involved in child labour such as domestic works, agriculture, vehicle helper, garments workers, shoe polisher, construction helper, carpenters, hawkers etc. They also engaged in bidi factory, match factory, transport sectors, brick-field, dyeing factory, tannery factory and printing press sectors and they are totally deprived from healthy environment. Even a large number of them are involved in different types of crime such as stealing, snatching, smuggling, pilfering prostitution etc. No doubt this is very much unexpected situation for the children who are the future leader of the nation. So there are responsibilities for the concern authorities of Bangladesh to rescue these destitute children from their miseries and also to ensure their rights.

Title: Status and Participation of Nepali Women in Agrarian Class Structure in the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Region of West Bengal: An Empirical Study
Abstract :

This article is comprised of a systematical analysis of ‘class’ and ‘gender’ nexus in the agrarian society. The prime focus has been given to the identification of women in the agrarian class structure. It is a systematic comparative analysis of the position and role of women in different agrarian class structure in two different zones in West Bengal. Gender relation in the agrarian class structure does not only depend on the possession of the property (i.e. land) but also related to the sexual division of labour, nature of work and intra-household relationship. Another dimension of subordination of women in the agrarian class structure is the concept of ‘house-hold’ which derived from a dimension of ‘public-private’ dichotomy. It has been discussed how the role and participation of women are expanding day by day in the agricultural sector, though they are very few recognised as an independent farmer.

Title: Growth Status of Unorganised Food Processing Enterprises in India
Abstract :

This paper examines the growth status of unorganised food processing enterprises (UFPEs) in India based on the latest NSSO Unit level data of the 67th (2010-11) and 73rd (2015-16) rounds. Food processing is an important activity in unorganised manufacturing sector in India. UFPEs occupied 12% share in unorganised manufacturing sector in 2015-16. It is found that the number of UFPEs and their employment increased significantly during 2010-11 to 2015-16. Among eight different activities of UFPEs, grain mill activities occupied the largest share in respect of enterprise as well as employment. Labour productivity of urban located UFPEs was higher in all activities except animal feeds and processing of fruits & vegetables. Whereas among all activities, the average labour productivity was higher in animal feeds, processing of fish and edible oil product enterprises. Among UFPEs the percentage shares of expanding and stagnating enterprises were 32.2% and 42.1% respectively in 2010-11. In 2015-16, the share of expanding and stagnating enterprises reduced marginally. The multinomial logit regression of growth status shows that the type of an enterprise, its nature, availability of loan, maintenance of accountant and the rate of profit significantly affects the growth status of an enterprise

Title: Changing fashion finding Changing Cities: Addressing the Gender Barriers
Abstract :

Fashion is fast these days, changing everyday every moment, maybe with a new fashion influencer coming on to the business or moreover to the social media. Though fashion is not new to the human civilization and nor its association is new with cities. Cities from the past has acted as grounds to the fashion, which is also possibly right since cities are a hub of Expression and freedom and so is fashion. Since the norms and definition of Fashion is evolving over time, it’s acceptance in the city is becoming a question to worry about. With Gendered clothing norms being smashed each day, cities need to be more acceptable as well as well accessible to all those choices what an Individual makes. But where fashion is accepted universally as an act of expression, its practice today can create many hurdles and barriers for people, who are practicing it. This paper will address majorly the questions, does fashion acts as a barrier in accessing the cities? Does the evolution of fashion demands the cities to response in the similar way? Does the existing fashion trends needs special address to the Infrastructural needs in the city?

Title: Laser Land Levelling: A Way Forwards towards Resource Conservation in Paddy –Wheat Cropping Patterns in Haryana
Abstract :

Main objective of study was comparative analysis of Laser Land Levelling (LLL) vis-a-vis Conventional Land Levelling (CLL) in terms of resource use efficiency. Regression analysis along with economic concept of marginal value productivity (MVP) and marginal factor cost (MFC) were used to analyse resource use. Six variables were used to regress yield. The results of the study revealed that highest resource use efficiency were obtained in case of seed, while it was observed lowest in case fertilizers under laser land levelling (LLL) in paddy. Whereas, under conventional land levelling (CLL), highest resource use efficiency was found to be in case of labour while least resource use efficiency was obtained in irrigation. Similarly, in case of wheat highest and lowest resource use efficiency under laser land levelling technology were observed in inputs viz: seed and plant protection chemicals, respectively while, under conventional land levelling it was for inputs like labour and seed, respectively. Hence, study highlighted the strength of resource conservation potential of laser land levelling technology. Two variables i.e. irrigation and fertilizer impacted significantly with the adoption of laser land levelling, validated the outcomes of study by difference between MVP and MFC for these two particular inputs were found to be positive and close to zero indicated efficient utilizations of these resources. Hence, it is suggested that adoption of laser land levelling should be promoted on wider scale to tap its resource conservation potential.

Title: A Works Council’s Response to Decent Work Deficits Facing Agricultural Employees in Zimbabwe
Abstract :

This study examined the role and challenges faced by the works council in addressing decent work deficits within the agricultural industry in Zimbabwe. The pervasiveness of decent work deficits in organisations within the agricultural industry in the global economy, including in Zimbabwe, remains of major concern. To address this, the research took a qualitative case-study approach in a selected Agribusiness in Zimbabwe. The study involved 18 purposively selected participants, all who are members of the works council (management and workers’ committee), including experts from the human resource and industrial relations department in the organisation. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with the management participants and a focus group discussion was held with all the workers’ committee members. The major study findings revealed the presence of decent work deficits in the organisation. The works council members confirmed that the agrarian employees in the organisation face indecent work conditions characterised by insufficient wages, long hours of work, a lack of adequate personal protective clothing and insecurities attached to temporary employment. In addressing these deficits, the works council was found to be incapacitated due in part, to: failure to regularly hold meetings; constant use of threats by management against members of the workers’ committee; and inadequate knowledge and skills particularly on the part of the workers’ committee. It is recommended that the human resources and industrial relations department plays a more active role to ensure the effective functioning of the works council.

Title: Study on possibilities of low cost waste water management in urban India with special reference to Kolkata, West Bengal
Abstract :

Cities in India have been in under tremendous pressure of population growth as well as with huge production of wastewater. Wastewater treatment projects have found vulnerable due to various constraints. In result natural bodies around the cities have been used as disposal site hence contaminated severely. So, controlling pollution through managing the wastewater as well as resource recycling has gained increasing urgency in recent decades. An effort has been made in this paper to critically examine the status of wastewater generation in urban India, its possibility of management through recycling with a special attention to Kolkata. It has been observed that city wastewater has been used as revenue earning combination of agriculture and aquaculture in Kolkata. The entire system created and developed by the local people in the area is the unique of its kind and serve as a ‘Natural Kidney’ of the Megacity Kolkata where sustain resource recovery system in the form of vegetable farms, fish ponds and paddy fields. Despite of various constraints fisheries have been functioning successfully in this area with producing employment opportunity for two persons per hectare. Therefore, the study shows that disposal of waste water in other Indian cities as well as in other parts of Kolkata can be used as low cost resource recovery process for future sustenance.

Title: Reproductive and Child Healthcare based Subnational Gender Development Index: A New Approach
Abstract :

Traditional metrics of gender development have failed to capture social dynamics that hinder gender equality, the inadequacies in reproductive health. As a policy instrument, traditional indices are inadequate for state governments to tackle regional issues in gender justice. This paper develops an index which can be used by states to determine particular areas of intervention and to track their progress. Methodology: The study develops an index based on six pillars. Under each pillar, the states are scored on a set of variables based on the quartiles of their scores. This scoring is scaled and the geometric mean of the score on each pillar is used as final index. The study then clusters the states based on their index scores and uses dimensionality reduction using Principal Component Analysis to arrive at dimensions for intervention. Result: Index scores indicates that the states perform well on some while fail on other dimensions challenging traditional notions and stereotypes of states being labelled as “sexist” or “feminist”. The study highlights: “Position of Women in Society”, “Access to Reproductive and Child Health” and “Economic Empowerment” as key dimensions of intervention for states and based on their scores, recommends policy action for each dimension.

Title: Gender responsive budgeting in India: Trends and Analysis
Abstract :

Gender based violence is quite common in almost all the developing countries. Religion, customs, age-old prejudices, etc. have put Indian women in a subservient and exploitable position in many domains of life. Low rates of participation in education, lack of economic independence, value biases operating against them, etc., have resulted in the women being dependent on men folk and other institutions of authority like the family, neighbourhood and the society.

Title: Women Empowerment: A Case Study on Elected Women of Local Government in Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh
Abstract :

The main concern of this research was to find out the present scenario of women empowerment in local government institutions in Lalmonirhat district. For this purpose, 85 participants were selected purposively. A survey design used in this study. After analysis the collected data it was shown women members of Zila Parishad mean score is (M = 134.40) which is more than the other institutions. Mean difference of five Upazila where empowered women live Patgram (M = 132.12), Kaliganj (M = 131.08), Lamonirhat Sadar (M =129.71), Hatibandha (M = 127.00) and Aditmari (M = 124.5). The living status of empowered women is (68.235%) from single-family. Correlation between education and women empowerment is also significant (r = 0.17) at the 0.01 level.

Title: Archaeology and Research in the History of Kashmir-Perspectives and Concerns
Abstract :

Research in history is digging into the past through multidisciplinary approach, with the requisites of professionalism, critical aptitude, technical erudition, analytical mind and incisive faculty to reconstruct the past and to elaborate, analyze, synthesize, philosophize the ideas and critically examine the data in the light of objectivity. Historical research is primarily based on literary and archaeological sources. Literary sources are more or less infected of personal bias and prejudice by the author or interpreter. So, here archaeology comes to rescue for reconstructing comparatively an unbiased history. Archaeology is an auxiliary science or ancillary discipline with its numerous approaches, which assist in historical research. It is a sub-discipline of anthropology which is concerned with the study of human evolution and his environment and the material culture associated with him in pre-historic, proto-historic and historic periods through practical undertakings, methods and theories. Kashmir is an ancient geological land with glorious past where the man lived since the pre-historic times and has always been contacts with her neighbors and witnessed influx and efflux of races and cultures. So the role of archaeology with literature is of vital significance in the research of history of Kashmir. But, the application of archaeology in the research of history of Kashmir in general and in ancient and medieval history in particular seems very negligible. The attitude and interest of research about the ancient history of Kashmir and fresh explorations of archaeological sites among the regional institutions,students and scholars is meager. The national and international surveys and studies about archaeological research have also come to halt. The deteriorating condition of archaeological sites in the valley gives us the glimpse of our vanishing history. Archaeology is not confined to historical archaeology, it includes ethno-archaeology, Environmental Archaeology, Rural and Urban Archaeology, Marine Archaeology, and the list goes on. In this paper I will try to investigate the different perspectives and concerns of archaeological research in the history of Kashmir, its application on vast and wide areas of research, keeping in view the post-processual and postmodern viewpoint. Besides methodological problems, descriptions and fundamental goals, this paper seeks to evaluate the reasons why and based on these evaluations some suggestions for future research in Kashmir history are proposed. As the history of Kashmir is the significant and an inseparable part of Kashmir Studies.

Title: Institutionalising Sustainable Development Goals through Decentralised Local-governments in India
Abstract :

This paper attempts to explore the potentials of decentralised local governments – the Panchayats – in working towards the achievement of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Having discussed the importance of global development agenda of UN SDGs and their significance for rural development, the paper identifies ten UN SDGs and highlights the actions that the Panchayats can initiate at the grassroots level to realise these goals. The paper concludes that the local governments play a crucial role in achieving the SDGs owing to their strategic position as a link to reduce socio-economic backwardness, promote inclusive development and deepen democracy to the grassroots level.

Title: Traditional Media of Communication
Abstract :
Traditional media have been in existence in India for long and have been used as a medium of communication, particularly in remote parts of the country where the modern media of communication has either less penetration or no penetration at all. Despite the revolution of modern media including; new media such as kiosks, internet, social networking such as facebook, twitter, MySpace etc., the traditional media yet occupy some space in the delivery of messages to a large number of people in the country. The traditional media are defined as ‘those media which attempt to
communicate a message to a particular group of target audiences in a given time in local dialect with entertainment’. Centre for communication program, John Hopkins University, Baltimore (USA) advocates ‘Enter-Educate’ approach for making the communication more effective. Traditional media, hence, become personal forms of
communication and can be considered to be ‘matchless persuasive means of communication for policy makers and administrators’ and an inexhaustible treasure of colorful forms and meaningful themes for mass media personnel
Title: Rice and 1866 Famine of Orissa: A Case Study on Balasore District
Abstract :

Nineteenth century Orissa history is marked as a period of natural calamity and severe drought. The shortage of rainfall and the decline of food production created a horrific situation for the people of Orissa. From the ancient period,the people of Orissa were famous for their reach of rice cultivation,and till now,it is the primary food crop for most of the people of Orissa. During the 19th century,apart from being an important food crop, it was used as an essential item for trade and commercial activities. During the colonial period, society was feudal, and most of the benefits from trade were taken by the colonial Government, Zamindars, and merchants. Peasants came at the last of the list. This was one of the most prominent reasons behind the famine of 1866. Due to the high price of rice throughout the famine, lower-class people could not afford the high pricerice, and they didn’t have sufficient storage of food for any kind of emergency,;as a consequence, lower-class people became the primary victims of the famine. Here rice will be used as an essential source to study the famine in Balasore district of Orissa which was one of the city which was greatly affected by the famine of 1866 along with Cuttack and Puri. Here in this article, we are subjected to study on the famine of 1866 in Balasore district, its rice production, its society and how it reacted to the famine, and how it overcomes the famine of 1866 in Orissa.

Title: 18th Century Village Craftsmen: A Socio-Economic Study of Marvar
Abstract :
This paper will explore the craftsman and village community relations. In the Marvar area craftsmen were classified according to their different ways of employment: first craftsmen who worked for the village community and those who were not skilled but took this profession in their free time, second the entrepreneurs, individual craftsman who worked independently in urban markets. Third, those craftsmen who worked in state workshops to cater to the requirement of aristocrat and royal families. In rural areas, two types of craftsmen were seen firstly, professional secondly, non-professionals, and work relation was based on patron-client relationship. This paper will explore the mode of employment and the difference and similarity between the Fukazawa, Wiser, and mode of employment in Marvar.
In Marvar, the artisanal group also called pavanjat. The term pavan before the jat is quite significant. It means payment-receiver caste that can be in kind or cash in lieu of service provided by them are pauni, pavania. Nainsi mentions pavan for those who provide the service in rural areas and qasba. It seems important to study the relation of artisans with their community vice-versa. Community norms were protected by nyat and village panchayat. In some case, there was a sub-caste which was the outcome of political changes and societal needs.
Title: Determinants of Life Satisfaction for Rural North Indians: Estimation Using Generalised Ordinal Logistic Regression
Abstract :

The study presents the results of a survey experiment aimed at assessing the level of life satisfaction for rural north Indians and captures the determinants in deciding one’s satisfaction level. The study hypothesised human, material and social capital plays a significant role in determining one’s level of life satisfaction. The study uses individual data from the Sanitation Quality, Use, Access and Trends (SQUAT) survey collected in rural Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh in 2013–14 from India. The study estimates first, proportional odds logistic regression, followed by Generalised Ordinal Logistic regression techniques. It is evident from the analysis that the overall PO assumption, as well as separate PO assumptions for most of the variables, is violated and, in that case, generalised ordinal logistic regression may provide a better model. From the analysis, it is very clear that for rural north Indians the level of life satisfaction is most affected by health status, possession of agricultural land,and administrative environment of villages (e.g., functioning of Panchayats).

Title: Integration of Internet Memes in Teaching Social Studies and its Relation to the Development of Critical Thinking Skills: A Literature Review
Abstract :

This exploratory paper aimed to review different articles that explains the integration of Internet Memes in teaching Social Studies as possibilities for developing students’ critical thinking skills. Specifically, it aims to identify such researches which pertain to the relevance of internet memes as a medium for teaching the subject. As well as the significant relationship of it in developing that particular skill. The researcher found out that there are direct relations to the integration of internet memes in teaching, particularly to the development of critical thinking skills in various ways. Therefore, it is a clear manifestation of a new way of improving the skill in adapting to digital age. This suggests a Meme-Based learning method in dealing with students’ cognitive development in the given course.

Title: Socio-Demographic Changes Among the Parsis in Delhi, India
Abstract :

The Persian Zoroastrians who got refuge in India to protect themselves from Islamic persecution are well known as Parsis. Parsi is an ethno-religious community in India and are striving for their existence in contemporary society. Due to low birth rates, low marital fertility, inter-religion marriages the population is dwindling rapidly. The present study was conducted with an aim to understand the intra communal reasons for decrease in population and effect of migration on the ritual practices. The findings revealed that the dwindling numbers of Parsis is due to the negligence, less communal bonding and force among the people of the community. Also, the orthodox notion of blood purity has restricted community to accept the children of inter-religion marriages to follow the faith. In conclusion, the faith will tend to survive but Parsis will not and the population will tend to decline.

Title: Social Work Intervention in Human Resource Management: The Conceptual Framework
Abstract :

People are the main component as well as the target for social work practice. The intention of this profession is to help individuals /groups/communities to find out and solve their difficulties arising out of an imbalance between them and their surroundings and to assist them enhancing and restoring their capacities and potentials. On the other hand, Human Resource Management stands for recognizing and channelizing the uniqueness, talents, potentials, capabilities and strengths of human beings in work place, to develop their productivity as well as to ensure the protection of rights, social security, and justice for them. Human Resource Management is a term that aims to the blooming people as a valuable resource of the organization rather than their control as material assets. By analyzing the frameworks and philosophical bases of both the profession, it can be clearly elucidated that the practice of Human Resource Management, where it aims into resolve the disequilibrium in workplace relationship or employeeemployer relationship and when it aims to identify, utilize and channelize all of their potentials and inner resources to develop their productivity the process of Social Work intervention strongly finds its way into the domain of practice of HRM and vis-à-vis.

Title: Contents Vol. 5, No. 2, Page: 65-136, June 2016
Abstract :
Title: Empowerment and domestic violence: An empirical investigation on rural women in Bankura district
Abstract :

Domestic violence against women is an emerging issue of concern to social and health planner. This study has examined the impact of economic and political empowerment of women on incidence of domestic violence on women. We have formed a composite index of economic empowerment using Principal Component Analysis method. Incidence of domestic violence has been measured by the fact whether the woman suffered from physical assault in last six months from her family member. The impact of economic and political empowerment of woman along with other individual and household characteristics on the incidence of domestic violence has been traced out on the basis of a set of primary data collected from 125 ever-married women residing in the district of Bankura, West Bengal. A binary probit model has been formulated for estimation. Our cross section study reveals a negative and significant relation of economic and political empowerment of women with the incidence of domestic violence on women. This relation may be due to having increased voice and consciousness of politically and economically empowered women.

Title: A brief history of Bengali Drama: Nineteenth and early Twentieth century
Abstract :

A popular culture developed in Calcutta in the nineteenth century with the amalgamation of folk culture and urban patronage under a stylistic unity. One of the important expressions of popular culture that developed in Calcutta was the dramatic performance done through the medium of jatra pala, theatres and folk plays. The form of jatra originated from the ritual of songs and dance which formed part of the religious festivals in villages. A leading proponent of jatra pala during the mid- nineteenth century in Calcutta was Gopal Uday (1817-1857). He introduced jatra pala in a new style. He formed his own troupe and rewritten ‘Vidya-Sundar’. During the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, a number of bhadraloks set up jatra troupes, being influenced by the folk form of the art of jatra. There are evidences of the existence of women artists who used to act in jatra. In the first half of the twentieth century, Swadeshi Jatra became very much important. Jatras were performed not only for entertainment but also to make the people conscious of the British dominance over Indians. Swadeshi Jatra pala grew up and opened a novel chapter during the anti-partition movement in Bengal. Along with the Jatra, there was the prevalence of performance of stage-theatres in Calcutta. It was from the second half of the nineteenth century that the socio-economic conditions of Bengal and the essence of nationalism were reflected in the plays. The folk theatres also had important part in forming consciousness of the people against suppression, oppression and differentiations of the society. Apart from giving delight and entertainment to the people, the folk theatres became the platform for catering popular and non-formal education as well.

Title: Popularizing Grape Cultivation and Wine Production in India – Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract :
Wine grape cultivation is gaining strong impetus in tropical climatic conditions throughout the world. Tropical viticulture has only been practiced commercially, since approximately 50 years. Countries such as Brazil, India, Thailand and Venezuela play a leading role in the tropical grape production. However, it can be noted that there is a trend towards the expansion of tropical viticulture in the world, since there are vineyards being established in different countries in South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala), in Africa (Madagascar, Namibia, Tanzania) and Asia (Vietnam, China). The production technology in the tropical regions differs significantly from the one employed in the traditional temperate regions. It is necessary to break the bud dormancy in order to foster bud burst, and special management techniques have to be employed to overcome problems of low fertility and to control vigor.
Title: Psycho-social Impact of COVID 19 Pandemic on University Students of Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

College students are recognized as a vulnerable population these days who suffer from varied levels of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, disrupted eating and sleeping patterns as compared to general population. Therefore, when the nature of their daily life and educational experience changes like during the COVID-19 pandemic—the weight of mental health of this vulnerable population is magnified. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on psycho-social health of University students. Questionnaires were mailed to Under Graduate students of CSKHPKV, Palampur students. A total of 160 responses were received and results were interpreted. The results revealed that 45 per cent respondents experienced severe anxiety, followed by (42.5 %) who had moderate level of anxiety. On the other hand, 58.7 per cent experienced moderate level of stress during lockdown. No significant difference was found between male and female students regarding anxiety and stress. A positive correlation was observed between age and anxiety among respondents. Lockdown resulted in increased frustration due to uncertainty characterising immediate future plans, academic stress and feelings of helplessness among students.

Title: Community participation in integrated child development services programme in rural Punjab
Abstract :

Realizing the great importance of bringing improvement in children and women’s health and nutritional status, Integrated Child Development Services (ICSD) Scheme was launched on 2nd October 1975. The scope of present study is to evaluate the community participation in ICDS programme. In order to achieve the objectives of the present study, all three ICDS project: Barnala, Sehna and Mehal Kalan of the Barnala District of Punjab were selected for the study. A total of 30 villages (10 from each ICDS project) were selected on the basis of random. From each village Anganwadi Worker and village Sarpanch were selected for study. Thus a total of 30 Anganwadi Workers and 30 Villages Sarpanch was in the sample, from all 30 villages which were having Anganwadi for at least the last 25 years. It was disappointing to find that a majority (76.66%) of the AWWs did not receive any help from anyone in running the AWCs at village level. Half of the village Sarpanches did not make any contribution to the AWWs. It was also found that a majority (66.66%) of the village Sarpanches did not visit the AWCs at all. All (100%) village Sarpanches answered that there was no local committee formed to help the AWWs to conduct different activities and nor any organization like youth club or village school teachers or voluntary organizations at the village level to help the AWWs. In this regard, it is recommended that the training of project ICDS functionaries should be strengthened to impart them specific skills to elicit community participation and also need to have a short duration preparation phase to raise awareness of the community regarding ICDS services.

Title: Rabindra Nath Tagore is a soul of literature
Abstract :

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the BrahmoSamaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.

Title: Impact of Educational Institutions on Literacy Rate in Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India:A Statistical Analysis
Abstract :
The present research is focused on impact of educational institutions on literacy rate. Traditionally literacy has been commonly defined as the ability to read and write at an adequate level of proficiency that is necessary for communication. According to 2011 census literacy of Dakshin Dinajpur district is 73.86 %, whereas national literacy is 74.04 % which is near to national literacy. There is 1169 primary and 302 upper primary school which create a vital role on literacy. This study reveals that literacy rate is proportionally linearly related to the educational institutions. In this paper analysis is the dependent and two independent data by matrix technique and multiple correlation. It has been found that there is a very strong correlation between literacy rate and educational institutions.
Title: Contents Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019
Abstract :
Title: The Currency of Words: An Exploration of Motivational Prosody
Abstract :

Prosody plays an important role in students’ social and academic achievement. To explore the impact of motivational prosody on teaching effectiveness, we conducted a quasi-experimental study on ninety-three undergraduate students. Teaching effectiveness was measured through students’ intrinsic motivation, task valuing, perceived choice, perceived competence, tension, effort expended, and creative problem solving. The prosodies investigated included autonomy-granting, controlling, and neutral prosodies. We used The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (Deci & Ryan, 2005) and Passi-Usha Test for Creative Problem Solving (Passi & Kumar, 1996) for measuring the constructs. Statistical analysis along with the follow-up interviews revealed that the groups significantly differed in creative problem solving, with an effect size of 0.118. Moreover, the difference in scores for creative problem solving was due to differences in level of elaboration by participants, whereas the originality of responses was same across groups. This suggests that even though prosody has a role to play, a much more complex network of interconnected factors determines the student-teacher relationship.

Title: Colonisation and good governance in Africa: Myth or reality
Abstract :

The paper examined the concepts of colonisation and good governance. The argument was guided by the principles of dependency theory married with elements of social contract theory. Secondary source of data was employed. Based on facts, it was concluded that colonialism has distorted the African economy and since there is positive correlation between economy and good governance, it follows that, the issue of good governance in Africa is a myth. Among the recommendations made is, African countries should be left to decide what suits them in terms of economic, political and social issues rather than the west imposing what they (the west) think is good for Africa and Africans.

Title: Market Share and Promotional Approaches of Pesticide Companies for Vegetable Crops in Jammu District
Abstract :

The present paper has described the market share of pesticides in Jammu district. In Jammu and Kashmir vegetables are grown over an area of 63.1 thousand ha with annual production of 1395.5 thousand MT and average productivity of 22.1 MT/ha, which is higher than national average of 17.6 MT/ha. Pesticide market is currently lead by insecticides products followed by fungicides and herbicides, reportedly insecticide demand accounts for 65 per cent of the total pesticide market share. The company namely Insecticide India Limited stands first in the sale of insecticides namely Nuvan with a share of 14.98 per cent followed by Bayer (Fame) and Gharda (Hamla 500) with a share of 14.11 per cent and 11.97 per cent, respectively. The company namely Indo FIL leads in the tally with a market share of 17.38 per cent for selling M-45 Juba in case of fungicides whereas in weedicides Monsanto has highest share in the market (17.27%). Awareness about pesticide companies among farmers of Jammu district indicates that 86.67 per cent respondent farmers were aware of Bayer Crop Science followed by 75 per cent (Monsanto), 66.67 per cent (Crystal), 62.67 per cent (Dupont), 55.00 per cent (Syngenta), 55.00 per cent (FIL) and 40 per cent (UPL). The retail trader influence, company representative influence and on farm demonstration are the key factors influencing farmers’ for purchase of pesticides.

Title: Urban Ecosystem Changes Around Natural Drains: Case of Becharji Nala of Vishwamitri River in Vadodara City
Abstract :

Water is an indispensable part of settlements and the human ecosystem. From the past, the civilizations have grown on the banks of rivers all over the globe providing drinking water, convenient transportation channels, and abundant natural landscapes and causing moderate temperature. Thus the river is this cities’ most valuable natural resource”. With the rapid urbanization, these natural ecosystems have been degraded immensely based on the growth potential of the settlements and have affected the population. India has seen an incredible growth in urban population over the last few decades and its urban population has grown 14-fold from 1901 to 2011. The growing population has a large impact on the natural ecosystem and urban water. The paper draws attention to one of the prevalent case study of Vishwamitri river in Vadodara, and how rapid changes in an urban area has affected the ecology of the river with a special focus on Becharji Nala, its consequences while recognizing the environmental legislation and recommends prompt considerations for defining the best protection procedures.

Title: Reproductive Choice and Decision-making: A Comparative Study amongst the Tribal and Non-Tribal Women in Assam
Abstract :

Reproductive health of women addresses various issues of women health in many ways. It includes the issues like power to make personal decision regarding health, including sexual behaviour, choice of method of family planning, giving birth to a child etc. Thus, the study of reproductive health and behaviour of women has multi-dimensional aspects. In other words, it depends on various socio-economic and demographic factors. The present analysis has made a comparative study of the reproductive behaviour amongst the tribal and non-tribal women Undivided Darrang district of Assam (Census 2001). The study has found that Tribal women despite being the less privileged group enjoy a greater autonomy in decision-making process regarding their reproductive health.

Title: Human research development: A case study of an NGO in Assam
Abstract :

The present paper discusses about development followed by human development. Concept like human research development has also got due importance in the paper citing its need in context to present day condition. The paper has further highlighted the contribution of an NGO named “Society for North East Handmade Paper Development (SNEHPAD)” of Assam, India in the field of Human Research Development through a case study. The paper has been concluded with few suggestions made by the authors on the basis of the data collected through case study.

Title: Contents Vol. 5, No. 3-4, Page: 137-177, September-December 2016
Abstract :
Title: Violence on Accessing Water and Sanitation Facilities – A Study among Women in Slums/Resettlement Colonies of Chennai City
Abstract :

Lack of access to water and sanitation facilities is a concern in India and it affects women and girls disproportionately by impacting on their health and dignity. Women in slums without water supplies and toilets within their homes are potentially vulnerable to different forms of violence. This study identified the different forms of violence faced by women on accessing water and sanitation facilities, differences within categories of slums, reasons for the same and compared it with resettlement colonies. Among the location-based categories on accessing water facilities, verbal abuse was found high (90.7 %) among the women of industrial slums, while physical abuse (18%) and sexual abuse (8.7%) was reported high in residential slums. During accessing sanitation facilities, verbal abuse was reported high (50%) among women in industrial slums and sexual abuse was reported high (12%) among the women in coastal slums. While in resettlement colonies it is found that all forms of violence were found to be low comparatively. The study also found that the time of water and sanitation access and distances negotiated to fetch water and to access sanitation as an influencing factor of the violence.

Title: Study on access to change agents by the farm women engaged in paddy cultivation in West Bengal
Abstract :

The present study examines farm women’s access to change agents for obtaining useful information which include market prices, local weather conditions, pest alerts and medical advice. Farm women’s access to change agents for the information related to paddy crop was low in the study area. Farm women distinguished salesman and input dealers as the most credible extension personnel. The study also noted that the contact between the farm women and the line department is very weak.

Title: Contested Commons: History of Colonial Grazing Policy in South India (Andhra), 1890-1930
Abstract :

Historical dimension of common property resource management systems acquire prominence with emergence of environmental history in India. This paper examines the policy and practice of colonial grazing management policies in South India with particular reference to Andhra region. It has been proposed by this paper that

British colonial state initiated a radical change in the composition of common property resources by the way of incorporating them into agricultural expansion, forests and grazing reserves. This process exercised significant impact upon rural society particularly of small peasantry and landless were the main victim of this process. This paper also shows that consistent struggle exists between colonial
state and rural society over the issue of control over forests and grazing lands. The fights to access village commons so intense that colonial state was compelled to change the grazing policies to incorporate the demands of peasantry. This paper provides a historical trajectory of the way communities which depended upon
common pool resources react when their access is curtailed by the state and other agencies.
Title: The Paradox of Social Identity and Changing Values of the Young Males in Urban and Rural Areas of Democratic Bangladesh
Abstract :
A Social Identity is a manifestation of an array of shared values and the reflection of the social life of the people of a particular society. Any socially expressed value in the everyday reality, on the other hand, is the eventuality of a composite of several socio-cultural and political elements only rather apprehensively conjoined. Identity
and values are formed in accordance with the social settings of the people that they are a part. Hence, in different social settings, the prevalent values ought to be different. This study concentrates to the values that are difficult to eliminate from the daily lives of the people of Bangladesh. It is concerned with the situation in which different values of the same issue arise and cover the areas like, believe in
magic, sexuality, and gender issue. Based on a survey of three hundred and ninety-two (392) male adolescents of urban and rural areas, the study arrives at a conclusion that there are differences in social values in regard to the social settings where it is formed.
Title: Primary Education in Japan and India:Its Problems in 21St Century
Abstract :

Educational problems of a country reflect and focus themselves on the human development of the children and young people who live there. Children and young people in Japan and India have many problems in the course of their growth which reflect the present state of economic and social conditions of Japan and India. In both countries so called bullying in schools, where some pupils or students, in groups, often use their strength to hurt weaker ones or to make them afraid. Home violence, school violence and the rejection of schooling are another. Making many strict regulations and sometimes having recourse to force, teachers try to govern the behavior of the students. Those restraints are likely to result in ill feeling toward the school and teachers and increase educational problems. In this article I have investigated the various problems and causes of primary education in Japan and India. The main objective in this paper is to study problems appear in primary education in Japan and India. This paper focuses on various problems in schooling in Japan with respect of others developed and underdeveloped countries.

Title: A Review on Effect of Covid-19 on Indian Sericulture Sector
Abstract :

Sericulture is an important agro-based industry that involves the production of silk by rearing silkworm. India is blessed with mulberry and vanya silk production due to its favourable climatic and topographic conditions. The ongoing covid-19 crisis has caused a drastic impact in the whole world. This has affected all walks of life, resulted in severe disruptions in all the world’s economic activities, and the Indian economy is not an exception. The nationwide lockdown declared by the Indian Government has brutal consequences in every country’s sectors from the economic growth and development point of view. Like other sectors in India, the sericulture sector has also witnessed the impact of the global pandemic. Due to the disturbance in the demand-supply chain, all the activities involved in the silk value chain have been hard hit by the covid-19 pandemic. Severe disruptions had happened in the availability of the inputs, cocoon and silk prices, raw silk production and marketing of the silk goods.

Title: Study the Role of Women SHGs Members in Farm Activities and Household Consumption Pattern
Abstract :

Self-Help Group is an important tool which help the rural women to acquire power for their self-supportive life. These Programme clearly play central role in the lives of the poor. SHGs is a way to raise the income level and improve the living standards and economic independence of the rural women. The impact on their lives is not just an economic one gaining more self-confidence is often a more lasting achievement that forms the basis for social and economic improvements. Rural women are the major working forces of farming activities in the study area. They regularly engaged and participated in farm activities, after joining the SHGs their role has drastically changed in all decision areas of farm activities except land preparation, labour hiring, irrigation and purchase and sale farm machinery. SHGs members show positive impact on pattern of household consumption expenditure as average household consumption expenditure has increased significantly especially for pulses, fruits and vegetables.

Title: Characteristics of Mystical Experiences and Impact of Meditation
Abstract :
Mystical experiences have always been studied with a sense of awe and mystery both by the laypersons as well as the scientists. Today due to advancements in Spiritual Psychology, Consciousness studies and Meditation studies, they are being explored from a scientific perspective. As a result several features, identifying criteria, and unique characteristic of these experiences have surfaced in scientific research works. The applications of spirituality have spread into such hitherto new settings like workplaces, hospitals, and educational institutions with many studies on the impact of spiritual/mystical experiences on several important variables. However, many researchers are not aware of the research studies in this emerging area. This paper attempts to present the definition, nature, characteristics, classification, effects of mystical experiences and the impact of meditation.
Title: The Importance and Essentiality of Counselling for Police Officers: A Systematic Review
Abstract :
This study aimed to review previous articles that related to coping strategies utilized by police officers when encountering their job stress. In this paper, it is argued that the counselling could provide rich insights into the understanding of employee and employer relations within the police and the stress and wellbeing of officers. Police officers often experienced stress when executing their job. Stress and trauma experienced by police officers in the line of duty can have negative impacts on officers’ health and wellbeing. Psychological support and counselling is imperative to help officers maintain psychological well-being and to perform their duties more efficiently.
The author concluded that police departments should consider requiring mandatory and periodic counselling for all officers, a procedural tactic that camouflages counselling need while concurrently treating the source of officer stress. The suggestions for future study research of importance and essentiality of counselling in policing also discussed.
Title: Understanding the paradigm shift in teaching and learning
Abstract :

Knowingly or unknowingly the teaching and learning takes place directly or indirectly in different forms (formal, non formal and informal) at different level (primary, secondary and higher education) from ancient to present era. Here the method of teaching and learning knowingly or unknowingly has been changing according to social change. In modern era the teaching and learning takes place with well formulated school environment and it is the primary source to generate skilled human resource. To enhancement of this primary and predominant process it is need of the hour to takeout the paradigm shift in the teaching and learning process.

Title: Preference for son: Cry of unborn girl
Abstract :

Preference for son is visible in India in the form of skewed sex ratio. Patriarchal shackles never let girl born and flourish in beautiful earth. However, only patriarchy is not the norm for preference of male over female. Many psychological and economic dimensions are involved in this aspect. The present paper highlights these perspectives especially in the context of Haryana which is prosperous in terms of GDP but poor in sex ratio.

Title: Higher Education in India: History, Nature and Challenges
Abstract :

Higher education plays an important role in the economic development of a Nation and the sustainable earning of people’s livelihoods. India’s Higher Education system is the world’s third-largest education system after China and the United States, but in terms of Gross Enrollment Ratio it is only 25.8 percent. In the last decade, the gross enrollment rate has gone up sharply in 2016-17 from 2005-06 to 25.8 percent from 8.1 percent. The government wants to increase the share of higher education from 25.8 to 30 percent by the year 2020. Even then it will be less, as the percentage is above 80 in the US and UK. India educates about 20 percent of its youth in the age group of 17–23 who enroll in higher education, compared to 30 percent in China and 91 percent in South Korea. Several new initiatives are being taken by the state and central government to increase the gross enrollment ratio in higher education. Higher education of India is managed by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and various councils. The UGC, established under the UGC Act 1956, is empowered to promote and coordinate university education in India and also approves grants. The UGC is responsible for coordinating, determining, and maintaining standards and issuing grants for universities and research organizations. Rapid growth in both enrollment and number of institutions has given rise to new challenges of maintaining the quality of higher education. When the UGC was established in 1956, there were barely 28 universities, 578 colleges at that time, which has now grown to 851 universities and 41012 colleges. The 62-year-old structure of the UGC is unable to meet India’s higher education needs in the 21st century. This is the reason that recently the Ministry of Human Resource Development has released a draft Act to dissolve the UGC and replace it with the Higher Education Commission of India, on which opinion has been sought from academics and general public till 7th July 2018. Rapid growth in both enrollment and number of institutions has given rise to new challenges of maintaining the quality of Higher Education. Today we need such a form of higher education, which can work at National and International level to ensure the right development of the country.

Title: Employees Assistance Programme; Social Work at Workplace : An Evidence Based Review
Abstract :

Employees are the most precious and important resource of an organization. The goal of Employees Assistance Programme is to identify the problem of employees and help the employees to solve their problems either directly or through referral process. Hence EAP can be considered indispensable for organizational sustainability. During 1940 the concept of Employee’s Assistance in Industries was emerged with a vision of treating the problems of alcoholism among employees. Afterwards the other psycho-social problems of employees such as family problems, mental health problems, substance abuse, marital problems, parenting problems, emotional problems have been incorporated in EAP. At present in India and worldwide EAP becomes inevitable process to deal with such problems of employees including issues of protecting human right, prevention of workplace discrimination and exploitations. Evidence says that social work tools like counselling, home visits, solution focused brief therapy, strength perspective, crisis intervention, feminist perspective, social group work, social case work and community organization methods are being used to ensure effective results in EAP which proves the significance of Social Work intervention in ensuring successful EAP in industries.

Title: Integration of Agricultural Commodity Markets in India
Abstract :
The status of integration among various domestic markets of select agricultural commodities in India has been documented. The degree of integration and the speed of price transmission were found to be different across various commodities. Cereals like rice and wheat showed better integration compared to other perishable
commodities. The wholesale and retail markets of rice and wheat were integrated in the long run as well as in the short run. Grams also showed better market integration which may be due to the absence of trade restriction on the domestic trade of grams in India. The domestic apple markets in India were poorly integrated due to weak market infrastructure and institutions as well as lack of competition between domestic suppliers. Markets of other fruits like banana and pineapple also showed poor integration. Among the vegetables, domestic potato markets were poorly integrated in contrast to the better integration among the onion markets. The information flow and the price transmission was found to be effective among the futures and spot markets of some of the agricultural commodities. The spot and futures were integrated
in the case of chickpea, wheat and maize, and that of barley was not integrated. Wheat and maize markets showed better efficiency in price discovery.
Title: Independence and Family Support as the Cost and Reward Influences the Women’s Marriage Decision: A Cross-sectional Study
Abstract :

Marriage is an important event in an individual’s life. The decision of choosing the right partner is partially based on the human survival instinct that psychologically orients with cost vs reward assessment strategy. Hence, to identify the factors that influence a woman when she selects the right alliance for marriage, a survey-based statistical analysis study was performed by n = 107 women who participated. In this study, it is observed that the current family type influences the women’s preference for partners’ family type post marriage. Age also plays an important role when women make considerations for post-marriage family type. Moreover, women evaluate and consider situations such as independence, family support as the cost/reward categories to make choices when it comes to family type post marriage. In addition to this, women highly prefer tier 1 over the tier 2 cities as well as the future husband having a job or business but the least preference is given to an individual with the farming occupation. Therefore a noticeable shift in the trend of cost vs. reward assessment in matrimonial selection is seen. Moreover, the inclination towards nuclear family type is increasing compared to a joint family which may have on the Indian socio-economic scenario.

Title: Social Integration and Psychological Well-being of Elderly Women in India: A Comparative Study of Elder Women at Homes and in Elder Care Facilities
Abstract :
In the present study, we examined the critical role of institutionalization of elder women on the social relationships, social integration and psychological well-being. A total of 194 elderly women were selected from Kannur district (Kerala) using multistage cluster sampling. Hundred and one participants were from homes and ninety three participants were from institutional care facilities. The data analyses were performed by using descriptive statistics, chi-square test for association, t’ test for independent samples and stepwise logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that the unmarried, widowed and separated elder women were more likely to be institutionalized than married elder women. Former employment, being economically active, religion and place of residence were significantly associated with institutionalization of the elder women. Objective social integration was higher among the institutionalized elderly women while subjective social integration was higher among elderly women living at homes. The elder women at homes enjoyed better family group support, better social support and more social contacts than those who were institutionalized. But the primary group concern, perceived ill health and inadequate mental mastery were higher among elder women at homes than the institutionalized. The step wise logistic regression analysis revealed that; age, marital status and perceived ill health significantly explained 58% (R2=0.581) of the variance on social integration. The caste affiliation and conflicts in social relationships accounted for 62.7% (R2=0.627) of the variance on psychological well-being. The study concluded that the socio-demographic variables, especially elder women’s residence have significant influence on social integration and psychological wellbeing.
Title: Evaluation of Structure and Process of Governance in Souharda Cooperative: A Conceptual Analysis with Reference to Karnataka, India
Abstract :

In essence, the conceptual framework developed in this study includes the Souharda Act paving the way for freedom in operations; governance structure based on transparency, accountability and rule of law; governance process founded on democracy; and organizational performance to be measured through financial performance and non-financial performance. In essence, the Act (Level 1) paves the way for governance structure and governance process representing as ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ (Level 2) should lead to ‘Organizational Performance’ (Level 3) in cooperative governance. Such organizational performance is identified to be reflected in ‘Financial Performance’ and ‘Non-Financial Performance.’ Though cooperative societies are ‘not-for-profit’ institutions or ‘service oriented’ institutions, the cooperative structure and process enveloped with ‘freedom’ should strive to achieve ‘Financial Performance’ that should result in sustainability of the cooperative institution in the long run. All these three levels of cooperative governance are inter-linked and any gap in any of these levels indicates low or no governance.

Title: Decentralization of Public Services and the Role of Local Government in Rural Development: Findings from Bangladesh
Abstract :

Over the past few decades, decentralizing public services and rendering administrative power to the local government institutions to deliver them to the people has become a popularly followed strategy to accelerate development of a country. Since its independence till date, Bangladesh has taken quite a number of decentralization initiatives in the areas of health, education, agriculture and small industry promotional activities. This study has adopted secondary data analysis method to examine the degree of rural development made through decentralized public service delivery by the local government institutions of Bangladesh. This study suggests that, despite some improvement, the local governments in Bangladesh have not managed to bring significant changes at the rural level due to political supremacy, administrative and financial incapacity. The study concluded with identifying the changes that are necessary in the areas of resource accumulation and management, financial and administrative decision making system, political and bureaucratic capacity.

Title: Income Generating Activities of Rural Women: A Tool for Poverty Alleviation and Decision-making
Abstract :
The present paper attempts to examine the income generating activities among rural women in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh in the year of 2019-20. The study was conducted in 06 villages located at bichhua block of Chhindwara district. Data for the study was collected from a sample of 100 respondents. The study found that higher percentage of the rural women (52%) belonged to young age group, (30%) of the rural women were in the category of high school, (50%) were marginal rural women, (50%) of rural women had small family size having up to 5 members, (55 %) rural women had nuclear family system, (45.00%) of rural women were doing work as agriculture, (45.00%) had annual income ` 15,001 to 20,000, (70%) of the respondents had high training need while about 20% of them had medium training need for income generation activities of rural women, (85%) training needs were in nursery establishment and the rest three components namely vegetable production, animal husbandry and poultry activities claimed more or less similar proportion of training needs. The relationship between independent variables and extent of training needs in conducting Income Generating Activities was significant with age, education, landholding, type of family, occupation and annual income.
Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 1, March 2020
Abstract :
Title: Perceived Constraints Affecting the Desired Performance of MGNREGA and Strategies for Improvement
Abstract :

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was implemented by Government of India (GOI) with the objective of enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment resulting in the creation of durable assets. Despite of the fact that huge allocations have been made by the central government for alleviation of poverty through MGNREGA, the standard of living of the people has not improved to the desired extent, and the employment opportunities for the youths are few and far between. Hence, it becomes imperative to identify the antecedent factors which unable to comply with the promises made during their introduction. The present study was conducted in the Imphal East and Churachandpur districts of Manipur. The data were collected from 108 respondents (100 were beneficiaries & 8 were functionaries of MGNREGA). The findings revealed that non-availability of 100 days of work, late payment of wages, underpayment of wages, non-availability of tools & worksite facilities etc. were the constraints perceived by the beneficiaries. While, constraints perceived by the functionaries of MGNREGA were scarcity of funds and non-acceptance of labor budget, failing to upload Management Information System (MIS) report timely and low Information Education Communication (IEC) campaign.

Title: Sustainability of Vegetable Farming Self-Help Groups in Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

Farming families in states like Himachal Pradesh face enormous hardship in sustaining livelihood from fragmented small and marginal landholdings. Vegetable farming-based self-help groups have emerged as a significant transformation tool for the rural economy in hills. Now it is possible to address farm problems in a group rather than struggling for individual farms. Vegetable farming-based self-help groups have paved a new path in rural economic development. Self-help group is a small economic venture at the village level. It can be defined as sustainable if it can work for its basic goal of development by meeting out all day to day expenditures without any external aid while creating profit, social upliftment of members and without deterioration to the environment that ultimately brings prosperity in a rural area. Knowing the sustainability of self-help groups helps in planning and executing rural development policies. Various researchers developed various tools to assess the sustainability of self-help groups but these tools do not fit well for all geographical areas with diverse rural communities. Present study was conducted in Himachal Pradesh to assess the sustainability of vegetable farming-based self-help groups. The study reveals that women farmers constitute a major portion of SHG framework, the average size of SHG in Himachal Pradesh was 14, and the majority of the groups had bank linkages. The majority of self-help group members were contributing above ` 100 per/month and generally held group meetings once a month. 80.00 percent of the -help groups were found with above 90 percent attendance in monthly meeting and family problem was a major reason for non-repayment of loan. Self help group capabilities need to be strengthened by more training, village-specific training content, and better financial management for planning group corpus. As a policy intervention, self-help groups require more training on maintaining records and financial management, which can enhance the scope for cross cross-learning between self-help groups where SHGs could learn from the experience of better-performing one.

Title: Employment Generation and Asset Creation through MGNREGS: A Study of Harirampur Block of Dakshin Dinajpur District, West Bengal
Abstract :

NREGA, enacted in 2005, forms the basis of a massive employment guarantee scheme, implemented throughout India, with two main objectives – to enhance the livelihood security of people in rural areas, and to boost the rural economy. It complies the former by guaranteeing unskilled wage employment to the adult members of the rural households who have volunteered willing to do unskilled manual work. The present study is based on secondary data from MGNREGS website, which is the On-line official website & records of Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Government of West Bengal and also Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. It reveals that the performance of Harirampur Block Progress Report during financial year: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18 & 2018-19 in terms of providing employment and generating assets to the rural households. Thus, this paper has critically analysed the progress of the programme for last four financial years. Analysis of data reflects that the programme has created huge employment opportunities in Harirampur block. It has also been successful in creating durable community assets as well as individual assets. The paper concludes with some suggestions for improvement for the both aspects.

Title: Socio-economic Empowerment of Dairy Farmers through Dairy Cooperatives with Special Reference to Mehsana District
Abstract :

Dairy cooperatives provide sustainable livelihood to millions of households in rural Gujarat. Largely, rural people engage in the farm as well as non-farming activities like animal husbandry and Dairy. The study has analysed the socio-economic Empowerment of member Dairy Farmers through dairy Cooperatives. The primary data have been collected from 200 Members Dairy Farmers in the Mehsana district by convenience sampling method. Google form was used for data collection. The tools used for the analysis were simple percentage methods. From the study, it can be concluded that Dairy Cooperative playing an important role in the social and economic development of member dairy farmers of the Mehsana District. Member Dairy Farmers contribute significantly to Dairy in Gujarat, their participation in dairy farming is considered as an important tool for alleviating poverty and enhancing the quality of life of the rural community.

Title: Socio-economic Status of Vegetable Growers in Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory
Abstract :

The present study attempts to identify the socio-economic profile of vegetable farmers of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir UT. The study was conducted in ten blocks of Jammu district. Data for the study was collected from a sample of 240 vegetable growers. The findings of the study reveal that, the 21.25% of the vegetable farmers were illiterate and 78.75 % were literate. Out of which maximum number of farmers have attend the education up to middle school 22.91 per cent. Among the sample about 65.83 per cent of farmers were marginal having less than 1 hectare land. As far as fixed resource structure is concerned, tractor constitute the highest overall average percentage 94.04 per cent with a value of ` 193542.00 while least percentage 0.31 per cent share was observed in knap sack sprayer with a value of ` 653.00. The study revealed that the livestock resource structure of the sampled vegetable firms shows the highest value in cow. The socio-economic status of the farmers can be improved by imparting technical knowledge/ training to vegetable farmers, increasing their education level and increasing their social participation.

Title: Usage of We-based Learning in Higher Education of Gujarat State
Abstract :

Today teachers in higher learning institutions are provided with a broad range of new teaching experience through web based approaches to teaching and learning which is not possible before through the traditional approach to the classroom. Now higher education students’ wants web based learning online studies. The present study is an attempt in this direction to study on Usage of the web-based learning by undergraduate students of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. The survey method was used to collect the data. The prepared questionnaires were distributed to undergraduate students who were studying in The Maharaja Sayajirao university of Baroda, Vadodara. From the findings of the feasibility study, it was understood that undergraduate students using the computer and internet for their educational purpose. Findings of the study revealed that the main reasons for using the internet were educational. A wide variety of usage of computer and internet was found among undergraduate students from being on paying fees, to collect study material, Use of plagiarism checker to reduce and so on.

Title: A Critical Analysis on the Status of Child Labour in Western Odisha in India
Abstract :

No civilised & equitable society can tolerate the denial of their rights to its children & lay claim to being called just “child labour”, thus is a shur on all of us & our sensitivity. Child labour is a very common global problem. Across the globe, to a lesser or greater degree, visible or invisible, admittedly or otherwise child labour exists. India is one of the examples of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour. From the time of independence, India has committed itself to be against child labour. In Western Odisha 79% of its population depends on agriculture and nearly 48% live below the poverty line. It is obvious that children are compelled to work in hazardous occupations and became vulnerable to occupational hazardous & diseases. This article explain the magnitude, causes & consequences of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour in Western Odisha. Here an effort has been made to analyse the status of child labours as well as other labours in Odisha. Identification of the area of concentration of child labour & evaluations of dimensions of the problem has been made.

Title: Impact of Junk Foods Consumption and Parents Concern for Children’s Food Habits
Abstract :
Food marketing to children is recognized worldwide as contributing too many health-related problems in children. Much of the research in this area has been carried out in the US, the UK and other developed countries that are fighting the obesity epidemic and other related health problems. But now this phenomenon is, however, not restricted to the developed world only, it is trickling down to the developing countries, such as India. Therefore, it is pertinent that necessary measures are devised and implemented so that Indian children may not face the same situation. At present, when governmental regulations are less forthcoming, and marketers are enjoying the potential offered by a vast and untapped market for western foods, it becomes imminent for the parents to intervene and protect their children from common effects of food advertising. Therefore, the present paper seeks to review the food marketing and parents concern for the food habits of their children. Design: Data were drawn as of consumption and action in the child, a population-based. Setting: children from 5 middle and high schools and household in Delhi Surveys Participants: A total of 200 children in results age of group 4–12. Variables Measured: region, Type of foods adds, Household Income, Parents education, Media, Eat at the restaurant, Favorite, foods, Household situation, Obesity, Diabetics and cardiovascular.
Analysis: Microsoft excel models with pie charts were used towards guesstimate links between TV advertising and junk food consumption, adjusting in favor of demographics.
Title: Basic Assessment on the Export Performance of Fish and Fish Products in India
Abstract :
Fishery is an important sector in Indian economy, provides employment to millions of people and ensures the country’s food security. At present India is contributing about 4 per cent share among the major marine capture producing countries in the world. The production quantity of Indian fish and fish products through inland and marine has increased over the years due to technological developments in production, captures, processing, distribution, transportation, and storage. This study assesses the export performance at basic level of fish and fish products from India. The global and national level data on marine products production, utilization and trade were collected from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) websites respectively. The results show that production of world fisheries & aquaculture, utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture products by human over the period from 1986 to 2018 has increased and the trade value of the export of fish at global level during the year 2018 is about 164.1 billion US dollars. China, holds the major share in marine capture production, followed by Peru and Indonesia. In India, Frozen shrimp remained the major export item followed by frozen fish. At present India is contributing about 4 per cent among the major marine capture producing countries in the world. India export majority of the marine products to United States of America, followed by China, South East Asia and European countries. Among Indian states, Andhra Pradesh is the leading exporter, followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Kerala. Thus, the performance in production of fish and fish products export shows an increasing trend at national level.
Title: Study of Human Factors in Rural Kitchen Design
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to study the work, worker, and workplace interfacing in the selected standing type of kitchens in Behbalpur village of Hisar district. The study was conducted on 50 women respondents from the age group of 24-47 years who were involved in kitchen activities for the last 2 years with at least 2 hrs daily. No separate counter was found for preparation, cooking, and washing activities. Only one work counter was found for all purposes with height and depth of x = 94.2 ± 4.44 cm x = 61.8 ± 7.8 cm, respectively. It can be concluded that the height of the counter was not adequate and was either too high (20.0%) or too low (38.0%) in more than fifty percent of the kitchens. Regarding the depth of counter surface, the mean value of counter depth was (x = 61.8±7.8 cm) significantly higher than the usual horizontal reach of women (x = 47.6 ± 5.9 cm). In all three groups, p values were less than 0.005 (5.82E-09, 2.3E-17, and 3.44E-10), representing the significant difference in means of each group, i.e., between counter height and standing elbow height, and between counter depth and horizontal reach(s).

Title: Social Support System in Overcoming Social Barriers: A Case Study of Adolescent Girls in Birbhum
Abstract :

Adolescence is a bridge between childhood and adulthood. The period of adolescence begins with the onset of puberty, a rapid change in physical growth accompanied by continuous sexual maturity and reaches to an end when individual assumes adulthood. The adolescents possess the tendency to experiment and attempt to push the boundaries and in this process they often indulge themselves into risky behaviors without having understanding of the consequences, which makes them vulnerable and it is a matter of concern. Adolescents constitute 21% of India’s population and number about 243 million. Total population of adolescents of 15 -18 years in West Bengal is 23, 68,519. Even with such high number of adolescents it is found that they have very limited space to share their point of view and concerns. Their needs especially of the adolescent girls remain unheard and unmet, making the condition of girl adolescents more vulnerable. Their mobility is also often controlled by others. So to meet the unheard needs, adolescents should have assistance from the family and society. Social support here plays a crucial role, which has been characterized from numerous points of view. It has a number of positive effects on the recipient, for instance, it influences self-confidence, sense of belongingness, self-esteem, and so on. In this paper by analyzing three cases the author has tried to explore how effective social support facilitates adolescent girls in overcoming social barriers in Birbhum district.

Title: Indexing: History, Concept and Practice
Abstract :

Indexing is as crucial an aspect in research as the content and its methodical approach guides scholars to find desired content efficiently. This article comprises an overview on indexing and various aspects the process entails from start to publication. Regarding the process, this article shares the rich history of indexing, the role of indexing agencies, indexing parameters and the different types of review methods most often used.

Title: Review on Emerging Dietary Pattern - Veganism
Abstract :
Veganism is the fastest growing food trend in western countries. It has also started to spread its wings in India. It is essential to ze and understand the nature, scope, advantages, and disadvantages of the system before it flourishes with unanticipated consequences. Limited literature could be seen on this emerging concept with an Indian perspective. Thus; this paper explores all possible impacts of the vegan diet on multiple aspects like agriculture, dairy sector, health, climate and environment, economy, and the emergence of new agro-based industries. Several national and international research and review articles, annual reports and internet contents were collected and reviewed for this paper. Vegan dietary pattern equally has both pros and cons in terms of health, environment, and economy. Thus most in-depth research and proper investigation are required to streamline the emerging concept to reap maximum benefits.
Title: Identification of Morphometric Relief Aspects case study of Kottur Block at Tiruvarur Districts, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract :

Morphometric analysis is part of geomorphological studies. It can provide vital clues concerning the landscape evolution. The present paper examines the implications different morphometric parameters. This parameters using find out the relationship proves its significance of relief development in this study area. The study area is extends between 10°94 ′N, 79° 55′ E to / 11°7’N, 79.62°E / 11.03; 77.13. It has an average elevation of below 5 meters. The study area locates in Thiruturaipoonditaluk, Thiruvarur district at Tamil Nadu, India. The study area has a plain terrain of alluvial soil, consisting of sand, silt and clay. The study Area located between Delta of Cauvery River and near to coast of Bay of Bengal. These study analysis of various drainage parameters namely ordering of the various streams and measurement of area of basin, perimeter of basin, length of drainage channels, drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage texture (T), Roughness index and ruggedness was determined. The total parameter analysis of this study area, overlays each and every parameter.

Title: Approaching Domestic Violence against Men in Iranian Context: A Qualitative Study from Tehran, Iran
Abstract :

Using qualitative method the current study attempts to examine Iranian men’s perception of domestic violence (DV) based on their own narrative. Fifty married men who had volunteered to participate in the study were interviewed. In this study the instances of DV towards men, its context, and the role of the police and the judiciary system were examined. According to the findings of the research, extracted from analysing the interviews, the instances of DV towards men were categorised into psycho-emotional, physical, sexual, financial, legal, social, and failure in homemaking duties. Regarding the formation of DV, the factors were identified in three levels: micro, middle and macro.

Title: Assessment of Efficacies of Different Skill Development Training Methods Organized by Rathindra KVK, Visva-Bharati
Abstract :

Training is one of the basic intellectual investment needed for Human Resource Development and as well as empowerment of a targeted clientele. Training as a systemic knowledge and skill enhancement and rejuvenation technique has been widely accepted by the Development Support Workers all over the world from very ancient times. However, the efficacy of any Training Programme depends on a multiple of factors both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature. The Training Methods refer to a combination of various instructional media used for conducting the Training to achieve the learning objective efficiently and effectively. The selection of suitable Training Methods is largely influenced by the Training Objectives, Subject Matter handled, participants’ nature, resources availability such as Time, Location and Budget, Organizational considerations and Trainers’ capability. The choice of the Training Method will also depend upon whether the Training is intended to develop a general or specific level of knowledge and skill. The participants’ learning style, their experience and size of the group are also some of the factors that are to be kept in mind while deciding upon the Training Methods. Keeping this background in mind, the present author and Scientist of the Rathindra Krishi Vigyan Kendra has decided to evaluate the efficacy of different Training Methods for Skill Development Trainings organized by the Kendra in two consecutive years i.e. 2016-17 and 2017-18. Here, this will be relevant to mention that the Rathindra KVK itself utilizes various Training Methodologies in its skill development training programmes. So, evaluating the efficacy of various Training Methods is in dire need. This becomes more of importance as the selection of appropriate Training Methods is important for an effective learning of the targeted Trainees. The selected trainees are from the same Category i.e. Scheduled Tribe (ST) and marginal farmers. Six Groups of the selected Trainees, each of 10 (Ten) farmers in numbers have undergone the six different types of Training Methodology viz. (i) Lecture Method; (ii) Group Discussion Method; (iii) Case Study Method; (iv) Field Visits Method; (v) Demonstration Method and (vi) Experiential Learning Method on the same Skill Development Training Topic and Training programme i.e. High Value Winter Vegetable Cultivation in the Financial Years of 2016-17 and 2017-18. The Trainee farmers ranked the Training Methods according to their own perception on various aspects of performance indicators of different training methods. In both the above mentioned Years, the Experiential Learning Training Method holds the First Rank in all the Performance Indicator Parameters as well as in the overall performance for assessing the efficacy of the different Training methods distantly followed by Demonstration Method and Field Visit Method in the second and third places respectively. The Experiential training Method may be the most appropriate Training Method for Skill Development Training because it provides a kind of experience which may easily lead participant trainees from the point of participation to reflection, draw conclusion and identify application points through hands-on approach.

Title: Study on Production and Supply of Quality Seed in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :
India has made significant advancements in agriculture in the last five-six decades, in which the role of the seed sector has been substantial. A superior quality seed increases productivity per unit area and helps produce uniform crops without any admixtures, which is important for obtaining high prices on the market. The majority of the population in Eastern Uttar Pradesh is engaged in agriculture, and it employs a significant share in the workforce and income of the population. The present study was taken with the objectives to study the country’s seed scenario with special emphasis on Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The study is based on secondary data and information collected from various sources. Three generation system of seed multiplication is followed in India. Total quality seed availability in India during 2018-19 was 398.88 lakh quintals. The share of the public and private sector in total seed quantity was 43:57. The data reveals that the increase in quality seed availability has a huge bearing on food grain production. Analysis of Seed replacement rate reflects the incremental trend in nationwide SRR in major crops and is due to combined efforts of varied seed stakeholders and adept policy backing. Eastern Uttar Pradesh has an area of about 8.88 million ha, which is around 35.5 percent of the total geographical area of Uttar Pradesh. The total population of Eastern Uttar Pradesh is around 8.25 crores which is 41.67 percent of the state population. The top five crops i.e., wheat, paddy, maize, lentil, and pigeon pea, occupied around 86 percent of the gross cropped area in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The cropping intensity and irrigation intensity of Eastern Uttar Pradesh are 157.99 and 150.74, respectively. The total certified, foundation, and breeder seed requirement of Eastern Uttar Pradesh is around 5747155 quintals, 162369 quintals, and 5296 quintals, respectively. In total, breeder seed requirement around 97 percent of requirement comes from four crops, namely wheat, paddy, gram and pea. The average annual breeder seed production of major crops under NARES was 1599.15 quintals against indent of 664.22 quintals. The average annual production of all classes of seed by NARES Institute was 17310.71 quintal in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The Eastern Uttar Pradesh produces sufficient quantity of breeder seed as per total requirement on the basis of acreage under paddy, Pigeon pea, and Rapeseed & Mustard. The seed production, availability, and supply scenario in Eastern Uttar Pradesh can be improved by strengthening participatory seed production technology, seed village scheme, and seed production under the Public-Private-Farmers partnership. There is also a need to follow the general system of seed multiplication from breeder seed to certified seed. Reduction in cost of seed production and availability of trained manpower in seed production, storage, and processing will further improve seed scenario in the area.
Title: Barriers to Health Care Facility Utilization & its Management in Women Giving Birth in Urban Muzaffarnagar, India
Abstract :

The Sub Saharan African countries constitutes nearly half of maternal deaths, and Southern Asian countries ranks as second of the total 85% death which occurs all over the world. Despite the fact there is rapid enhancement in the number of skilled health workers. There been a sharp increase of 53% in 1990 and 61% in 2007 in TBA utilization shows that the attention is being paid towards the management of labor services. But surprisingly, still the births take place without the assistance of trained health personnel in Southern Asian countries and in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study is toward the assessment on barrier to health care facility utilization and its management concerning to labor problems in urban Muzaffarnagar, India. The factor analysis was implied for the interpretation and analysis of the data. It was found the inadequacies in services as well as unawareness of services in almost all urban areas among the pregnant women. Monumental rise in the cost of services and corrupt behavior among the services provider rampantly found in the urban locations, inaccessibility of proper means of communication and also economic backwardness and low literacy became the impediment in the utilization of maternal healthcare services in Muzaffar Nagar, India.

Title: Sibling Relationship during Middle Adulthood Years: A Qualitative Analysis
Abstract :

The present investigation was an attempt to study the qualitative and in depth relationship among siblings of middle age through case study method. A representative sample of 20 middle-aged adults between the age of 40-60 years were selected from Udaipur city of Rajasthan state of India. These 20 respondents were selected from the main sample of 240 on the basis of all the five typologies i.e. Intimate, Congenial, Loyal, Apathetic and Hostile generated from Adult Sibling Relationship Scale. The results reveled that Loyal and Apathetic type of relationship between brother-brother dyad are guided by societal expectations, parental favoritism and property dispute that affected the relationship. Life transitions leads to congenial relationship among brother-sister dyad. Sister-sister dyad reported intimate relationship resulting out of emotional closeness. Sister-brother dyad showed hostility because of the discrimination and parental favoritism faced by sister during her childhood years. Results also highlighted that middle aged adults do confide in or share their matters with their sibling,but the sharing is mostly superficial.

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2020
Abstract :
Title: Study on Yield Gap in Food Crops and Commodity Potential in Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

The food production must increase substantially in pace with the population growth. However, the food production is limited due to land availability, climatic conditions, water resources, and many other biophysical factors. Quantifying the food production in every hectare is necessary to take counter measures to improve the yield growth. The yield gap is the variation between the average actual yield and the average expected yield. This study quantifies the yield gap in significant regions of the Tirunelveli district concerning Food Crops production. The study involves the historical information of Tirunelveli for a range of 20 years. This gap is likely due to degraded, less fertile soils, pockets of endemic cropping systems, and a low adoption rate of high yielding technologies by farmers. . The yield gap in India reveals the bridgeable gap to be quite broad. The districts are clustered based on productivity and the yield gap. The inferences will help to take necessary precautions to reduce the yield gap and keep pace with the demand and the supply of essential food crops.

Title: COVID-19 Pandemic and E-learning: Perceptions of Under Graduate Veterinary Students of Assam
Abstract :
COVID-19 pandemic has affected every sphere of day-to-day life and its impact on education has been severe due to cancellation of regular classes during the lockdown enforced for restricting the spread of the virus. E-learning has come up to be the solution for continuing the education during the pandemic. Although e-learning has fantastic features it has certain limitations such as unavailability of uninterrupted internet access in the rural areas and requirement of smart phones or computer. Therefore, an online survey was conducted to understand the perceptions of under-graduate students regarding e-learning during the pandemic and to gain valuable opinions of the students to further enhance the online teaching learning process. By using a questionnaire (with a set of 26 numbers of questions) in the platform of Google form, 282 numbers of responses from under graduate students of College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science of Assam Agricultural University were obtained. The findings of this study offer useful opinions and suggestions of under-graduate students regarding the E-learning process which will facilitate better and efficient usage of the E-learning system during the COVID-19 like pandemic.
Title: Relationship of Farmers Profile Characteristics with Adoption Level of CO 51 Cultivation in Tamil Nadu
Abstract :
Rice is estimated to contribute about 2.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India. Rice cultivation in Tamil Nadu is done in kuruvai, and samba seasons, Kancheepuram and Tiruvarur districts had a maximum area under CO 51 cultivation; these two districts were purposively selected for the study with a sample size of 300 respondents. The annual income can be sustained and increased through the adoption of high-yielding rice variety CO 51. It is possible through social participation that includes extension agency contact, which leads to undertaking training, and the educational status facilitates the same. The age of a farmer and the educational status will impact social contact, which is essential for moving out and establishing contact with extension agencies. The extension agency contact had a significant relationship with adoption in both the Kancheepuram and Tiruvarur districts. These factors, combined with credit orientation and farm size, plays a significant role in the adoption. Thus, with a limited scope on other fronts, the farmer has to necessarily raise production levels and adopt the latest variety, which has more yields. This study recommends the policies to build initiatives on widespread of an improved package of practices, which results in the adoption of rice variety, CO 51 cultivation.
Title: Contents Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2019
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Title: Effect of Public Distribution System Workers in Influencing the Women Street Vendors to Use Banks - Enabling Financial Inclusion
Abstract :

Women street vendors especially face tremendous challenges in terms of their financial security. Using banks for their financial transaction will give them respite from private money lenders, thereby leading to these ’’women’s’ financial inclusion in the society. To convince these women street vendors to increase their usage of banks, it is proposed to garner the help of workers from the public distribution system (PDS). It is hypothesized that these PDS workers will act as influencers in convincing the women street vendors (SVs)to use the banks in a better manner. Two sets of questionnaires were developed. Initially, one was administered to get their bank usage pattern and PDS workers were then requested to educate the Women SVs on the benefits of banks. After six months, the second questionnaire was administered to find any significant change in behavior with the same set of women street vendors. The effect of age and education level of the women SVs in accepting the advice of PDS workers to use banks is investigated using a Multivariate generalized linear model (MGLM). The results of the MGLM suggest that education level of the SVs has an evident and contingent influence on their acceptance of PDS worker’s advice, while age makes no significant difference. To compare whether the mean of the dependent variable (knowledge about bank) is the same or changed (change in knowledge about bank) before and after the PDS workers have educated the women SVs, paired-samples T test is used. Based on the results, it is concluded that the PDS workers make a difference in educating the Women SVs on the benefits and purpose of using banks. In order to find out exactly where the difference occurs between the groups a post hoc test is carried out. The outcome of the post-hoc test suggests that the impact of PDS workers is higher with the Women SVs whose education levels are lower. However, there is no improvement on the opinion in the women SVs whose education level is higher. It is suggested that policymakers use PDS workers to target women SVs with lower education levels to educate them on the benefits of using banks for financial transactions instead of relying on private money lenders.

Title: Anal Culture at a Glance
Abstract :

Manipur, often called “Switzerland of the East” is home to people of different castes, creeds, tribes and religions with distinct culture, tradition and heritage. The Anals are one of the first settlers of the 19 Naga tribes in Manipur. They have rich customs, cultures and traditions like other tribes of Manipur. Their culture is manifested in various aspects of their life. Their artistic and aesthetic sense and love of beauty are found in their various festivals, dances and music and in their arts and crafts. The Anal dances are performed during their colorful festivals, death ceremonies and sacrifices. Their songs are really enchanting. There are various type of songs composed by great heroes of the past, poets and singers. Culture provides us with guidelines that are learnt and shared among the members of a tribe or society, in the absence of which there would not be order in the society. In this paper, the author will discuss Anal cultural life focusing on the festive and customary aspects of Anal culture.

Title: Contents Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019
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Title: An Economics Appraisal of Lending Programme Organized By Women SHGs and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in Madurai East and North blocks of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu to assess the performance of self-help groups and cooperatives. A total of 120 respondents were drawn from SHGs and cooperatives for this study. Being a comparatives study of SHG and Cooperative, the study would also reveal the assistance to weaker sections as compared to Cooperatives. The SHGs have helped the beneficiaries to increase their income had increased by ` 24176.53, which is nearly eight times the pre-loan income. Repayment performance in SHGs is better than cooperative beneficiaries. The beneficiaries of SHGs gained additional 154.90 man-days in crop enterprise activity, 273.78 man-days in milk enterprise, and 235 man-days in petty shop business, while cooperative beneficiaries gain 35 additional man-days only in milk enterprise activity. A multiple linear regression fitted to identify factors contributing to the total income of the beneficiaries showed that the number of earning members, membership in SHGs, and ownership of milch animals significantly influenced the total income of the beneficiaries. Policy measures can be initiated for promoting the SHGs credit to help the weaker sections.

Title: Buddhism during the Bhaumakara Period: A case of study on Social life in Odisha
Abstract :

In this paper I try to highlight on the Buddhist faith and believe in ancient period. Especially Bhaumakara dynasty regime what is the social condition of the society specific reference to Buddhism. Many of the inscriptional and literary sources tell about social system of Odisha during the Bhaumakara Period. Many of the scholars study it but anybody not clearly mention which of the question raise this paper. The Bhaumakara grant tells various titles like Paramsaugata, Parambhattarak, Tathagata etc¹ but the scholar and historian analysis it the Bhuamakaras are followed and patronized Buddhism but many of the land grant goes to Brahmans. It is clear that the Brahmans are staying and maintain high class in the society. If In Odisha the Brahman are lived with a high standard living style so after the Bhaumakara fallen the Somyavamsi king Yayati I why calling the ten thousand Brahman from the Kanauj²? Another question is that if he calling for the Aswamedha sacrifice then why he donate village for the permanent settlement? The Study of Buddhist literature says that the One Buddhist monk defeated to Brahman on the Gospel (Sastra) discussion. After this gospel discussion five hundred Brahman converted from Brahmanical faith to Buddhist faith³. This paper is the based on the study of literarily and inscription sources and to get the answer to cast system during the period and increasing of the Buddhist follower. Further I try to this period can Buddhism emerges in the Brahminical faith? May this faith can effect of the social life of the people of Orissa.

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2020
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Title: Tokugawa Education System: To Build Up Modern Education in Japan
Abstract :
The success behind remarkable achievement of the rapid modernization of Japanese education following the Meiji Restoration of 1868 is the high standard of education which existed when Japan started to modernize her education by introducing Western theories and practices. The shogunate and local lords provided schools for their warrior to study the literary and military arts, while the common people attended the temple schools called terakoya in order to learn reading, writing and the use of the abacus. These were very popular at the end of the Tokugawa regime. The strong educational system of Tokugawa makes a new educational system was inaugurated in 1872 and provided the basis of today’s educational system in Japan. This article deals with various features of Tokugawa education system characterised by Chinese classics and Japanese abacus. The main objective of this paper is how the education of warrior or samurai in Edo period was considerable different from that of the mediaeval warrior and how to become a foundation of modern education system of Japan.
Title: Decision Making Behaviour of Women Entrepreneurs
Abstract :
In the present scenario, women are trying their level best to attain the quality of opportunity in various ways, which are different over the times and among society. They have steadily moved from the status of housewives to educated women, employed women and now women entrepreneurs. The dimension of decision-making is based on the individual thoughts. The may vary logically or creatively, based on situation. The business entrepreneurial decision-making approach focuses on the styles that women entrepreneurs choose the best among alternatives. There styles reflect a number of psychological dimensions. Hence, at this juncture, the women entrepreneurial action in the decision-making process gives different decision-making styles which improve the value of their enterprise. This decision-making styles creates the women as a potential entrepreneurial leader. The decision-making process business is crucial as it affects long term performance and sustainability. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the factors of entrepreneurial decision-making approach which influence the women entrepreneurs towards their entrepreneurial decision-making styles. To achieve the purpose of the study, 60 registered women entrepreneurs in Micro Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) were identified in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. Series of questions were asked through well structured interview schedule. More than half of the respondents received medium (60.00%) to high (31.67%) level of family support, more than three forth (83.33%) of the respondents possessed medium level of self-confidence, 70.00 per cent of respondents possessed medium level of competition orientation and more than half (51.67 %) of the respondents had medium level of information sharing behaviour. Majority (60.00%) of the respondents reported to be consulting with spouse and elders for decision-making. The study exposed the results that female entrepreneurs are not exposed in various business related activities hence they take risk in their business for investment decisions, they are somewhat conservative. Hence if they spend quality time and get better training about the different of different investment, schemes and loans, they will also take risks in investment activities.
Title: A Study on Historical Analysis of Murshidabad Silk Industry at Nawab’s Reign (1717-1757)
Abstract :

The word used in India ‘Silk and cocoon’ is in ancient Sanskrit literature indicates that India had a kind of silk-worm in very ancient time. From the philosophical evidence with of silk-worm in very ancient time. From the philosophical evidence with reference to silk thread in Mahabharata, the ‘Ramayana’ and the ‘laws of Manu’ it can be said that silk industry existed in India since before the Christian era. Various accounts of the history of silk in India claim that silk weaving in Bengal existed from ancient times. Records show that the silk weavers of Murshidabad were operating in 18th century when Nawab Murshid Quli Khan (1717-1727) shifted the capital of the Dewanee of Bengal from Dhaka, now in Bangladesh, to a new capital he built on the east bank of the River Bhagirathi and named Murshidabad. Murshidabad is famous for its cowdial saris made of fine mulberry silk with flat, deep- red or maroon borders made with three shuttles. The borders are laced with fine serrated design in gold zari. Murshidabad silks are also popular for hand-printed designs and other materials which are also printed with wooden blocks. Calcutta and Serampore in the Hooghly district are the main textile hand-printing centres in West Bengal. In this study we are trying to know the golden era of Silk industry at Murshidabad and the price of silk,business and patronized by Nawab’s reign on this industry and also the farmer’s condition. Once silk goods of Murshidabad were exported to the different countries of the world. In sixteenth century Murshidabad exported its silk product to the coasts of East Africa, Arabia, Turkey, Syria and other Countries (Majumdar, M. 2017).

Title: Life of Tribal Women in Kerala: Identity Psychosocial Disability and Social Exclusion
Abstract :
We examined identity induced psychosocial disability and social exclusion among 601 tribal women, recruited using multi-stage cluster sampling. The standardized were used to measure the variables of interest. The result showed that tribal identity, stigma, discrimination, social integration, conflicts in social relations, self-esteem and quality of social life have significantly differed between married and unwed mothers. Identity, stigma, discrimination, social integration, conflicts in social relations, self-esteem and quality of social life were significantly varied across different marital groups such as married, unwed mothers and widows. The study concludes that tribal communities exert and maintain control over unwed mothers through stigmatization and discrimination for social system maintenance. The tribal groups were collectively ill represented and they experienced significant level of psychosocial disability.
Title: Pre-Primary Education In Japan: Present Scenario
Abstract :
Pre-primary education has become popular strategy to protection drop-out from formal education of children all over the world. It has a strong and positive impact on further learning during the primary level and beyond. Pre-primary education is very important for the development of young children before they enter formal school. It helps in cognitive development of children at the early grades of primary education and it has strong bearing on attendance and participation of children once they enter primary school. So, protection drop-out from formal education of child is most necessary for a nation. For this reason pre-primary education is especially important for a nation. This article is about school younger children between the ages of three and five or seven, prior to the start of compulsory education. In this article I have investigated the role of governments of Japan in pre-primary schooling. The main objective of this paper is to study nature of pre-primary education, infrastructure, target group, curriculum, school activity and relationship among teacher, parents and student in pre-primary sector. This paper focuses how the daily activities and routines of Japanese preschool day constitute an unwritten curriculum for socializing children in the fundamental habits and attitudes of group life in Japan.
Title: Agricultural Extension Roles of Farm Scientist: An Empirical Study
Abstract :

Farm scientists working in a university must have to work with the goals of the organization. As per the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), farm scientists have to perform extension role along with teaching and research. The extension roles includes number of activities starting from writing farmer friendly literature to conducting training, visiting the farmers field and so on. The farm scientists are the driving force for the agricultural transformation. Keeping these in view, the present study was under taken among the farm scientists of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya of West Bengal. The result, of this empirical study revealed that, farm and home visit, training of farmers, demonstration in the farm fields were the major extension activities that were performed by the farm scientists on a regular basis. The major perceived constraints were inadequate modern scientific equipments, inadequate transport facilities, non-availability of labours during trial and demonstration, paucity of funds for research and lack of co-ordination among the scientists of various disciplines.

Title: A Comparative Study on Community Participation in Integrated Child Development Services Programme in Punjab and Rajasthan States of India
Abstract :
Realizing the great importance of bringing improvement in children and women’s health and nutritional status, Integrated Child Development Services (ICSD) Scheme was launched on 2nd October 1975. The objective of present study is to evaluate the community participation in ICDS programme in Punjab and Rajasthan Sates of India. In order to achieve the objective of the present study, a total 80 Village Sarpanches comprising 40 Village Sarpanches from Punjab and 80 Village Sarpanches from Rajasthan
selected for this study. It was found that near half 47.50% of the village Sarpanches in Punjab and half 50% of the Sarpanches in Rajasthan did not make any contribution to the AWWs due to various petty reasons like AWWs did not ask them for help, lack of time of Sarpanches and they did not know in what way they could contribute to the different activities of AWCs. It was extremely disappointing to find that a majority 57.50% of the village Sarpanches in Punjab and 60% of the Sarpanches in Rajasthan did not make any visit at all to the AWCs. A high majority 97.50% village Sarpanches in Punjab and all sarpanches in Rajasthan answered that they did not form any local committee to help the AWWs to conduct different activities and again a high majority 97.50% village Sarpanches in Punjab and 92.50% of the Sarpanches in Rajasthan admitted that there was no organization like youth club or village school teachers or voluntary organizations at the village level to help the AWWs.
Title: A Study on level of satisfaction among beneficiaries under Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) at regional hospital Nahan (H.P.)
Abstract :

JSSK is a Central Government Sponsored Karyakaram implemented in Himachal Pradesh. It has been started to provide better health services to pregnant mothers and children up to one year of age, to reduce maternal and infant mortality rate. However, it has been observed that about one-third of beneficiaries were not aware about this Karyakaram. In public health institutions (Hospitals) buildings were quite old; require repair of ante natal, postpartum and children wards including toilets. It has been found that the satisfaction level is better in relation to supporting services of the hospital specifically with the availability of transport i.e. National Ambulance Services (108), especially among the attendants of infants. However, there is enough scope to improve services, like housekeeping, drinking water, waiting and resting area for the attendants.

Title: Documentation and Digitalization for Access to Traditional Medicine Knowledge in Southern Odisha
Abstract :

Knowledge of traditional medicine is an integral part of the indigenous knowledge of local communities. One of the basic features of traditional knowledge is that it is unwritten and exists in the minds of the local people. It is transmitted orally from one generation to another. Documenting Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge (IMK) may help to preserve tacit indigenous medicinal knowledge. The present study is conducted in the Semiliguda block of Koraput District. It tries to explore the importance of documentation and digitalization of tacit indigenous medicinal knowledge and also analyses the inadequacy of the existing frameworks in protecting and enhancing access to traditional medicine knowledge. The study highlights how the collected plants were preserved in herbarium for identification and were identified with the help of local experts by following Haien’s Flora. Herbarium of specimens were prepared and deposited in COATS, Koraput. Thus it ensures access to traditional knowledge and information.

Title: Status of Women Empowerment in Barmer (Rajasthan)
Abstract :
Empowerment involves control and choice in power structures that exist in household communities, nations, and worldwide. Women empowerment involves their right to have the power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home, and the ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order nationally and internationally. Employment can be a source of empowerment for women as it provides financial independence and thereby identity in the society and power structure in the family. This study reveals the employment of women in Barmer concerning other districts of Rajasthan and various districts of Rajasthan. The demographic study gives us data about sex ratio too. The sex ratio indicates the status of women in society. The education of women is the most powerful tool to get a respectful position in society. This study noticed that the female literacy rate is lesser than the male literacy rate. The literacy rate of women also varies in different districts of Rajasthan. Although initiatives are undertaken for the development of education, employment status of women, there is a need to create awareness to achieve the desired goal of empowerment in the state.
Title: A Case Study on the Pati Making Crafts of Assam
Abstract :

Pati making is an age old eco-friendly craft of mankind. Although it is a traditional craft of Bangladesh, it finds an important place among the handicrafts of Assam. This craft is found in small pockets of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal in India. This paper tries to study the scope and limitation of the pati making tradition of Paharsingpara village of Goalpara, Assam.

Title: Epidemic of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Tea Plantation Women of Assam, India
Abstract :

Vitamin D deficiency is rising as a serious public health issue, affecting a major section of the population across the world. Considering the numerous health implications of vitamin D deficiency, it is of dire significance to identify this epidemic and work for its eradication. The women in the tea plantations are among the most vulnerable groups in Assam and are reported to have the highest mortality rate in the state. The present study is conducted to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among women in the tea plantations of Assam. An attempt is also made to study the factors correlated with the vitamin D status of women. 370 working women are selected from two tea estates of Assam. Serum vitamin D status is assessed. Socio-economic background, morbidity profile, sunning practice, substance (alcohol and tobacco) abuse pattern and dietary intake is obtained through a standard protocol. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency is at the rate of 69.50 percent. Vitamin D status of women suffering from disease conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic fatigue, and body pain is significantly lower than healthy women. A significant correlation between the vitamin D status and clothing pattern, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and dietary intake of the women is observed. This study extrapolates the urgency to recognize vitamin D deficiency as a serious epidemic prevailing among women. The various factors identified to exaggerate the deficiency need to be brought to light through proper awareness and health education.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2021
Abstract :
Title: Health Status and Health Seeking Behaviour of Oraon Female Adolescents in Jharkhand
Abstract :

Oraon is the second largest tribal group in Jharkhand, consisting of 20% of total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population. Despite their numerical strength, not much research has been conducted on the health status of Oraons. The confined geographical location, unique socio-cultural settings, and inadequate health facilities, are among various factors responsible for creating vulnerability among Oraons in terms of health. This study analyzed the health status and health seeking behavior among Oraons from their perspectives. The main focus of this study was on female adolescents since adolescence is an important phase in the life span of humans when they develop and rationalize various concepts about everyday life in context to health issues and health seeking behaviour. An in-depth qualitative study was conducted in Gokhulpur village at Nagar Panchayat in Sisai block, Gumla district for detailed understanding about notions on health issues that influence their health status and health seeking behavior. The health status of Oraons is highly influenced by their perception of heath and ill-health which is shaped by their culture. Regarding their health-seeking behavior, it can be contended that Oraon female adolescents rely heavily on traditional healer, the Bhagat. Such reliance was shaped by the cultural practices of the community. Analysis of field data suggests that for Oraons culture acts as a facilitator of maintaining good health care practices. Hence, this paper reinforces the role of culture as an important social determinant of health affecting health status and health seeking behavior of Oran female adolescents.

Title: Integrated Farming System in District Banda: A Micro Analysis
Abstract :
A multistage purposively cum random sampling technique was adopted for the sampling and data from 50 farmers of five villages from the selected district were collected and analysed using statistical tools to reach the below discussed results. It was found that the vegetable crop enterprises have given the highest net income of the different farms compared to other enterprises of the different farms like cereal crops as wheat and paddy, dairy, poultry and goatary etc. While cereals crop enterprises have given the highest employment of different farms compared to other enterprises of different farms. Among crops + dairy + vegetable based farming systems has given the highest average net income of different types of farms like as ` 128117.31, ` 165001.61 and ` 186147.39 on the marginal farms, small farms and large farms respectively; compared to other integrated farming systems models and crops + dairy + vegetable integrated farming systems models has given the highest employment 262 days on the marginal farms, 285 days on the small farms and 315 days on the large farms compared to other farming systems models. The average employment 287 days has given by this integrated IFS models.
Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020
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Title: Public service delivery in ‘Digital Bangladesh’: strategies and challenges of citizen outreach
Abstract :

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT), i.e. e-government has introduced an array of options of accessing government services and information on citizens’ own terms. These terms include citizens’ expectations of availing 24x7 services from anywhere through multiple channels at their convenience. To ensure more access to government services and information, Bangladesh, like other governments of the world, has taken several measures to implement e-government and in 2009 introduced the theme of ‘Digital Bangladesh’ (DB) integrating all the measures and initiatives of e-government under a single vision. One of the key objectives of DB is to ensure the technology-based delivery of services at the doorsteps of citizens especially to reach the unreached. In this context, the paper enquires about the emerging form of public service delivery network under the theme of DB particularly focusing on the strategic components like self-service web portal, Public Information Centers (PIC) installed at different administrative levels and cell phone-based applications. It also attempts to pinpoint the challenges that pose obstruction to the smooth realization of the initiative. The study concludes that in spite of the challenges the taken strategies play a seminal role in making the public service delivery more efficient and effective and thereby achieving the purpose of citizen outreach effectively.

Title: An Empirical Analysis on Relationship between Crop Diversification and Doubling the Farmers Income
Abstract :
In the past seven decades, the Indian government has given more importance to agricultural production and food security than the income of farmers. Most significantly, during the last half-century, India’s production of food crops multiplied 4.7 fold. However, the strategies could not identify the need to increase the farmers’ income, and there was no direct relation to support farmers’ welfare. The cropping pattern is also monotonically biased towards limited crops, especially rice and wheat in the green revolution period. Of the Indian total cultivated area, more than 30 percent of the area was under wheat and rice. Demand for high-value foodstuffs is on the rise in the 1990s due to increasing population, high-income growth, changing food consumption habits, awareness of the high nutritional value, and great emphasis on value addition and change in export policy. In this problem of background, the central government set an objective to double farmers’ income by 2022-23 to promote farmers’ livelihood, reduce farming distress and fetch parity between farmers’ income and non-agricultural professions. According to Niti Aayog, doubling real farmers’ income till 2022-23 as the base year of 2015-16 requires a 10.41% annual growth rate in farmers’ income. Therefore, strong methods are needed to harness all potential sources of growth in farmers’ income. To attain doubling the farmers’ income, there are three possible ways available (i) new development initiatives, (ii) new technology adoption, and (iii) policy reforms in agriculture. This research study is one of the possible ways to examine the divers of crop diversification and its impact on farmers’ income
Title: Un-accounted Violence: Women Domestic Workers during COVID-19 Funding
Abstract :

Northeast India was affected lately compared to the other parts of India in the first phase of COVID-19 in 2020. This had a devastating impact on the poor women who survived by doing domestic labor pre-COVID and during COVID times. Most of these women were independent working women, with or without supporting members in their families. There was unavailability and denial of essential services and resources, which made their situation worse. Since in India, a large number of female domestic workers are employed in private households. Female Domestic Workers generally workday long for wages that are below the minimum wage. There is no such safeguard to protect these domestic workers from exploitation and violence. This makes their work largely unregulated and denies them excess to fundamental rights with others. This paper focuses on the conditions of the domestic workers during the COVID-19. There is a need for the state and central governments to revise a draft law that complies with international standards.

Title: Cock Fight: A Symbolic View of Social Status
Abstract :

Cockfighting is an ancient sport that has deep roots in rural parts of the world as well as India and West Bengal. The bloody and dangerous sports of cockfighting as practised by the Santals people of Foringdanga, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Most of the fights were held in an inn that was specially prepared or in a cockpit. The Cock-fighters selects two types of fighting cock—one is called Desi Morog and another variety is called Pahari Morog. Only Santal males are participation in this game. Sometimes santal male child also participating with their fighting cock but Santal female cannot participate in this bloody game. It also has great symbolic significance to its practitioners and aficionados as an affirmation of high-status identity in an increasingly complex and diverse Santal society.

Title: Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in India: A Time Series Analysis
Abstract :

The purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamic link between government spending and economic growth for Indian Economy with the use of 44 years time series data and techniques. The empirical analysis of the study indicates the absence of short run causality between the variable in all the six models. The results showed that there is long run causality between Gross domestic product and Revenue expenditure in total as well as per capita term from GDP to Revenue expenditure. The study also found the Bi-directional causality from per capita total government expenditure and per capita Gross Domestic Product.

Title: Tribal Resentment on Land Assertion in Scheduled Areas: Pathalgadi Movement and Adivasis Rights in Sundargarh District of Odisha
Abstract :
The ‘principles of justice’ very well follow free thinking and problem solving and involve the pre-eminence of fairness and uniformity in society. The tribes, at the recent parameter of development, have lost their lands and livelihood due to rapid, irregular development projects with no outcome and massive displacement without proper and adequate rehabilitation and resettlement process. The Pathalgadi movement is introduced as illegal, anti-national, and Maoist-driven by the state administration led by the depressed tribals on tenacious land alienation as a democratic affirmation for realizing their rights as government negligence towards a balanced form of developmental perspectives. The paper analyzes the issues leading to tribals’ discontent and their struggle for democratic and self-governance based on constitutional provisions.
Title: Contents Volume 6 Issue 1
Abstract :

Contents Volume 6 Issue 1

Title: Way to Double Farmers Income through FPO
Abstract :
Agriculture is an important sector for Indian economy where around 70 per cent of rural population depends on farming and allied activities for the livelihood and majority (86%) are small and marginal. Though these farmers produce food of sufficient amount, the output receive isn’t worth satisfying due to various factors like lack of facilities-transportation, storage, processing. To empower the farming community and making them more stable and improving their conditions to make the agriculture selfsufficient, the concept of doubling the farmers income by 2022 was introduced. Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) is one of the strategies through which aim of doubling farmers income by 2022 is to achieve. 15-20 farmers interest groups (FIGs) at village level collectively form an organization which not only focus on developing socio-economic status of their farmers but also providing better market linkages and developing entrepreneurial skill and business plans of the farmers through strategic planning.
Title: Learning Outcome Based Education Framework (LOCF): Challenges and Implementation Issues in Context of Indian Universities
Abstract :

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has recently introduced LOCF for enhancing outcome-driven teaching and learning in Indian Universities. This study aims to identify the key issues that may pose challenges in effective implementation of LOCF in Indian context. The study, which is based on review of secondary sources and unstructured interviews with identified professors in the different academic subject-areas, traces the strategic issues that need to be addressed for implementation of LOCF. Based on the analysis, the study provides a conceptual model for implantation of LOCF in Universities.

Title: Sexuality Landscape of Modern Kerala: A Discourse on Male Social Gathering among Malabar Muslim Men
Abstract :

An enquiry that would light on the past of sexuality and the ways in which the contemporary is of sexuality is produced through its historical legacies. Sexual topics of any kind are avoided in polite conversation in India, and any talk concerning homo-sociality1 (male social gathering) is altogether taboo, especially in Kerala (even kiss of love). Here how Malabar became popular for the homo-sociality expedition and its nature and nurture is tracing out. Sketching the process of transformation from homo-sociality subculture to a kind of gay politics in Calicut (Kozhikode) is the focus of the study.

Title: Profile and political ideology of Azam Inqilabi (31 Dec. 1948…)
Abstract :

The Kashmir Issue has been boon of contention between India and Pakistan since 1947. It has not only posed serious security threats but has also resulted in the creation of a genre of Separatist leadership in Kashmir. Azam Inqilabi is one of the most senior Separatist leaders who has played a pivotal role in the rise and growth of Kashmir militancy. The present paper aims to delineate in detail the political ideology of Azam Inqilabi.

Title: A Study of Relationship Between Creativity and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Pupils
Abstract :
A Study of Creativity and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Pupils has been dealt with in this paper. The sample consisted of 100 students of different High schools in Kollegala Taluk. The basis of was Government- 50 Unaided-50 students. Research tool used in the study was “Bekar mahadiyar creativity test” the research tool has 3 types of activities. Coefficient of correlation and‘t’-test’ technique was adopted for data analysis. There is slightly positive relationship between creativity and academic achievement of 8th standard students and there is no significant difference creativity of 8th standard students between boys and girls, rural and urban students and government and aided school students.
Title: Poverty Criminality and Communal Violence in India
Abstract :

The India is considered as seventh largest country in an area wise and also the second largest countries in population wise. Being the largest demographic structure, it also represented diverse culture and tradition. Almost all the major religions of the world are borne and flourished in India. The prevailing socio economic upheavals from medieval period to British time and also foreign involvement of different countries in present time brought the country under various socio economic cries. One side there is poor management of limited resources, weak education system, illiteracy, superstition and uneven economic growth and development running in the country made the country meager. On the other side, there is also constant raising pressure of population on availability of limited resources, along with the false policies of government, put the country on the track of unemployment. Many educated youths feel the sense of deprivations and marginalization. In the same ways they have been engaged themselves in various criminal activities in the country. These criminal activities sometimes took shapes of various communal violence in the country. My attempt in this paper is only to discuss about the rising consensus of poverty, its causes and harmful effect on coming generation in reference to crimes happening due to various communal violence in the country. Moreover this paper also highlights the role of central government, its programs and policies for eradicating the poverty in the country. After analysising all the causes of poverty in India and its effects on coming generation, this paper also forward some suggestions that may overcome this burning problems in the country.

Title: Adjustment status of students in relation to intelligence
Abstract :

Adjustment is a process by which an individual varies his behaviours to maintain balance between his needs and environment. Intelligence is one among those factors which influence the adjustment status of an individual. The objective of the study was to know the adjustment status and intelligence level of college students and also to know the relationship between the two variables. The study concluded that most of the students either have average or below average level of adjustment and most of the students are average or above average intelligent. Above average intelligent students have better general, home, health and educational adjustment but in social and emotional areas of adjustment, both the above average and below average intelligent students are equally adjusted. Intelligence has shown a significant relationship with adjustment.

Title: Criteria for Resources Facilities for Inclusive School to Meet the Needs of Students with Special Needs in Lebanon
Abstract :
In Lebanon, even though the Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE) released a decre law number 9091, which details the public schools in Lebanon should be built upon, the decree doesn’t mention the criteria required for accessibility of learner with special needs. Thus, there is a need to come up with several criteria which meet the necessities of learners with special needs, which will help the responsible people while building inclusive pilot schools. This study is concerned with helping overcome the physical barriers by suggesting different criteria for inclusive schools. The data for this study was collected from private schools in Lebanon. In this study, the researchers analyzed the data quantitatively and qualitatively, which is used in the resource facilities. The results of this study cannot be generalized to all schools in Lebanon. Findings reveal that most private schools are not fully equipped with the essential criteria to meet the necessities of the learners with special needs. They still lack the significant criteria of building facilities and specially adapted rooms. The study is concluded by several significant criteria to be considered based on the previous literature obtained from different resources.
Title: Attributes Influencing Adoption of Health Care Scientific Dairy Management Practices among Tribal and Non-Tribal Dairy Farmers of Assam
Abstract :
The study was carried out to ascertain attributes (variables) influencing adoption of health care scientific dairy management practices among the tribal and non-tribal dairy farmers of Assam. Descriptive (survey method) was used as the study design. The study was conducted in the tribal and non-tribal villages of Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji district of Assam for a duration of 6 months during October, 2019 to March, 2020. A total of 240 (120 each tribal and non-tribal dairy farmers) numbers of respondents were selected for the study. Data were personally collected by interviewing the respondents with a interview schedule. It was observed that experience in dairy farming, extension contact, dairy farming attitude and aspiration level were identified as crucial in their contribution to total adoption and explained about 71 percent variations in the total adoption in case of tribal dairy farmers. On the other hand, in case of non- tribal dairy farmers, variables like age, herd size, land size, experience in dairy farming, livestock income, extension contact, knowledge and dairy farming attitude were found to be crucial in their contribution towards total adoption, which explained about 67 percent variation in total adoption. Therefore, a proper focus needs to be given in the common area of experience on dairy farming, extension contact and dairy farming attitude by the veterinary officials and government in those areas for improved health care of the dairy cattle.
Title: Re-evaluating the Changing Tune of Scroll Paintings in Bengal - Patachitra Artform
Abstract :
The uniqueness of our Indian folk artistry has an old age historical and habitual belief and carries with itself a rich aesthetics in the whole world. This traditional art practices require a specialized skills and perfection which has been passed on through generations. The art work of the artisans depicts diverse realities and myths in their own regional way. These artisans over the years have disseminated ethical values through their scroll paintings and have reached out to the inaccessible areas of our country. The cultural and traditional vibrancy of our tradition can be seen in this painting. Among this art form one of the famous art form are Patachitra paintings from West Bengal. This art has its own style and pattern of painting and expresses their own cultural identity, values and aesthetics. Patachitra art has a long history dated back to 2500 years and has contributed to the society through its audio visual scroll paintings narration. By just considering the Patachitrakars a folk art and a community practice in a defined region would not justify their uniqueness and undermine their contribution to the rural society and their role in keeping our old tradition alive and reaching out to the inaccessible areas of country and bridging the communication gap.
Over the period of time the Patachitra art form has shifted from oral and visual painting to just a visual paintings and the question arises that are we thinking about the sustainability of the uniqueness of this art form in the contemporary era. The demand of the contemporary situation has no longer confined the Patachitarakar to restrict themselves to their traditional periphery and forced them to transform their artform. The Patuas faced enormous problems and failed to compete with the liberalized market goods (Chatterjee, 2013). Other major drawback which made the Patachitra artisans more vulnerable was illiteracy and this artisans are living in situation of poverty, negligence and deprivation even after so many years of Independence. These artisans also lacked any major policy support from the government. The fast growing city life devalued the rural folk art work and this rural artisan found it difficult to find a safe and respectable space within any urban boundaries (Jefferson, 2014). At present the pressure are on these artisan communities either to preserve their tradition and uniqueness or to change as per the cultural shift and challenging globalized market. Hence, this study tries to focus on the issues and challenges faced by the present day Patachitrakars in terms of sustaining their own old tradition and for their own survival. The paper also tries to focus on the need of making the traditional art work as a source of livelihood for the rural artisans and preservation of our tradition through adaption.
Title: Foreign Uncontrollable Elements of Marketing: Roots of Cultural Forces
Abstract :

Among the uncontrollable elements of international marketing cultural forces are in the focus of the present paper. In the globalised world it is not enough to be familiar “only” with the geographical, economic, legal, infrastructural, social, etc. environment of the partner country. We should not forget, that we, people are different. This difference originates from our culture. Practice often proves that geographical closeness of the foreign market does not always equal to cultural closeness. It may happen that our product, because of cultural reasons, can be more easily sold in a faraway country instead of in any of our neighbouring countries. But what do we mean by culture? How can we define it? How it is build up of? How it works? How can it cause so extreme differences and sometimes unexpected similarities between people? Building on the research of recognised scientists we are investigating the origin of cultural differences and similarities.

Title: Socio-economic Characteristics of Farmers Practicing Rainfed Farming in the Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was carried out in the Kandi belt of the Jammu region. It was concluded that the average age of farmers and the family size in the study area were 41.40 years and 5.37. The minimum youngest member was found to be of 25 years, and of the maximum was of 90 years of age. As far as the land area was concerned, the minimum area was 0.25 acres and the maximum that of 15.00 acres, respectively. Average years of schooling were 8.95 (years of formal schooling), and the average land area was 2.72 acres. Therefore, the majority of the farmers belonged to small and marginal farmers. Farmers were engaged in the private job along with agricultural activities in majority. PM-KISAN scheme showed sufficient penetration among the farmers. 58.75 percent of the farmers were living under a pucca house and used LPG as the source of cooking. In the case of the fuel/source used for cooking, a maximum of the farmers were utilizing the LPG. With regard to the toilet facility, maximum employed the flush toilet, and still, a majority of them were used to defecate openly. 82.08 percent of the farmers were dependent upon the government hospital for medical services, and 55.83 percent of the farmers in the study sent their children to government schools. Majority (88.33 percent) of the farmers did not belong to any organization, and about 9 percent of the respondents belonged to one organisations.

Title: Status of Physical Environment and Land use Pattern in Rabindra Sarobar Lake Area of Kolkata
Abstract :
The Rabindra Sarobar lake ecosystem is playing a key role in maintaining the oxygen balance of the Kolkata metropolis by generating fresh oxygen. The Physical environment is considered as an essential part of a lacustrine system. Degradation
of environment largely affects the physical component. If the physical components are spoiled, then the entire system of the lake will get degraded. Water, air, soil, sound level etc. have been taken as the physical components of the study. Due to cultural activities and improper monitoring system practicised by the lake authority,
the physico-chemical properties of Rabindra Sarobar Lake are degrading over time. The total land and water area of Rabindra Sarobar is about 192 acres which is being used for sports, recreational and cultural activities. Holistic measures need to be
followed for improvement of the ambient air and the water quality of the lake area.
Title: Positive Psychology in Sports: An Overview
Abstract :

The paper study attempts to ascertain the importance of how sports benefit from being closely engaged with positive psychology. Further, relationship between Sports and positive psychology is explored i.e. understanding how two distinct disciplines work in tandem. The paper focuses on culmination of sports with positive psychology; moreover it enhances its scope from focussing anxiety, stress, burnout to developing a positive sports psychology that focuses more upon mindset, strengths, grit, mental toughness and resilience. Thus, this study is in a growing line of research that would help to better understand mind-body connection and how it may be possible to prevent what is wrong and focus on what is right.

Title: Classroom assessment in secondary schools in Nigeria
Abstract :

A purpose of secondary (High School) education in Nigeria is to prepare students for tertiary level education though not everybody that graduates from this level of education actually proceeds. Continuous Assessment is the educational policy in which students are examined continuously over most of the duration of their education, the results of which are taken into account after leaving school. It is often proposed or used as an alternative to a final examination system. It can also be looked at from micro and macro levels. At the macro level assessment is designed to collect information for purposes of certification and very often school assessments are integrated into results obtained for deciding on quality of performance in the examinations conducted by the examination boards external to the school. At the micro level assessments are conducted at the school level and these have been variously described as continuous assessments and school-based assessments. These assessments are used for determining progression from one class to another. The methodology employed in this study was derived from books, journals, archives, newspapers, reports, and the internet. This paper would attempt to show how well this has been done by highlighting the implementation mode, advantages of continuous assessment, problems, lessons learned and future directions in classroom assessments.

Title: Impact of roads on income and employment of rural households in West Bengal
Abstract :

It has been observed in several studies that lots of deprived communities are remote by distance, terrible road conditions, lack of or bust bridges and scarce transport. These conditions make it difficult for rural people to get their sell to market and finding jobs to place of work, to grip health emergencies, to admit children to school, and to obtain public services. In view of this, an attempt has been made in this study to consider the impact of rural roads on income and employment of the households in West Bengal. It has been found that better roads and railway systems lead to access and opportunities leading to diversified livelihood and accordingly diversified income are generated. The study also reveals that there is both quantitative and qualitative divergence in employment of the households between near and away from main road & rail station. The area which has high road and high population density positively influences the educational level too. Better access to education is materialised due to proximity of main road and rail station. The Gini coefficient is higher in case of those households who are near to main roads and rail station as well as a high Simpson index reflecting a diversified rural livelihoods mainly because of better access in income niche and implying a variation and heterogeneity in income.

Title: Whether Cultivation Cost is Rising or Profitability is Decreasing for Wheat Production? A case from Rajasthan, India
Abstract :
The cost of cultivation of crops is vital economic indicator being taken into consideration for framing the agricultural strategies by Government of India. The study used the cost of cultivation data for the period from 2000-01 to 2015-16 compiled from various sources and publications for profitability analysis of wheat crop. The study used the “Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in Rajasthan” by DES, New Delhi uses different cost concepts for estimating costs and returns. In the present study, the cost C2 was considered for computing profitability. Cost C2 in CCPC data covers all the variables and fixed costs. Net income and return per rupee invested on wheat crop had increased during the period TE 2003 to TE 2015. Farmers received 2.05 rupee extra after spending 1rupee cost on wheat crop in TE 2015. Total cost per hectare at cost C2 was found to be ` 20293.80 in TE 2003 and ` 50404.18 in TE 2013, it showed 148.37 per cent increase. Cost C1 had the highest percentage change of 149.79 per cent over the period. Cost A1 and cost A2 showed 129.05 and 125.58 per cent increase, respectively during TE 2003 to TE 2015. Gross income from wheat increased from ` 27378.01/hectare to ` 67796.52/hectare between TE 2003 to TE 2015 with 147.63 per cent increase in gross return.
Title: Stress Tolerance and Occupational Self-efficacy Among Teachers
Abstract :
Stress tolerance and Occupational Self-efficacy directly influence the performance of the teachers. Different sources of stress affecting the teacher are time pressure, low salary, workload, being evaluated by others, problems with co-workers, coping with novelty, administrative reasons, conflict of duties, and family problems. Occupational self-efficacy was measured among other groups such as factory workers (Çetin and Aşkun, 2018), doctors (Ramakant et al. 2016), nurses (Mahdizadeh et al. 2016), and legal professions (Teichmann et al. 2015). The present study was conducted on a group of teachers (160) from various types of schools (Govt. N-11, Aided N- 113, Private N-36). The primary objectives of the study were to examine the influence of gender and type of school on stress tolerance and occupational self-efficacy. The results revealed that gender did not have any influence upon both of these factors. But in the case of Occupational self efficacy, a significant group difference was observed. Teachers from the private sector showed a higher level of occupational self-efficacy than teachers from the government sector.
Title: District-Level Wealth-Inequality in Infant Mortality in India
Abstract :

Using data from population based surveys; it has been tried to examine the extent of district-level wealth inequality in infant mortality in India, considering the districts as the units of analysis. Analysis shows that there was significant variation in infant mortality among districts of India. About one-fifth of the districts had IMR of above 65 of which more than 65% districts are economically backward. The degree of wealth inequality in infant mortality was higher among economically backward districts than that of economically well-off districts. Results from regression analysis suggest that the factors such as female literacy, the proportion of households having toilet facility and female workforce participation rate are the most significant predictors of district-level variation in infant mortality. The proportion of households having toilet facility has a strong bearing on infant mortality, indicating that availability of basic sanitation would help in reducing infant mortality. The female literacy and female workforce participation rate have strong and negative effects on infant mortality. The magnitude of the coefficients for female literacy, proportion of households having toilet facility and female workforce participation indicates that the level of IMR would decline by 7%, 5% and 4% for every 10% increase in female literacy rate, the proportion of households having toilet facility and female workforce participation rate, respectively. It has been found that the level of IMR is likely to be higher in the northern region and Uttar Pradesh and lower in the southern region of India.

Title: Sustainability of Jhum Cultivation as perceived by the Tribal People of Tripura
Abstract :
Jhum/shifting cultivation is traditional land-use practice of North East region of India, is an ecologically and economically viable system of agriculture as long as population densities are low and Jhum cycles are long enough to maintain soil fertility. Population explosion resulted in reduction of Jhum cycle due to which, the resilience of ecosystem is interrupted and the quality of the land is
worsening day by day which is important to maintain the sustainability of Jhum. Hence an attempt has been made to know the perception of tribal people about the sustainability of Jhum cultivation. The study was conducted in Tripura and data was collected using pretested interview schedule. The result indicates that majority of the farmers perceived sustainability level of Jhum as medium followed by low and high. It is also revealed that number of family member involved in Jhum, area under Jhum, Jhum cycle and cosmopoliteness have direct correlation with sustainability level and contributed most for variation in sustainability level of Jhum. So these variables must be manipulated and farmers need to be supported by enterprises such as dairy, poultry, piggery, goatery etc. to improve their socioeconomic condition. This diversification can naturally promote sustainable Jhum by way recycling farm wastes.
Title: Pessimism in T.S. Eliot’s Poem “The Waste – Land”
Abstract :

This study aims to reflect the Pessimism in the poet: Thomas Steearns Eliot’s poem “The Waste Land” in which he represented both an assessment of the World situation in the time of World War I as he felt it to be, and a creative transformation of the world that is observed in the final section of the Poem.The Poem “The Waste Land’’ is divided into five sections under the title of :(I) The Burial of the Dead. (II) A Game of Chess. (III) The fire Sermon.(IV) Death by water and (V) What the Thunder Said.Each section is discussed and analyzed and then the researcher draws a conclusion that Eliot is:Not always pessimist.Eliot’s poem shows the society during the World War 1.

Title: Unorganized Workers in Beedi Industry: A Study on Women Beedi Rollers of Karnataka, India
Abstract :
Beedi rolling is one of the major unorganized sector activities in India, which employs a large number of women. The beedi industry is the fourth largest employers of workers in India, after agriculture, handloom and construction. The India’s Ministry of Labour estimates about 50 lakh workers in the beedi rolling industry, majority of them are home based women workers. On the other hand, the trade unions claim that there are over 70 lakh beedi workers. Women constitute a very high percentage of labour force in the beedi manufacturing. In this backdrop, the study has been
conducted in Dakshina Kannada district with a selection of 120 women beedi roller households for an in-depth analysis. In this paper, we analyse the income and employment generation in beedi rolling and explore the nature of health hazards experienced by the members of the beedi roller families in the study area
Title: Performance of Fruit and Vegetable processing under Food Sector in West Bengal
Abstract :

Food processing has been identified as a major thrust area in West Bengal’s future industrial development. Fruit and vegetable processing sector is one of the core segments under food processing in Bengal. Development of this sector is critically important to the expansion and diversification of state’s agricultural sector. It provides vital linkages and harnesses synergies between the two pillars of our economy, industry and agriculture. Bengal has huge potentials for the growth of this sector in the state. Since economic liberalization, several policy measures have been taken by union and state governments to promote fruit and vegetable processing in the state in particular and in the country in general. But such growth potentials are constrained by several factors. The processing of fruit and vegetable is still at a very low level in Bengal (2.8 per cent) as well as in India (2.2 per cent) against the highest post harvest losses (27 per cent). The main constraint lies behind this with infrastructure, technology, quality measurement and lack of farm-firm linkages. In view of the above facts this paper tries to examine the strengths of this particular sector in the state and highlighting on its existing constraints. The paper also made suggestions to achieve the future progress of this sector in Bengal.

Title: Road to Enduring Peace in CHT: A Post Insurgency Analysis
Abstract :
This paper analyses the historical events of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and an effort has been taken to identify the root causes of the prevailing tensions. The key argument is the fabricated history which is creating disparities in the understanding of the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and the tribal communities of CHT. Some vested corners and feudal classes always tried to do politics by exploiting the emotion of the general tribal populations of CHT. It has been observed that the tribal populations badly suffered in different times of history due to inappropriate decisions of their leaders; maximum times they moved against the flow and the course of actions they have decided was not welcomed by their counterparts. Sometimes personal interest of the feudal classes got priority instead of community well-being. In the early 1960s, the enormous sufferings of the mass tribal populationscaused by ‘Kaptai Dam’ was acceptable to Chakma Circle Chief Tridiv Roy. Although Bangladesh as a country was not responsible for any of the sufferings of the tribal communities in CHT, they started an armed insurgency movement against the GOB in 1976. After the peace accord in 1997, the insurgents did not deposit maximum of their illegal arms to the GOB as promised, rather there are four different fractions of tribal regional parties at present. All the parties are maintaining armed groups for area domination and easy illegal tax collections. Besides these challenges, there are enormous potentialities in CHT; if those are well-nurtured, there likely to have effective changes in the socio-economic and political sectors. In the upcoming days, the development and economic solvency of the general people might become a situation changer in CHT.
Title: Cognitive Restructuring Therapy for Psychopathology of Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract :

Cogenitive restructuring, or cognitive re-framing, is a therapeutic processs, it is a staple of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Ccognitive Rrestructuring Therapy (CRT) aims to help to reduce positive and negative symptoms through cultivating more positive and functional thought & habits. Present study is aimed to reduce positive and negative symptoms patents with schizophrenia using cognitive restructuring therapy. Method: five (5) patients with Schizophrenia were chosen from different inpatient department of RINPAS, Kanke using the simple random sampling technique. After taking informed consent from the patient, socio-demographic and PANSS were administered. All the five patients were assessed in pre-level and then after intervention of 18 sessions, they were assessed at post-level. Data was analyzed with the help of Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Result & Discussion: Results showed the significant differences in the areas; Delusion, Hallucination, Suspiciousness, in pre & post assessment at significant level of 0.01. In the study, it was found that application of cognitive restructuring therapy in the cases of schizophrenia has some effective measures in the areas of their positive and negative symptoms. Both positive and negative symptoms are resolves after application of cognitive restructure therapy.

Title: Social Engineering in Public Policies and Legislations: A critical discussion in reference with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
Abstract :
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was enacted with immense hope for paradigm shift and societal change ensuring legal protection of employment to rural citizens, especially to the marginalized section in India. But, the implementation of the Act shows a mix picture in general, though it shares a major portion of national budget allocation. It is now the proven fact that the Act is not being successful to provide social justice to the marginalized population relating to the issues concerning ‘right to work’, ‘demand for work’, ‘right to get timely wages’ ‘right to conduct Social Audit’ along with ‘right of planning –implementation- evaluation of MGNREGA’, creation of productive and sustainable assets for promotion of livelihood in rural areas. On the other hand, there is an increasing apathy on the part of people on the Act. questions about ‘how to regain the faith and confidence of citizens on the Act. overcoming the present deficiencies at various levels. The introduction of ‘Social Engineering’ in reshaping and overcoming the present field related hazards and limitations along with deficiencies in the legislation might be one of the probable solutions. ‘Social Engineering’ is comparatively a new concept in development field and today it has become a general task of each and every organization. There is also a global need of ‘Social Engineering’ in every sphere of development sector involving technical, economic and social aspects to deal with and achieving sustainability as an end result. However, this paper will focus on how “Social Engineering” is becoming instrumental in overcoming the barriers and strengthening the existing systems and mechanisms in MGNREGA. The present study is based on few Focus Group Discussions held under two Gram Panchayats of Mongolkote Development Block of Purba-Bardhaman district under West Bengal.
Title: A Study on Contribution of Formal and Informal Sectors in Indian Seed Domain: An Analytical Study
Abstract :

Formal and informal both seed systems prevails in the country to supply the seed to the farmers. Formal seed systems are deliberately constructed, involving a chain of activities leading to clear products (Certified seed of notified varieties). In an informal seed system, farmers themselves produce, disseminate and access seed directly from their own harvest, through exchange and barter among friends, neighbours, relatives and through local grain markets. The present study was taken with the objectives to study the contribution of formal and informal sectors and also contribution of public and private sector in the total seed supply to the farmers in the country. The study is based on primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was collected from 9800 farmers from 126 districts of 23 states. The results of study showed that breeder seed production in the country has increased from 0.94 lakh quintal to 0.99 lakh quintal, foundation seed production has increased from 9.60 lakh quintal to 18.00 lakh quintal and certified / quality seed has increased from 250 lakh quintal to 399 lakh quintal during the period 2008-09 to 2018-19. The average size of land holding of surveyed farmers was 2.36 ha while average size of land holding at National level is 1.08 ha. The analysis of secondary data showed that contribution of formal and informal sector in Indian seed domain was 54:46 for field crops, 64:36 for cereals, 29:71 for pulses and 44:56 for oilseeds crops. The overall contribution of formal seed sector has increased from 45 per cent to 54 percent during the year 2016 to 2018. The analysis of primary data showed that ratio of formal and informal seed sector was 64.20:35.80 for field crops 67.10:32.90 for cereals, 57.20:42.80 for pulses and 52.30:47.70 for oilseeds. Among different class of seed, highest share was of the TL seed (29.80 per cent) followed by certified seed (27.50 per cent) and foundation seed (6.90 per cent) for field crops. Higher share of formal seed sector in total seed supply of field crops show the concentrated efforts of public and private sector in seed supply. The findings of the present study is crucial for future planning towards quality seed supply through formal seed sector.

Title: Do You Know That You Can Know Personality by Handwriting?
Abstract :

This information about handwriting helps a person to know personality, character, and mind-set of himself/herself and even to know their friends, family friends and others. This is a basic introduction for graphology. In this article, we will find out brief information about what is graphology, history of graphology, uses and limitations of graphology, difference between graphology and handwriting analysis and some facts about handwriting.

Title: A Thematic Review of Social Audit in India
Abstract :

The crisis situation everywhere in the welfare sector in the country demands something new ways to combat. Social Audit may be one of the probable solutions. Whereas the private institutions doing Social Audit for their own reputation in the society, the government intends to stop the leakages in welfare services with gradual empowerment of the service providers and service users in the country. Irrespective of the nature - public or private, the essence of Social Audit lies in the interest and honesty of the organisations. In government sector, this requires a massive consciousness among public, besides top to bottom bureaucratic and political will with improved methodology with ethical values to achieve the desired goal.

Title: Activity Based Learning System in Higher Education: A Student Centred Approach
Abstract :

Higher education is considered to be the apex in all educational endeavors. It is imparted by universities and other institutions of higher education & research. It embraces teaching and learning for the promotion of faculties and research attitude among students. It mainly focuses on knowledge creation and its dissemination. Apparently, teaching, learning and research are considered to be the core activities in higher education. Besides, there are some associated activities which seem to augment the outcomes and effectiveness of higher education. Such activities include instruction and instructional mechanism, learning activities, campus environment and infrastructure, innovations and interventions etc. Therefore, a university teacher should involve students in learning process through activities aiming to inculcate academic & social skills among them.

Title: Contents Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2019
Abstract :
Title: Health Status and Health Seeking Behaviour of Oraon Female Adolescents in Jharkhand
Abstract :

Oraon is the second largest tribal group in Jharkhand, consisting of 20% of total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population. Despite their numerical strength, not much research has been conducted on the health status of Oraons. The confined geographical location, unique socio-cultural settings, and inadequate health facilities, are among various factors responsible for creating vulnerability among Oraons in terms of health. This study analyzed the health status and health seeking behavior among Oraons from their perspectives. The main focus of this study was on female adolescents since adolescence is an important phase in the life span of humans when they develop and rationalize various concepts about everyday life in context to health issues and health seeking behaviour. An in-depth qualitative study was conducted in Gokhulpur village at Nagar Panchayat in Sisai block, Gumla district of Jharkhand for detailed understanding about notions on health issues that influence their health status and health seeking behavior. The health status of Oraons is highly influenced by their perception of heath and ill-health which is shaped by their culture. Regarding their health-seeking behavior, it can be contended that Oraon female adolescents rely heavily on traditional healer, the Bhagat. Such reliance was shaped by the cultural practices of the community. Analysis of field data suggests that for Oraons culture acts as a facilitator of maintaining good health care practices. Hence, this paper reinforces the role of culture as an important social determinant of health affecting health status and health seeking behavior of Oran female adolescents.

Title: Study on Utility and Revival through Community approach in Sundarbans Mangrove
Abstract :
Mangroves are salt tolerant group of tropical plants that generally grows in the inter-tidal zones of land and sea. The Sundarbans is the world’s largest mangrove forest covering Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta of India and Bangladesh. It protects the coastline of Bangladesh, and West Bengal of India from different environmental catastrophes and act as means of livelihood for numbers of people
of both the countries. The population of mangrove species is declining rapidly due to continuous deforestation by the wood pirates, mafias and some other causes. Mangroves are normally propagated by seeds which are usually vivipary in nature.
Seeds are buoyant and hence short and long distance dispersal occurs by tidal water. Attempt was made to propagate some of the true mangrove plants artificially. Nursery was raised collecting seeds in different ways. Vegetative propagation like cutting and layering were also tried and proved successful but tedious and
time consuming.
Title: A Critical Analysis on Major Problems Faced by Reelers and Weavers of Silk Industry at Field Level in Murshidabad District of West Bengal
Abstract :
Once silk goods of Murshidabad were exported to the different countries of the world. In sixteenth century Murshidabad exported its silk product to the coasts of East Africa, Arabia, Turkey, Syria and other countries (Das, R, 2015). Then came Dutch, East India Company and captured the silk business in this district. The company used to purchase silk yarns from the reelers and exported them to the Western Countries for producing silk products and gradually the company acquired full control over the silk production in the district. Murshidabad has a rich cultural heritage and the art of hand weaving formed its integral part. But now a day’s both the sector i.e. reeling and weaving sectors are declining day by day. The present study highlights 9 major problems in reeling sector and 7 major problems in
weaving sector. The study reveals that above 93 % releers are complained about the lack of raw materials. The study also indicates that in only 20-33% successor of present are interested in this reeling sector and in weaving sector it is only 28%. The study also reveals that 90% -100% reelers and weavers are not satisfied for their wages. These are some the major problems which are responsible for declining the sectors in our district. The study also highlighted some future strategy to overcome the situation so that the “Murshidabad Silk” can regain its past glory.
Title: Creativity and Impulsivity among Deaf and Dumb Children: A Correlational Study
Abstract :

The present article tries to investigate the relationship between creativity and impulsivity among deaf and dumb students. Participants were deaf and dumb students of standard V to X of Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh. Random sampling was used to select 100 participants from two randomly selected special school. Impulsiveness Scale (IS) developed and standardised by Dr S.N. Rai and Divergent production abilities (DPA) scale developed and standardised by Dr K.N. Sharama were used for the present study. The survey method has been adopted for the present study. Random sampling technique has been used in the study. The result indicates a negative relationship between creativity and impulsivity.

Title: Teaching of the Scientific Method in High Schools in India
Abstract :

The Scientific Method is the tried and tested way we conduct a scientific enquiry. It is the basis of our insight into understanding natural phenomena and human-engineered processes. As eloquently put by Goldhaber et al. [1] “The  scientific method  is a body of  techniques  for investigating  phenomena, acquiring new  knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge”.  

Title: Market Driven Agribusiness Education in Agricultural Institutions for Sustainability
Abstract :
Under the given circumstances the agribusiness courses offered by agricultural
universities/ institutions need a market orientation for sustainability. The institutes should be sensitive to students’ and industry needs by identifying the target agroindustry, trade or services enterprises and co-coordinating with them in course structure design. This will also make the courses commercially viable and sustainable. The industry focus can give them an edge in the market if some experimental learning is facilitated by placing them in specific industries in the last semester over and above the usual summer training as a part of the course as is done in some leading institutions. The institutes should provide functional area managers to the concerned trade and industrial units who should also be capable to manage independently small business units and entrepreneurial ventures. On the-job training is very helpful for developing such skills to make the students self dependant. Since the PG students in such courses come from B. Sc. (Ag.) stream they are technically conversant with most of the agricultural specialties but lack seriously in managerial orientation and leadership qualities. They are also found to be deficient in communication and soft skills. Added emphasis should be given on these components. They have to be made better managers in addition to being good technocrats. A package with an outsourcing of such modules through collaboration with professional management institutes may do wonders for the conventional institutes. Such leading institutes may also offer teachers’ training for preparing the faculty to take the challenge themselves in future.
Title: A Study on the Performance of MGNREGA in Manipur
Abstract :

Being premised on the planks of inclusive growth, livelihood security and democratic empowerment as envisaged in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the state of Manipur is implementing the scheme with the mandate to provide at least 100 days of demand based guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work and creation of durable social assets in the process. In this backdrop, the present study examined the performance of the scheme in that state with respect to extent of employment generation, efficiency in work completion rate and efficiency in fund utilization through analyzing official records of 7 years between 2008-09 and 2014-15. During the period under study, a total of 3228861 number of job cards were issued of which the share of backward communities (ST and SC) was 53.83 per cent. In terms of social category wise employment generation, the shares of backward communities and women were 69.58 per cent and 42.37 per cent respectively. However, there remained a gap of around 5.39 per cent in the matter of employment provisioning as against actual number of job card holding households deserving the benefit of employment. The shabbiest parts of the scheme were detected in the forms of provisioning of 100 days employment to only 7.39 per cent of job card holders and failure to complete 95.55 per cent of the undertaken works by scheduled time. This calls for playing of more responsive role by the state authority so that very purpose of MGNREGA is not defeated.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2021
Abstract :
Title: Status of Social Audit Process for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 in Chhattisgarh
Abstract :

Social audit is a requisite tool under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to monitor and evaluate the works that are being carried out under MGNREGA, in line with annual village plans. MGNREGA play a helpful role to reformation local governance and transforming social defense into social justice. By analyzing the Social Audit mechanism under Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act, this paper explores how Social Audit process is effectively in Rural Employment. The basic objective of a social audit is to ensure public accountability in the implementation of projects, laws and policies. Primarily envisaged as only post implementation exercises, they have actually now emerged as a way to empower poor and transform social-political structures in the villages. Section 17 of the MGNREGA Act provides for conduct of regular ‘Social Audits’ at different stages of implementation of the scheme to ensure the reach of benefits to the poor. To strengthen the process of social audit, the Ministry Rural Development has notified the Social Audit Rules in June 2011 and made it mandatory to establish an independent Social Audit Unit to facilitate the Social Audits in Gram Panchayats and to ensure the proper implementation of various Rural Development Programs. We examine the accuracy and performance of Social audits process in Gram Panchayats of Different District in Chhattisgarh.

Title: Interference of L1 on the L2 Oral Expression of Undergraduate Agricultural Students in terms of Transfer of Rules
Abstract :

Interference of the mother tongue (L1) is inevitable in the second language (L2) learning. This research study was taken up to look into the first language interference on the oral expression of undergraduate agricultural students of Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute (ADAC&RI) Tiruchirappalli, one of the constituent colleges of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), India. The scope of this study is restrained to identifying how the first language interferes with students’ spoken language in terms of transfer of rules. Ninety-eight sophomore agricultural students (34 boys and 64 girls), whose mother tongues are Tamil (85), Telugu (8), Malayalam (3), and Kannada (1), have been involved in this study. Two recorded audio clippings were received from each student through google classroom, and they were analyzed in terms of transfer of rules. The results suggest that L1 influences 69% of students in terms of ‘transfer of rules’ in grammar, 46% in ‘redundancy’, and 18% with ‘zero interference’.

Title: An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Nature Worship and the Preservation of Environment in Some Parts of West Bengal in India
Abstract :
In India, especially in the state of West Bengal, there is a tradition of environment preservation in the form of nature worship. A study has been conducted, through primary level field survey, among the indigenous people and the villagers of several districts of West Bengal in India to find out whether there exists any relation between nature worship and the preservation of the environment. The author observed that some particular trees and animals are worshiped by the indigenous people and the villagers of this state. These trees and animals were identified as sacred and people started worshiping them from time immemorial. The author tried to identify the different components of nature that are worshipped by the people residing in different regions of the state. The purpose of the study was also
to find out whether the identification of sacred grooves had any relation with the beneficial qualities such as economic and medicinal values of that particular tree.The present study revealed that only those trees which have medicinal properties were identified as sacred grooves and incorporated within the religious activities of the indigenous people and villagers of the state. The author also observed that sometimes the religious practices in this region had evolved not out of scriptures but out of necessity and have an important role in the preservation of environment. The author argues that along with the Joint Forest Management programme of the Government, worship of trees has a significant role in preservation of forest in rural areas of Bengal.
Title: Educational Status of Tribals of Jammu & Kashmir: A Case of Gujjars and Bakarwals
Abstract :

Education as a means of advancement of capacity, well –being and opportunity is uncontested and more so among communities on the periphery. In India, marked improvements in access and to some extent in quality of education in tribal areas have occurred and stem from various government and non-government initiatives. However, the number of out-of-school children continues to be several millions mainly due to lack of proper infrastructure, teacher absenteeism and attitude, parental poverty, seasonal migration, lack of interest and parental motivation etc. The scenario of tribal education is no way different than other states in Jammu and Kashmir. In Jammu & Kashmir the overall literacy rate of the Scheduled tribes as per the census 2001 is 3.7percent which is much lower than the national average of 47.1percent aggregated for all S.Ts. Though various efforts have been made by the government for the development of education among tribal communities but much more still needs to do. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the existing educational status of two prominent tribal communities of Jammu and Kashmir- Gujjars and Bakarwals. The study has been conducted in five tribal villages of district Anantnag. 124 households were selected with the help of stratified sampling for the survey. The study apart from presenting the existing educational status of Gujjars and Bakarwals in the area also provides suitable recommendations for the development of education among these tribal communities.

Title: Social Works Perspective on Policy Making
Abstract :
Social Policy entails the study of the social relations necessary for human wellbeing and the systems by which wellbeing may be promoted. The social policies to which societies give birth may be understood as the way in which any particular society recognizes and gives expression to the interdependency of its members. Today
social policies are huge, expanding, fast changing aspects of government. Good social service policy requires special knowledge and expertise. Today most public policy makers have no direct experience in social service /work and as a result they lack firsthand knowledge. Helping professionals, or for that matter clients and
consumers, would bring needed knowledge and experience to public policy making. An understanding of social policy is vital for engaging practically with social work values, dealing with political and ethical questions about responsibility, rights, our understanding of ‘the good society’.
Title: Contents Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2018
Abstract :
Title: The Digital Divide and Demand for Internet Services by Middle-aged Adults in Mankweng Township in Limpopo Province South Africa
Abstract :
This study assessed the demand for internet services by middle-aged adults in Mankweng township in Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study was conducted in two parts of the township (Units B & F). The aim of the study was to assess the demand for internet services by middle-aged adults and to establish the underlying challenges faced by these adults related to accessing the internet during the Covid-19 pandemic era. The research was conducted by assessing the level of internet access, and evaluating socio-economic aspects influencing the use of the internet by the sampled people. Qualitative research was used to conduct the study and interviews were the data collection method. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was executed to analyse data. The findings revealed that most middle-aged adults are aware of internet services but experienced digital divide challenges of internet access and use. Internet access and usage are still low in Mankweng. This study offers recommendations for improving the awareness, adoption and use of internet services by these adults to enable them to work from home (WFH), access e-health and e-learning services.
Title: A Critically Review of Pakistan Education system compare with Iran Education system
Abstract :

This paper compares the education system of the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan by critically reviewing secondary sources of data related to both the countries. It examines and compares the history, laws on education, school levels and structure of the education sector, universal primary education, quality of education, language and the education of women of Pakistan and Iran. This comparison reveals how Iran has achieved rapid growth in its education sector especially after the Revolution while Pakistan lags far behind Iran in all realms of education. Hence, this paper also serves to highlight the current situation of the educational system of Pakistan and the flaws that it suffers from.

Title: Economic  Valuation  and Causes of Degradation of Pong Dam Wetland of Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

Wetlands are the most productive ecosystem on the earth. The Pong Dam wetland is one of the largest man-made wetland in Himachal Pradesh. The local people adjoining the Pong wetland also exploit the wetland for crops production, fishing and as such provide a significant role in their household system. Keeping this in view, the present study has been planned. The two-stage sampling design was employed for the selection of the sample. The sample consists of 80 households. The collected data were analysed by using suitable analytical tools. The literacy rate of the family members of sampled farms was quite high i.e. around 79.40 per cent. The average size of holding was found to be higher among agricultural farmers (0.5 ha) as compared to fishermen (0.07 ha). The sampled farms maintain a livestock unit of 3.83 (SAU). The total income of sample farms was ` 2,54,575. On an average 2.11, 1.36, 1.20 numbers of cattle per day per farm were grazed during summer, winter and rainy seasons respectively in owned land followed by 1.72 in summer and 1.48 in winter seasons in wetlands. The time spent for grazing of animals on the wetland was noted 2.95 hours per day per farm. The total quantity of grasses consumed by animals per farm during grazing was 1038.69 kg from the wetland, 749.06 kg from CPR lands and 972.77 kg from own land. The estimated income contribution to the sample households from wetland was ` 94,213. It was accounted for 59.65 percent of the total farm income. The sample households were willing to pay for different economic activities and management of wetland. The higher proportions of sample household were willing to pay ` 100-150 for these activities. The coefficient of multiple determination in the case of willingness to pay indicated that 74 percent of variation explained by the chosen explanatory variables. The variables like net sown area, household income, the share of income from wetland to the total income and awareness about benefits from wetland were the factors influencing significantly to the willingness to pay. The result of Hedonic regression model revealed net sown area, the share of income from the wetland, education level and awareness of benefits about wetland were significantly affecting the wetland income. It was suggested that to reduce the dependence on wetland for crop cultivation and pressure of chemicals farmers should be provided irrigation facility to grow cash crops on owned lands. Since the fishing business is adopted by the large population, therefore, the royalty and commission charged from the fishermen should be reduced and facility of the mechanised boat at subsidised rate should be provided to fishermen to enhance their efficiency and income of fishermen.

Title: Inner Cry of Nuns – A Projective Analysis
Abstract :
The whole new era of psychology in psychological testing is attempted to investigate various psychological components of religious life. People doing social service and religious activities are known for their sacrifices and support to humanity throughout the world. Nuns and brothers have made their presence felt everywhere. The ultimate goal of nuns and brothers to serve and promote humanity. The present study is an explorative study which attempts to understand the personality profile of nun in India. The total number of participant is 28 considering the difficulty of obtaining the sample. The sample was collected from Gurugram and Delhi. The somatic inkblot series (64 Images) is used for the profiling of Nuns. The finding indicates that there are repression in Erotic imagery, aggressive content and preponderance of human relations.
Title: Energy Economics and Resources in India: An Overview
Abstract :

Energy economics’ is a branch of applied economics. In this paper, energy economics tools are used to analysis demand, supply and other aspects of energy sector in India. Issue of non-renewable resources and increasing gap between demand and supply in the major concern of today. India has to tackle this problem with diversification in energy mix and by increasing domestic production to decrease the rising bill of the import on the country. It has to lead with sustainable energy supply and rapidly increasing economic growth.

Title: Evaluating Self-help Groups: A Village Level Analysis
Abstract :
Self-help groups have become very significant in promoting savings and income generating activities in Indian villages. The rural district of Birbhum has numerous such SHGs working successfully. The paper has focused on some such SHGs and tries to analyse their success and factors behind their success. The paper utilizes village level data to evaluate the self –help groups to bring out the situation in the district of Birbhum. The paper also analyses the scope for social work intervention in the process of formation and functioning of the groups.
Title: Model Village Development in Indian Himalayan Region: An Overview of Initiatives and Activities
Abstract :
The rural landscape in India is in need for radical transformation right up to the remote Indian Himalayan region which is already engulfed with many environmental and economic problems. Bringing out the transformation is even more challenging because the Indian Himalayan region is vulnerable to natural disasters like cloud bursts, flash floods, earthquakes and climate change driven by anthropogenic activities. The article explores the concept of eco- smart model villages as initiated by our societal change leaders and how till date they are being practiced and propagated as they serve as milestones for welfare of states and for transforming rural development in India. The most successful eco-smart model villages are described along with their attributes for success. The examples of famous eco- smart model villages show that local change leaders, community participation and financial support in the form of government schemes can revitalise rural development. Thus eco- smart model villages hold the potential to bring about transformation in rural development in India and Indian Himalayan region in particular.
Title: Problems Faced by the Participant Farmers in the Training Process: A Case of Climate Risk Management Training in Agriculture
Abstract :

Training is a process of enhancing the capabilities of a person to utilize a specific technique or technologies. But various problems hinder its effectiveness. This study tried to investigate the problems faced by the participant farmers in training process on climate risk management in agriculture and to determine the factors that influence their problem orientation. Data were collected from the trained farmers of selected three unions of Nalitabari Upazila of Sherpur district of Bangladesh during April to May, 2015. The sample size of the study was 65 trained farmers and it was drawn from a population of 65 using total population sampling technique. For collecting quantitative data structured interview schedule wasused. Majority of the farmers (60.0%) had faced medium problems during the training process.“Lack of personal incentives to training” got the highest score and the first ranked problem for the farmers. Besides this, “Biasness in trainee selection”, “Lack of adequate resources”, “Lack of motivation and encouragement by other farmers”are some major problems faced by the farmers. Gender, farm size, access to information sources and attitude towards training were among the farmer’s characteristics found significantly correlated with the problems faced by them with only gender showing positive relationship. Among them access to information sources alone explained 27.2% of the variations to the extent of problems faced by the farmers was confirmed by the step-wise multiple regression analysis. However, attitude of farmers towards training and farm size also contributed significantly to explain the variation. A proper planning from Government with a better information dissemination system and access scope should be provided to the farmers to make the training given by different organization more effective.

Title: Micro Credit in Rural India with Reference to Poverty Reduction and Women Empowerment
Abstract :

Microcredit is a vehicle of change and helps in transforming the lives in rural areas. After the commencement of the Grameen bank in the field of micro-credit, it started to emerge throughout the countries. Self-Help Group (SHG), a homogeneous group of ten to twenty members, gets the micro-credit from the bank without any collateral. Under NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) previously known as Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), the micro credit to the SHGs helps not only in reducing poverty through the establishment of micro enterprises but also in bringing women empowerment for social change. NRLM functions as an engine for financial inclusion in the country. It aims to reach out all the rural poor families and to link them to sustainable livelihoods opportunities besides to strengthen the social mobilisation of women and excluded groups through the process of SHG-bank linkage. The role of microcredit helps to reduce poverty by enabling the poor household sustainable self-employment and skills wage employment opportunities besides it promotes to financial inclusion. It also nurtures entrepreneurs and provide skills for the job market. The sustainability of SHGs depends on the five principles or called panch sutra which includes regular savings, regular meetings, regular accounts, regular repayments and adherence to terms and conditions.

Title: Social, Economic and Ecological Factors Influencing Cassava Farming in Nigerian Rural Context
Abstract :
This study examined socio-economic and ecological factors influencing cassava farming, various products and benefits of cassava farming, challenges facing cassava farming, and governmental interventions geared toward promoting cassava farming in Nigerian rural context. Descriptive explanatory research design was adopted to collect primary data from cassava farmers in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select study sample, using semi-structured questionnaire and indepth interview guide as research instruments. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The results demonstrated that various socio-economic and ecological factors influenced cassava farming in the study location. Also, findings showed that there were several final products and bi-products of cassava that served various socio-economic benefits. Lastly, the findings revealed that majority of the cassava farmers had not received any government intervention. Among the minority who had received government interventions, it was gathered that financial support, amenities and equipment, as well as seeds and new species were the major assistance rendered by the government. The study concluded that there were various socio-economic factors influencing cassava farming in the study location and recommended that soft loans, access to land, basic amenities and farm implements, small scale investment in cassava farming and favourable policies should be considered for cassava farmers especially in Nigerian rural areas.
Title: The Doctrine of Muhammad Hakim Tirmidhi
Abstract :

Hakim Tirmidhi is well-known Sunni jurist (faqih), traditionist (muhaddith) and Sufi master in the world. When discussing the problems associated with sufism, Hakim Tirmidhi had written various opinions that have been argued upon by numerous researchers while elaborating on their various thoughts over time until this present day[25]. These various opinions and views found in the heritages of Hakim Tirmidhi were compiled to discuss the problems associated with “sainthood”, “gnoseology”, “awliya”, “hukama” (sages), “ulama” (scholars), aql (intellect), “Hikmah”, “qalb”(heart), “Stations of the Heart” and etc. Thus, there is a need among researchers to examine and understand the methods used by the Hakim Tirmidhi in explaining these words in opinion[24]. This article analyzes the heritage of Mohammed Hakim Termizi, one of the most influential thinkers in the history of intellectual development. Evidence is given that the development of integrity and systematics in his reasoning has reached to the point of doctrine.

Title: Partners and Priorities for Bangladesh: Development Aid Effectiveness
Abstract :

From 1980s onward donors are increasingly focusing on sector based programmes and development assistances with interest-bearing loans to concession-based finance as well as conditional aid to unconditional grants. Recent trends under different aid modalities support that the priority sectors for Bangladesh are education, health, agriculture, rural and urban development, infrastructure and energy, environment and climate change adaptation, gender and development, and good governance through public sector reform initiatives including the macro-economic reform efforts. Presently both the aid modalities and sector based programme outcomes are central to the debate on aid effectiveness in Bangladesh. Considering the above mentioned aspects, the current round of studies on aid effectiveness is focusing on the overall effectiveness of the development assistance in Bangladesh following the qualitative focused synthesis method. This research article has tailored a historical retrospective analysis of the development assistance in Bangladesh, followed by a subjective assessment of donors, critical analysis of civil society of the recipient country and the balancing analysis of the recipient government on the aid effectiveness.

Title: How Does ‘Geography Matter’ when the ‘World is Flat’: Re-Understating Core-Periphery through the Technological Variability in West Bengal
Abstract :

The study has significantly identified that locations are critical to impact ICT access as well as the usage which further manifested as digital inequalities. It shows how the individual-level operational and attitudinal disparity along with access inequality complement the previous analyses and theories where it has already been observed that there are prominent rural-urban distinction in ICT adoption and also variations among different urban centres. It is found that not only the material access decline from a core urban location towards its peripheries, but the functional diversity and intensity and the attitude towards the ICTs also display a similar pattern. The pattern among the individuals from a rural or an urban residence also differs significantly. However, the gap is higher in case of a comparatively developed region than a less developed where the overall penetration itself is poor.

Title: Social Construction of Gender in School
Abstract :
This paper was written as a part of writing a conceptual paper in the sociology course, to particularly understand the ‘social construction of Gender in school’, during post graduation. This therefore does not effectively include empirical data, but I have brought in some experiences as a researcher/ teacher/ student and most critically as a woman to try understanding how social construction of gender takes
place in school.
Title: Incorporation of Fenugreek and Sesame Seeds for Alleviation of Menopausal Symptoms
Abstract :

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of phytoestrogen rich foods to improve menopausal dietary quality in alleviating menopausal symptoms. A total of n=1000 women (aged 35-48 years) were scanned. Of these, a sub sample of n=30 women, based on their severity of menopause rating scale (was obtained from the Professor Heinemann from Center of Epidemiology and Health Studies in Berlin) were purposively enrolled. To these subjects nutrition health education (NHE) was provided for 2 months (reinforced at 15 days interval), focused on sources of phytoestrogen and importance of consumption of phytoestrogen rich foods. Before and after NHE intervention data was collected for serum level of gonadotropin hormones (FSH and LH) estimation and menopause rating scale. The study revealed that in urban Vadodara 17.1% had menopause related symptoms. The baseline data for women in perimenopause state (n=30) showed the 24% were obese, 20% were overweight, 8% were undernourished. After intervention daily consumption pattern of phytoestrogen foods has increased from 6.9% to 15.2%; and that for the fenugreek seeds increased from 12% to 24% and for sesame seeds increased from 11.5% to 48%. The menopause rating scale was reduced from 0-32 to 0-17 after intervention. The improvement in consumption pattern of phytoestrogen foods has effectively shown significant reduction in the severity of symptoms for forgetfulness, swelling and weight fluctuation (p=0.01). The results of serum gonadotropin estimation showed that mean FSH was reduced from 18.03±5.01 to 10.95±3.55 and mean LH from 19.95±4.92 to 14.1±4.55, though this was not up to a satisfactory level. Phytoestrogens being nonsteroidal compounds with estrogenic activity showed a significant reduction in alleviating menopausal symptoms.

Title: Advancements and Changes in Public Administration Discipline: Compliance with Bangladesh Perspective
Abstract :

The present research is to review the ongoing advancements of Public Administration as an academic discipline and its compliance in Bangladesh. Eleven Public Universities were picked purposively for this examination. Course syllabi of every University for session 2016-2017 have been gathered as a unit of analysis. Public Administration as a discipline experienced numerous progressions and advancements forward and backward. This order extended incomprehensibly in Bangladesh in the 21st century. Aftereffects of the investigation uncovered that considerable rates of courses spread fundamental studies of Public Administration. Alongside that New Public Management and New Governance worldview are additionally being engaged in every university. Despite a huge spotlight on positivist abilities still there are some frail paradigmatic introduction for expert aptitudes like; leadership, interpersonal and negotiation skills.

Title: Promoting Inclusiveness and Participation in Governance: The Directions of Electronic Government in Ghana
Abstract :

In Ghana, there are more mobile phones than people and there are more people connected to the internet than people in schools1. In spite of this, ICT tools have not been optimized to contribute to development. E-Government as a tool for ensuring inclusiveness and participation in governance in Ghana is characterized with challenges such as inability to fulfill the basic prerequisite for e-government development which includes minimum technological infrastructure, conducive environment and human capital. This paper attempts to assess the e-Government initiatives of Ghana; e-Government projects in Ghana, success stories and failures, IT visions of administration and the future directions of e-Government in Ghana. The emergence of the concept: e-Government in Ghana can be linked to the effort of the Ghana government to ratify and adopt an ICT policy in 2003-Informations and Communication Technology for Accelerated Development (ICT4AD). A cursory look at the Ghana e-Government initiatives reveals that Ghana is making considerable strides in allowing citizens and businesses to access and pay for services through an online network infrastructure. Renewal of driving licenses, clearing of goods at the port, business registrations, paying of taxes, public procurement and NABCO applications has been made possible through Government of Ghana electronic portal. This study dwelled on mainly secondary sources of data from peer reviewed journal articles, government policy documents and web sources. The study found that, Government of Ghana has exhibited commitment with her attempt to digitalize governance in Ghana. However, this paper also acknowledges the fact that the attempt by the Government of Ghana to digitalize the public sector of Ghana has not been rosy. Improved network and ICT infrastructural facilities should be extended to rural communities as a foundation for e-governance accessible to them, awareness, education and proper training session should be held to educate personnel of public sectors about benefit of e-governance, installation and maintenance of ICT gadgets in public sectors in Ghana to facilitate smooth implementation of e-governance services, proper security checks must be improved upon to restore peoples’ confidence in transacting or dealings through e-governance, extensive advertisements and publication of e-governance must be embarked upon to create awareness of the e-governance services available in Ghana.

Title: Tribal Rights and Protective Legislations in Odisha - An Overview
Abstract :
One of the most marginalized communities in India vulnerable to poverty and
exploitation are the Adivasis. Despite provisions in the Constitution and enactment of several laws by the central as well as by the state governments to protect their rights and interests the Adivasis continue to remain at the bottom of the development index, suffer exploitation and deprivation in various ways. Even after six decades of developmental planning high incidence of poverty still found among the Scheduled Tribes. In the state of Odisha which contains a sizeable tribal population around 73 per cent of Scheduled Tribes were estimated to be under below poverty line in 1999-2000. In rural areas of the country they continue to face multiple disadvantages and lack access to land, education, institutional credit and markets etc. In fact since independence the main objective of the policy & planning in India with regard to the development of tribals and other backward communities has been to uplift the communities especially from oppression and backwardness in order to bring them to the mainstream of national life. The inroad of ‘alien’ outsiders in the tribal tracts, their stranglehold over the resources like land and forests in collaboration with the government and the loopholes in the laws enacted for the protection of their rights and the lack of awareness among the tribals regarding such provisions have contributed to the present plight of the
tribals in Odisha especially in making them impoverished and deprived.
Title: Media, Conflict and Tourism: Insights from Kashmir
Abstract :

Once known for its natural beauty and called as heaven on earth, Kashmir is torn between two nations of India and Pakistan. The verdant green forests, sweet springs, perennial rivers, picturesque, alpines scenery and pleasant climate of Kashmir valley has remained an internationally acclaimed tourist destination. But unfortunately, conflict and instability in Jammu and Kashmir have been a major hindrance to its development and progress levels. Tourism is identified as the engine of growth and Development of Jammu and Kashmir economy in general and Kashmir valley in particular. The development of tourist industry can have a significant impact on the overall growth of the state, because of its ability to create direct and indirect employment, as well as growth in allied industries. Tourism will likely contribute to the growth of secondary sectors such as handicrafts, which have historically benefitted from visitors to the state. As tourism is widely recognized as a major mechanism of employment generation, especially in the service sector, holds significant role for poverty alleviation and unemployment in the state. Kashmir being an important tourist destination in India and elsewhere has witnessed downfall because of the ongoing unrest especially during the last two decades which has hindered the smooth growth of tourism industry. The tourism in the whole state was affected badly due the conflict, tourists stopped to visit Kashmir. All the tourism stakeholders were in loss and the unemployment increased swiftly in the state as a whole due to the turmoil in the Kashmir and created negative image of valley in the minds of tourists. Tourism around the world is considered as a noteworthy device of advancement and in the current past it has demonstrated its potential by rising as the quickest developing Industry contributing around 9% to worldwide Gross Domestic Product 8.7% of aggregate business. The present paper investigates the impact of conflict on the tourism sector in Kashmir and followed by some suggestions and recommendations aimed at optimally exploiting the potentials of Kashmir tourism in the fast improving socio-political scenario.

Title: The Unquenchable Quest for Beauty
Abstract :

In this beauty-crazed superficial world where surgically enhanced and digitally airbrushed media images have become an unquestioned standard, millions of men and women are selecting surgical treatments to enhance, minimise, nip and tuck just about every inch of the body. But when cosmetic procedures are met with little satisfaction, and fuel the desire for more surgical enhancements an underlying psychological cause may be to blame. This paper aims to understand the surge in the requests for cosmetic surgery by evaluating whether there is any connection between body dysmorphic disorder and addiction to cosmetic surgery

Title: Challenges in Quality Higher Education with Special Reference to Women Education
Abstract :

In the 1970s, struggles by women around issues of domestic violence, women’s employment and livelihoods, communalism, representations in the media, etc., provided the impulse to women’s studies, which has been referred to as the ‘academic arm’ of the women’s movement. Critical inquiry into the structural and cultural bases which characterise the maintenance and reproduction of patriarchy in India at the familial, community and state levels have been carried out by women’s studies scholars. Women’s studies gained well-earned legitimacy within academia firstly through state support for its institutionalization in the 1980s, and more significantly, through the substantial contributions of feminist scholarship to the so-called mainstream disciplines. By questioning the value-neutrality of disciplinary perspectives, pointing to exclusions and invisibility, recovering women’s voices and concerns from the margins, and often from outside the pages, of mainstream academic discourse, and constantly unveiling and exploring the complex relationship between power and knowledge, women’s studies have engaged directly with the politics of knowledge.

Title: Value Orientation in Higher Education: Problems and Prospects from Sustainable Development Perspectives
Abstract :

The field of value education is as broad as human life itself. In India during Ramayana or Mahabharata period values were taught to the child along with formal education in Gurukuls, where Guru or Priest teaches the students at their Ashrams through different methods and prepares them to face the life. In modern days Gurukuls were replaced by the formal schools and colleges which are providing the formal education. Not only schools and colleges but family, society, mass media and other means of communications also affects the learning of child and act as an instrument for incorporating essential values in child. Values can be transferred in students through hidden or unplanned method but curriculum plays an important role for providing value based education. In view of the above, an attempt has been made in this paper to find out appropriate methods and approaches for value orientation in higher education through Value Based Education (VBE). Accordingly, it has been also tried to study the role of teachers in promoting VBE to the students for sustainable development. It has been observed that providing value based education to our children in higher educational institutions can help us to overcome the problem of deteriorating moral values in our youth. Collaborative efforts of parents, teachers, society and media can bring the youth on right track to live a disciplined life. So far as social progress is concerned value-based education is an unavoidable reality.

Title: Job Competence and Job Performance of the Extension Personnel of the Department of Agriculture in Tripura State of North-East India
Abstract :
The main concern in human resource development in agricultural extension organization is the improvement in the performance of the extension personnel. For enhancing the competence and performance of the extension personnel it is very important to delineate the factors responsible for it along with the level of job competence and performance. A study was conducted in Tripura state of northeast India and data was collected from eighty extension personnel [40 Agriculture Officers (AOs) and 40 Village Level Workers (VLWs)] by using structure interview schedule. The findings of the study indicated that most of the AOs had high level of
job competence whereas; most of the VLWs had medium level of job competence. AOs had expressed high level of job performance whereas, VLWs had medium level of job performance. 
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2018

Title: Food Security Status at different Levels and Opportunities for Course Correction in Odisha State of India
Abstract :

This paper reflects the status of food security at different levels – global, country (India), and state (Odisha) based on the secondary sources of data and information. It tries to find out feasible and sustainable measures to ensure food security for all at the country and state level. Also, the paper diagnoses the relationship between food security and sustainable agriculture, exclusively. Our learning is that despite sustained economic developments, poverty reduction and targeted policy efforts, there has not been substantial progress in reducing food insecurity and malnutrition over the last decade and at all levels in terms of comparable socio-economic indicators. Food-grain production has slowly gone up, but the rising population (at country and state level) has made per capita food-grain availability lower. The paradox of food insecurity could be in the inherent flaws in the existing policies and implementation bottlenecks together with the weak public distribution system (PDS) including lack of required infrastructure to safely store and distribute food grains. Hence, to ensure food security for all, strategically designed programs need to be implemented with a strong monitoring system, creation of required rural infrastructure (roads, transport, market, communication, cold storage, grain banks, etc.), strengthening PDS, controlling rapid population growth, ensuring education for all etc.; besides developing and implementing precision agriculture technologies.

Title: Women Need More Protection through MGNREGA: Role of Gram Sabha and PRIs
Abstract :
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is the central government scheme in response to the constitutional provision of
Directive principles of state policy (DPSP) and specially manifested right to work and means to promote livelihood security in India’s rural areas by providing 100 days work in a financial year. By generating employment for women at fair wages in the village, NREGA plays a substantial role in economically empowering women and laying the basis for greater independence and self-esteem. The most distinguishing feature of MGNREGA is its approach towards empowering women citizen to play an active role in the implementation of the scheme, through gram sabha, panchayat raj institution and participatory planning. But the MGNREGA
can’t turn out to be a major instrument for galvanizing panchayati raj institution
in India due to lack of mobilization of disadvantaged group like women, cultural non-acceptance of female participation in the labour force, non-parity of wages, non-availability of worksite facility, non-involvement of self help group & civil society organisation and non-implementation of an indispensable tool like Right to Information Act 2005 which are highlighted in the paper. The paper concludes with some policy suggestions by which women should be kept in forefront for planning, implementing and evaluation of the MGNREGA programme.
Title: Ensuring Rural Livelihood Security through MGNREGA: A Study in District Mewat, Haryana
Abstract :
The present development mandate in India is to ensure livelihood security as a legitimate policy commitment. This perspective is well rooted and reflected in the design of MGNREGA. The foregoing paper based on a field study conducted in Mewat, a backward district of Haryana, analyses the livelihoods context in selected
villages and determines the effectiveness of this Act within wider livelihood strategies of rural poor. A concurrent mixed method research design has been used and perspectives from different stakeholders have been taken into account. The livelihoods analysis has yielded information on a plethora of constraints in terms of inadequacy of physical infrastructure, amenities, human and natural capital in the study area. The potential of this Act though found incipient, but the findings are also suggestive of the change it can bring to the rural edifice of this district, provided livelihoods oriented interventions are carried out in a participatory and
sustainable manner.
Title: Environmental Education Awareness and Attitude Among Teacher Educators Vipinder Nagra
Abstract :
Environmental education is one of the sustainable tools being promoted to prevent further degradation of environment. Positive environmental attitude plays prominent role in enhancing its scope as well as improving the quality of the environment. Keeping this view in mind the present study was conducted to identify the level of environmental education awareness and attitude of 202 teacher educators in relation to their residential background and subject streams. Results revealed that teacher educators had average environmental education awareness and attitude level. Insignificant differences were observed in environmental  education awareness and environmental attitude in relation to residential background while significant difference was noted in relation to subject streams. A moderate positive and significant correlation was found to exist between environmental education awareness and environmental attitude of teacher educators.
Title: Probability of Success of a Batsman for Scoring at Least Fifty Runs in any One-Day International Cricket Match
Abstract :

This paper develops a method for assessing the probability of consistent batting performance of the batsmen in the ODI cricket by using the Competency Levels of the batsmen. The Competency Levels of seven contemporary batsmen of Team India are computed on the basis of the ratings of 52 cricket fans on the skill and attitude components of the batsmen. Thereby the Probability of Success of each batsman for scoring at least fifty runs in any ODI match is computed against the numerical value of his Competency Level. The Rate of Success of the batsmen for scoring at least fifty runs per ‘effective opportunity’ in ODI cricket matches is calculated from statistical data of past performances of the batsmen. There is a strong positive linear relationship between the Probability of Success and the Rate of Success having Correlation Coefficient r=0.8709. This paper has a capacity to encourage the selectors of cricket teams for using the concept of the Probability of Success instead of the statistical records of performances in selecting batsmen for their teams.

Title: Deprivation Consequences among the Rural Oldest Old
Abstract :

‘Deprivation’ the term commonly used in social sciences that refers to a situation in which people feel themselves deprived, either in comparison to other people or in comparison to own previous condition. On the other hand, the term ‘oldest old’, generally used to refer to the population aged 85 and older, was coined for a 1984 session on this population in the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). However, in India the term ‘Super Senior Citizen’ is used to designate the elderly people above 80 years of age in case of income tax assessment. The oldest old subpopulation in India is growing much faster than any other age group and due to their physical incapability they fall in peril situation which make them more dependent on others for their needs of financial support, medical assistance and social services etc. Therefore, the ‘oldest-old’ or ‘super senior citizen’ is that group of people who are the sufferer of deprivation. The author of the present paper aims to highlight the deprivation consequence among the oldest old population residing in the rural areas of Medinipur Sadar Block under Paschim Medinipur District. The deprivation consequence has been described on the basis of the first hand data collected by the author on the Financial Support, Living Arrangement, House-hold Chores, Physical Mobility, Main Source of Care and Measurement of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of the oldest old population under study area.

Title: Evaluation of Village Stay Module (VSM) of Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), India
Abstract :

This paper analyses the effectiveness of the village stay module (VSM) of the Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), India. VSM as part of RAWEP is intended to give direct exposure to the Agricultural students in the socio-cultural settings and the life of the farming community. The study was conducted as expost facto design in the five locations where VSM of RAWEP of KAU was conducted for five consecutive years from 2012-2017. All categories of respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through a structured and pretested Interview Schedule. Perception index, RBQ, factor analysis, and weighed mean were the statistical tools. The result revealed that 58.66% of the respondents had a high level of perception toward VSM and out of the five components, the exhibition had more impact on VSM. Five Independent variables were significantly and positively correlated with the perception of farmers. The development plan was successful in projecting the entrepreneurial scope of crops/commodities unique to that village.

Title: A Survey of Climate Change and Livelihood in Selected Rural Coastal Communities in Waterside Local Government Area in Ogun State
Abstract :

This study is on climate change and rural livelihood in Makun-Omi, Ode-Omi and Iwopin communities in Waterside Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey ex post facto design was adopted and three hundred and forty nine respondents randomly selected participated in the study. An adapted Climate Change and Livelihood Questionnaire were administered. 20% of the respondents engaged in agricultural production, 61% engaged in fishing and fishing related activities and 19% in non-farm livelihood activities. Temperature, flooding and water salinity have negative significant correlation with agricultural production. Eight types of manifestation of climate change were identified in the communities. Flooding had mean score 3.7, second was temperature with mean score 3.64, third was rainfall with mean score 3.6 and fourth was water salinity with mean score 3.54. Sea level had the fifth highest mean score 1.51, sixth was heat waves with mean score 1.48, and seventh was drought with mean score 1.45 and storm activity recorded the eight mean score 1.36. Temperature, flooding and salinity have a negative significant correlation with fishing and fishing related activities. Rainfall and flooding have negative significant correlation with livelihood assets while temperature, rainfall and flooding have negative significant correlation with livelihood income at 0.05alpha significance. It is concluded that climate change increased poor livelihood through reduction in agricultural production, poor outcomes of fishing and fishing related activities, low non-farm activities outcomes, loss of livelihood income. It is recommended that inhabitants of these communities should be trained on new strategies for sustainable livelihood strategies.

Title: Historiography of Nature’s Despoliation: A Study of Exploitation of Himalayan Resources
Abstract :

The Himalayas, which has been customarily regarded as a land of natural sanctity and divine beauty, has not been free from exploitation for centuries. As a part of imperialistic motif of different intruders, the land has experienced years of plunder and destruction of natural resources. The present paper intends to study the ecological history of the Himalayas to examine how the historical events of invasion coupled with exploitation of resources at different levels and in different forms has lead to changing in the natural morphology of the land and brought into a changed pattern in the geo- bio-physical and natural system of the land. In the wake of modern industrial development, due to a steep rise in the demand for natural resources, the exploitation has increased manifold; that has posed threat to local human and non-human living system in the mountain.

Title: Impact of Self-help Group on Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Patna District
Abstract :

Effort has been made in this paper to examine the impact of SHGs on the basis of occupation, income and benefits both at pre-SHG and post-SHG stages. It has been evident that 25 per cent of the respondents had no occupation in the pre-SHG stage whereas cent per cent is occupied at the post-SHG stage. The occupation chosen by the SHG members depends on the availability of skill and resources. It has been also observed that the income of the members of the SHG has increased substantially after joining SHG. Increase in income had helped to reduce the levels of poverty to a great extent in several families.

Title: Societal Influence on Emotional Competence
Abstract :

Emotions are universally experienced irrespective of culture and geographical location. They are subject to cultural connotations, intercultural settings, and interpersonal relationships. Emotional Intelligence constitutes of identification, management and judgement of emotions for self and others. This fulfills the purpose of socio-cultural communication. Different paradigms have emphasized varied perspectives to understand emotional development as a result of social setting. Evolutionists were pre-occupied with social roles that emotions facilitated, modern day theorist position on a spectrum of debates (positivist to constructivist). In a world where survival is based on exchange, emotional reciprocity holds connect with status, power, relation, setting, and wider network. Individuals not physically emote but contextually learn to display emotions. The evolutionary process and continuous revisions in academia, medicine, corporate roles and other professions benchmark emotionally competent individuals. According to sociological analysis, geographical locations play a significant role in emotional aspects of an individual’s personality. Therefore, this paper reviews how residing in a particular social environment can affect emotional competence, particularly in children. The scope of this paper remains on the increased awareness about sociological revelations that influence experiences. This implies to bring a change in thinking pattern and in historical definitions of concepts.

Title: Impact of Micro-credit on the Agrarian Economy – A Case Study in Hooghly District of West Bengal, India
Abstract :
This study focuses on the impact of micro-credit upon the livelihood of rural households based on empirical study over 549 takeholders of SHGs (Self Help Groups) in Hooghly district of West Bengal State in India. One of the distinct areas of the study concerns with the comparative analysis of different rural enterprises propagated through micro-credit. Another objective of this study has been to compare and contrast income as well as savings position of the sample
households before receiving financial credit. Additionally, this study attempted to discriminate between high-performing and low-performing stake-holders on the basis of selected socio-economic indicators.
Title: Sustainable Development and Role of Urban Centers in Kachchh District
Abstract :

The world Commission of Environment and development (Brundtlend) –WCED, 1987, leads to the environmental problems, and development countries issues, discussing about sustainable development urbanization has changed the scenario of living standard, here this paper presents how urban center emphasis on overall of sustainable development. This paper illustrates performance of urban centers in wide areas like, housing, water supply, sewerage and sanitation, waste management etc. In Kachchh district urban centers are challenging increasing demand of urban population and not only performing in development but conserves our resources and having good correlation between population and development. This paper investigates the sustainable development through urban centers recital in Kachchh district.

Title: Covid-19 and Online Education in Lebanon: Teachers’ Perceptions
Abstract :
COVID-19 has devastated the world and affected all aspect of our daily life. As teachers in Lebanon, the researchers’ concern was its effects on the Lebanese education system, which has a weak infrastructure and in the middle of an economic crisis, including teachers’ perspectives on the sudden shift from traditional classroom to online classes as well as the future of online classes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the teachers’ perception of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic Several concerns will be the center and main points of this research, which will examine the three research questions. This study utilized a quantitative methodology. It employed the use of a questionnaire as the research instrument. The data collected from the questionnaire distributed to the respondents served as the primary instrument for the study. This study investigated online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and the teachers’ perception on the matter. It was found that almost all the respondents hold negative attitudes towards online learning in Lebanon though it is mostly due to the weak and underdeveloped internet and electricity infrastructure in the country however other issues were present such as students’ reliability, and book availability. Several recommendations were suggested at the end of the study.
Title: Financial Inclusion Through Self Help Groups for Rural Livelihoods – An Analysis
Abstract :

Financial inclusion has becoming central to Indian policy making over the past few years and various attempts have been made to expand its scope. Social and economic justice has to be provided for common people through inclusive growth. Since beginning several measures were undertaking by the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India for financial inclusion with a view to develop all sections of the people. In order to achieve this subjective multi model approach was adopted. Service areas approach, priority sector lending differential rate of interest, leading bank scheme issue of general credit and kisan credit and so on to overcome financial hassle to get credit from financial institutions. In this backdrop NABARD has started an innovative programme 1992 from a linking of the banks to SHG groups of rural poor. It now boasts of the worlds largest microfinance initiatives with over 7.4 million representing 97 million rural households directly becoming parts of this great movement. With the emergence of SHGs and SHGs-Bank Linkage programme contributed large for improving the livelihoods especially women folk. SHGs play a significant role by developing thrift habit and providing credit as and when required. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the performance of SHGs, Bank Linkage for financial inclusion and rural livelihoods.

Title: Factors Determining the Adoption of Polyhouse Farming in Thrissur District
Abstract :

Controlled environment in agriculture has gained importance not only in vegetable and ornamental crop production but also in the production of plant seedlings, not only from seeds but from tissue culture procedures also. Though this technology has been accepted by farmers in Thrissur district, still the adoption rate is not impressive. Identifying the factors that encourage the farmers for adopting and declining poly-house farming has significance, because it leads to the grass root level constraints faced by them. In this circumstances, the present study identified the factors determined the adoption of poly-house farming and the constraints faced by poly-house farmers from a sample of 60 farmers through convenience sampling technique. The important factor that determined the adoption of poly-house farming was farmers’ awareness about the poly-house farming practices, expected economic benefit and their willingness to take risk. The main problem of poor adoption was the fear of initial decline in yield. There is a need for awareness campaigns for attracting youth to poly-house farming. Finally the study reflected that the farmers were moderately favourable to the poly-house farming.

Title: Role of Sattra and Namghar in the Vaishnava Tradition of Srimanta Sankaradeva
Abstract :

Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449 AD-1569 AD) was an important personality in the archives of Indian History. He was not only a religious preceptor, but also a social reformer, who had Sanskritized the diverse ethnic groups of north east India and assimilated them with the national mainstream. He is considered as the father of modern Assamese society and is also considered by his followers as an incarnation of God because of his multi-faceted contribution to the mankind. Sankaradeva preached a doctrine of universal brotherhood and humanism for improving the condition of Assamese society and created a harmonious socio-cultural-religious environment for the diverse ethnic communities in the Brahmaputra valley. Srimanta Sankaradeva made his magical impact on the religion, social, literary and cultural life of the Assamese people. It was because of Sankaradeva’s philosophy of equality and universal brotherhood revealed through his Neo-Vaishnavism many indigenous people took religious shelter under the new faith, the hallmark of which is the evolution of two distinctively unique institutions, namely the sattra and namghar in Assam, both of which began to serve not only as the instrument of spreading faith but also intimately associating with the social as well as the cultural fabric of the Assamese society. In this paper, a humble attempt has been made to discuss at length about the uniqueness of the Neo-Vaishnava movement initiated by Srimanta Sankaradeva and the long lasting changes that it brought about in the Assamese society. The paper further attempts to highlight how sattra and namghar have contributed immensely in the process of assimilation and socialization of the assamese culture and identity.

Title: Critical Analysis on Role of Women in Sericulture Industry
Abstract :
Women constitute more than fifty per cent of the world’s population, one third of the labour force, and perform nearly two thirds of all working hours. Women are also mostly engaged in the unorganized sector (Mehta and Sethi, 1977). This is more so in the case of agriculture and allied activities. Sericulture is one of the important potential labour intensive agro- based rural industry in the world. No wonder women are playing a very important role in the sericulture industry. Their qualities like maternal instincts and loving care of those under their charge prove to be very helpful in the successful breeding of silk worms. The sericulture industry has opened up phenomenal employment avenues and helped women to become important players in the decisionmaking process—whether in the household or in the community at large. The active involvement of women is very essential for
the success of the any community development initiative. This has been proved on many occasions all over the world—more so in the developing countries. This paper analyzed that impact of women workers’ dominance in sericulture sector upon the process of inclusive development in the rural household sectors of West Bengal. Women has patience, perseverance, caring attitude and adaptability to new technologies have made her activities more dominant in sericulture and silk production. Present study reveals that the Women are engaged about 60% (about 57% in 1st year and about 64% from 2nd year onwards) work in various sector in Sericulture i.e from Mulberry cultivation to Silk weaving etc. and women are doing their works successfully in every sector.
Title: Education and Patterns of Marriage System: A Micro Study on the Birhors in Hazaribag District, Jharkhand
Abstract :
The Birhors, one of the most primitive tribes of Hazaribagh in Jharkhand states, are nomadic hunters, food gatherers and rope makers. In Jharkhand, Birhor are found in different places like Palamu, Garhwa, Singhbhum, Giridih, Lohardaga, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Gumla. Linguistically they belong to Astro- Asiatic Mundari group and have their own dialect.
The Birhors tribe of Jharkhand consider themselves as the descendants of the
Sun. The word Birhor means man of jungles. They are fully depended on natural environment. Their economy is still traditional and mainly based on forest. Forest plays a vital role in their life. Birhor collect a number of fruits, wood, vegetable etc. from the forests. Rope and rope made articles are also the important primary occupations of the Birhor. They have great specialization in making ropes from different types of bark of creepers and trees. Hunting and trapping of animals and birds are considered as their food. Sometimes they sell these articles at the local hatts (market) for earning money. They also gather roots, shoots, leaves, fruits and other forest products from the forest. As a result all the traditional settlements of the Birhors are found near forests.
Title: Thirty Decades on Agroforestry and its Socio-economics: A Review of Fifty Research Articles
Abstract :

Various scholars working in the agroforestry sector have recognized the importance of social and economic aspects in agroforestry. The purpose of this study was to take a fresh look at the nature of available literature and findings of researches done in socioeconomics of agroforestry, and their likely contribution to agroforestry development. Based on a mixed methodological approach the study reviews a number of books, research articles and findings of case studies done earlier. Finally fifty research articles published during 1989 to 2016 were selected for the review purpose. Results show that many researchers and scientists reported a number of socio-economic factors like land holding, land size, gender, marketing aspects, level of education, age of farmers, policy and programmes as some of the factors that influence a farmer’s decision on agroforestry adoption. However, they also reported a big gap in full adoption of all recommended agroforestry practices and advised to intensify extension services so that farmers could motivate themselves to adopt all the agroforestry practices. It was concluded and suggested that studies on relationship of socio-economic factor and agroforestry practices types as individual and as a whole are required to analyze their influence on adoption and promotion of agroforestry.

Title: Information Science: Interdisciplinary Characteristics, Indian Educational Scenario emphasizing Growing Trends in West Bengal
Abstract :
India is a leading country for many perspective as far as education is concerned, India is also a leading country; not only in Asia but also in the world. India has so many educational institutes such as universities, research centers, colleges, schools, training centre, and so on. such university and educational institute offers so many
courses and so many subjects including interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary subjects. However, in so many subjects India is still in growing stage out of which Information Science is an important subject. India is a big country constituted with near about 28 states and other central Union Territories. West Bengal is a leading state in many perspectives and even in Information Science education too. This paper is also talks about Information Science and its several aspects including nature and characteristics or Information Science; its uses and importance in several sectors. Paper also illustrates Indian higher education at a glance in very brief manner.
Title: Urban and peri-Urban Agricultural Migration: An Overview from Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), India
Abstract :

Urban and peri-urban agriculture provide income generation to urban poor and making the cities more sustainable. In Mumbai Metropolitan Region, UPA activities play a major role in supporting people’s life. A wide range of agricultural production systems with maximum utilization of resources can be seen in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). Migration is an acute issue in MMR and UPA production plays a vital role in supporting migrant people and reducing urban poverty. Marketing of agricultural commodities is very easier inside the MMR with a well connected network of wholesalers, retailers and street venders. With the help of a baseline survey as well secondary data, this paper tries to reveal an overview of UPA production in association with migration. Migration patterns among various UPA production systems were identified and studied. Like all other informal sectors, the role of UPA in supporting migrant people in MMR should be studied in detail to find out its contribution to employment and economic growth.

Title: Poverty and Condition of Employment among Social Groups in India
Abstract :

Poverty is primarily a social problem in India which has its historical root in social structure. Poverty among socially marginalised groups is proportionately very high which is inferred from their high engagement in the primary sector, casual works and unorganised sectors with low wages. Development induced displacement and land acquisition have left them with depeasantization and casual works. Constitutionally provided affirmative action and other government steps towards poverty alleviation and employment generation have partially solved their concerns. This paper examines the current situation of poverty and employment condition among socially marginalised groups, specifically among schedule caste and schedule tribes. It focuses on the causes of their deprivation and marginalisation. It also reflects the impact of government programmes and policies under inclusive development.

Title: Socio-economic Correlates of Values Attributed to Sons and Daughters
Abstract :

The paper examines the values of having sons and daughters as perceived by mothers and how these values change with the socio-economic status of the respondents by analyzing data from Shimla, the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. The sample comprised of 417 mothers in the age range of 30-49 years. The respondent’s perceptions of the value of children were measured by means of open ended questions. The great variety of mother’s responses were coded and clubbed into three main categories: economic/utilitarian values, socio-cultural values and psychological values. Some very interesting findings emerged from the present investigation. Results indicated that the values of having children in the state of Himachal Pradesh are multi-dimensional. However, sons were desired or valued primarily for economic and socio-cultural reasons such as old age security and continuity of family name regardless of the mother’s education, work status and household income. The instrumental value of sons, especially expected economic help, is inversely related to socio-economic levels and the opposite pattern was noted for most measures of psychological appreciation which becomes important at higher levels of development. On the other hand, daughters were desired for utilitarian reasons by unemployed mothers with fewer years of schooling whereas the employed mothers with higher educational attainment value daughters for emotional support.

Title: Ranking of Functions in the Central Business District (CBD) of Jammu City
Abstract :

The Central Business District (CBD) developed as the market square in ancient cities. On market days, farmers, merchants and consumers would gather in the center of the city to exchange, buy, and sell goods. This ancient market is the forerunner to the Central Business District (CBD). As cities grew and developed, Central Business District (CBD) became fixed location where retail and commerce took place. The Central Business District (CBD) is typically at or near the oldest part of the city. A variety of goods are sold in the different markets of Jammu city. However, some goods are sold in some markets. This leads to functional specialization of the different market centers. The number of establishments present and the types of goods sold, help in determining the intra- city hierarchy of markets. In this paper an attempt has been made to identify the types of functions which are further ranked by applying Kendall’s method.

Title: Project Acceptability and Participation as Determinants of Beneficiaries’ Income in Fadama II Communities in Ogun State, Nigeria
Abstract :

This study investigates how project acceptability and participation determine beneficiaries’ income in ten local government areas that participated in Fadama II rural development project. Descriptive survey design of the ex-post facto type was adopted. Two objectives and two research questions were stated while two null hypotheses were tested. A self-designed instrument i.e. “rural development innovation acceptability and participation scale’’ with 0.73 reliability was administered complemented by focus group discussion. Data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics comprising frequency counts, percentages, mean score and content analysis as well as inferential statistics of multiple correlation matrix. Out of a total of 795 participants, 537(68%) were male while 258(32%) were females. Income sources of the respondents are 565(71%) farming, 107(13.5%) fishing, 33(4.1%) animal husbandry, 53(6.7%) public service, 31(3.9%) trading and 6 (0.8%) others. Beneficiaries in Ijebu North local government area ranked project acceptability 1st with 34.80 while participation was ranked 1st with 39.43 in Obafemi Owode local government area. Results of analysis showed there is a positive significant relationship between the dependent variable income and the two independent variables acceptability (r=0.292) and participation (r=0.793) at 0.05 level of significance. The study therefore recommended that the involvement of all stakeholders in projects acceptability and participation should be improved to ensure higher project impacts.

Title: Social Marketing
Abstract :
Social marketing is globally recognized as a key strategy for improving access to a wide range of products and services that directly and positively influence the outreach and coverage of health care. From conceptualizing product development, testing and targeted communication to consumer research and market segmentation, social marketing looks at the provision of health care products and services not as a medical problem but as a sociological issue and marketing challenge. Precisely, social marketing in the health sector seeks to introduce changes in health seeking behaviour of the target audiences by creating access to and increasing the demand for products and services. (National Strategy for Social Marketing (2001)).
Title: Impact of Participation In HIV/Aids Awareness Programmes among Adolescent Children of HIV Parents
Abstract :

Adolescents have poor knowledge on HIV/AIDS due to lack of access to scientific information and sources. There are number of awareness programmes. But the level is not up to the mark and hence the study is aimed to measure the impact of participation and correlations done with social variables for better understanding. The results showed that nearly half of the respondents had not participated in the HIV/AIDS awareness programmes. A greater proportion of the respondents had only moderate level of sexual awareness. There was a significant mean difference between the educational status of the fathers and mothers of the respondents and the level of sexual awareness. There was no mean difference between the level of sexual awareness and the family type of the respondents. It was concluded to have open and free education and suggested to promote access to scientific sources and use of ICT and social media through internet.

Title: Urban Centers Trend, Pattern and Key Challenges for Sustainability: Case of West Bengal, India
Abstract :
This paper focuses on number of aspects of urban centers of West Bengal. It shows that small and intermediate towns are negatively growing and big and large city are positively growing. Population share of small, intermediate and Million plus city is decreasing while it’s increasing in case of big and large city. Therefore people are staying more in large city compare to million cities. It may be due to higher cost of living in million city while poor service and infrastructure in case of small and intermediate towns. Urban area both in percent and share has very high correlation with level of urbanization. Dispersion of urban population is also a remarkable and it is highly correlated with number of small scale industry units which helps to transform the small towns and surrounding rural areas economy. But lack of infrastructure in small and intermediate town is major problem and there is no major programme or strategy to develop small and intermediate town more attractive.
Title: Factors Affecting Marketed & Marketable Surplus of Paddy: A Case Study in Some Districts of West Bengal
Abstract :
The importance of precise estimation of marketed and marketable surplus has
been felt in India in view of its crucial role in forming the economic database for formulation of economic policies/decisions by the government. As available data of marketable surplus has become obsolete, the present survey throws up information not only on marketed & marketable surplus ratios but also on factors that influence them with particular reference to cultivation of paddy in West Bengal. It has been observed that both marketed & marketable surplus ratio tends to increase steadily with increase in farm-size. While average marketed surplus ratio, taking all farms together, stands at 55.30 percent of net availability of paddy or 61.19 percent of current production of paddy, the marketable surplus/ ratio stands at 43.49 percent of net availability of paddy 36.43 percent of current production.
It is evident that factors like farm size, average price received by the farms, access to credit and possession of pucca storage have significant positive relationship with marketed/marketable surplus ratio, while factors like household size, indebtedness of farm households exhibit a significant negative relationship with marketed/marketable surplus ratio. On the whole it comes out that marketed/ marketable surplus ratio of paddy in West Bengal is much lower as compared to other agriculturally advanced states, and that the ratio of marketed/marketable surplus depends much upon the socio-economic condition of the farmer households.
Title: Impact of Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) on the Food Security of the Poorest of the Poor in Rural Areas – A Study Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand
Abstract :

One of the Public Distribution System schemes namely ‘Antyodaya Anna yojana’ (AAY) has been implemented in India from the end of the year 2000. This  scheme  ensures‘food security’, to create a hunger  free  India and to reform and improve the Public Distribution System so  as to serve the poorest of the poor in rural and urban areas. Various reports and estimates reported around 5% of population of the country are unable to get two square meals a day throughout the year. This scheme proposed to cover poorest of the poor by supply of food grains free of cost and other important commodities on subsidized rates. Over a period of time, the performance of the scheme has been improved due to evolving various monitoring mechanism and other vigilance committees. Even though, the criticism of the various civil society organizations and reports of press on the status of implementation of the scheme by the different states brings out number of problems in the identification of beneficiaries and distribution of benefits. In this context, a study on the impact of the AAY programme on the food security of the poorest of the poor was conducted to bring out various untouched issues on the status of implementation, ability of the distributing agencies, problems faced by the implementing agencies and beneficiaries. The study was carried out in the states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand in India. This article brings field realities of the functioning of the scheme.

Title: Reinforce Democratic Values for Socio - Economic Development with Sustainability
Abstract :

Development program are taking place in regular basis all over the world. The activities are taken place either by the support of the government agencies or by the development partners. It was found that majority of the development program are short in lived due to one or another reasons. It shows the weakness of the program implementing agencies and lack of clarity on sustainability issues. To overcome the basics of the problem and make the development program sustainable the policy makers and program implementing agencies should given enough attention in reinforce democratic values in community, equity & sustainability and must addressed all together.

Title: Media, Conflict and Tourism: Insights from Kashmir
Abstract :

Once known for its natural beauty and called as heaven on earth, Kashmir is torn between two nations of India and Pakistan. The verdant green forests, sweet springs, perennial rivers, picturesque, alpines scenery and pleasant climate of Kashmir valley has remained an internationally acclaimed tourist destination. But unfortunately, conflict and instability in Jammu and Kashmir have been a major hindrance to its development and progress levels. Tourism is identified as the engine of growth and Development of Jammu and Kashmir economy in general and Kashmir valley in particular. The development of tourist industry can have a significant impact on the overall growth of the state, because of its ability to create direct and indirect employment, as well as growth in allied industries. Tourism will likely contribute to the growth of secondary sectors such as handicrafts, which have historically benefitted from visitors to the state. As tourism is widely recognized as a major mechanism of employment generation, especially in the service sector, holds significant role for poverty alleviation and unemployment in the state. Kashmir being an important tourist destination in India and elsewhere has witnessed downfall because of the ongoing unrest especially during the last two decades which has hindered the smooth growth of tourism industry. The tourism in the whole state was affected badly due the conflict, tourists stopped to visit Kashmir. All the tourism stakeholders were in loss and the unemployment increased swiftly in the state as a whole due to the turmoil in the Kashmir and created negative image of valley in the minds of tourists. Tourism around the world is considered as a noteworthy device of advancement and in the current past it has demonstrated its potential by rising as the quickest developing Industry contributing around 9% to worldwide Gross Domestic Product 8.7% of aggregate business. The present paper investigates the impact of conflict on the tourism sector in Kashmir and followed by some suggestions and recommendations aimed at optimally exploiting the potentials of Kashmir tourism in the fast improving socio-political scenario.

Title: Comparative Analysis of Media Reach in Rural Area of Punjab
Abstract :

The study was undertaken to evaluate comparative analysis of media reach and its effectiveness in rural area of Punjab. One hundred respondents were interviewed randomly with a pre-tested questionnaire. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and differences in mean were assessed by using Turkey-b. The study revealed that television, radio and newspaper were accessible to 99%, 73% and 66%, respectively of the respondents with significantly (p<0.05) higher availability of television. The use of television for watching news, serials and agricultural programmes were significantly (P<0.05) higher where as radio has upper edge (p<0.05) in case of music listening. The 56% respondents thought mass media impacted both negative and positive on social and cultural values. About 60% (P<0.05) rural respondents considered television was most satisfying media while 15% felt it was radio, 19% voted for newspaper while 6% opted for internet . Therefore, from the present study it may be concluded that television is quite popular, effective and most satisfying mass media in rural area of Punjab.

Title: Virtual Groups: An Effective Tool for Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination
Abstract :

A virtual world is a computer-based online community environment that is designed and shared by individuals so that they can interact in a custom-built, simulated world (Bartle, 2003). A group of people who share similar interests and exchange information and ideas via computer networks are called virtual group or online community (Rheingold, 1993). Mousavidin and Goel (2009) developed a conceptual model of virtual group life cycle. In this model, the life of a virtual community is influenced by four elements namely socially shaped aspects, individually demonstrated characteristics, technologically facilitated features and the external influence. Virtual group formats can be broadly classified into virtual groups through social media networks and virtual groups through other media like email, video conferencing, voice conferencing, bulletin board system, drop box, text chat and virtual groups. Most popular virtual groups are virtual groups of social media networks such as facebook, youtube and whatsapp groups. Alexander et al. (2003) reported that moral obligations, conducive environment and community interest were motivational factors for contributing knowledge to virtual communities and doubtful nature about accuracy and relevancy of information, fear of criticism and information hoarding were demotivating factors. Virtual groups allow people to bond without being in close proximity either spatially or temporally. It improves interpersonal relationships and facilitates crowd funding. People may use fake identities which often lead to inconsistency and discontinuance of communication. Moreover, authenticity of information in virtual groups also cannot be assured. Hence an appropriate policy to limit the freedoms of users has been the need of the hour.

Title: Culture As a Successor of Quality Initiatives: A Review
Abstract :
Quality management has been extensively used for few decades now. Organisations worldwide have leveraged the concept of quality to achieve their goals and survive the tides of competition. Organisational culture represents a collective belief and values of the organisation’s members. Literatures relating to quality initiatives and organisational culture have repeatedly described that organisational culture study is imperative to implementation of quality initiatives. Now, with an aim to digress the focus from culture as a predecessor to quality initiatives, attempt has been made to find out the scope of research of impact of various quality initiatives on organisational culture as the organisation evolves. It would be of much interest
to the young managers to understand the implications of process improvements on the organisational culture. Changes in processes may bring changes in the values, beliefs, attitudes of the individuals engaged in process improvements.The culture, thus created will instil a confidence to take up any change activity for organisational development and facilitate in surviving the stress and strains of any unpredictable environment.
Title: Model of Simultaneous Counselling and Training Parents of Children with Special Needs to Nurture Parent-Child Interactions
Abstract :
Parents differ in their way of being with their children, in turn affecting the development of their child. With the addition of a ‘diagnosis’ or label to their child, they oscillate between how much leniency to give and how much strict they should be.With the diagnosis, there is a considerable shift in the parenting styles and hence, their coping styles; this affecting the focus child and their typical peers. In addition to children with autism, who had impaired parent-child interactions (less affection and more overprotection and authoritarian controlling); their siblings may be at risk for such problems too (Gau SS, et al.,2010). Parents of these children themselves undergo stresses and other psychological disorders like depression. Families participating in ABA experienced elevated depressive symptoms, much like any family raising a child with an ASD. ABA intensity related to maternal depression and personal strain.
Title: Phytoextraction of Cadmium and Lead in Three Vegetables Crop Plants
Abstract :

Phytoextraction, is an effective and promising means to cure soil contamination with heavy metals. The present study investigates the ability of three vegetables plants for removal of heavy metals from the contaminated soil and metal mobilization to different plant parts. The three plants selected for the study, Momordica charantia, Vigna unguiculata and Solanum melongena were grown for 90 days in soil artificially contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (50mg metal/kg of soil). The concentrations of the two metals were observed to be higher in roots of Momordica charantia and Vigna unguiculata than in soil, but root Cd level of Solanum melongena was slightly lower than that of soil after 90 days. Translocation potential of the heavy metals indicated higher accumulation of Cd in roots of Momordica charantia and Solanum melongena than in leaves while the pattern was completely opposite in Vigna unguiculata. Lead accumulation was higher in roots than in leaves for all the three plant species studied. The Translocation Factor (TF) of Cd for the three plants was in the range of 1.16 to 2.29 whereas, TF values of Pb remained <1, indicating that only small amount of Pb was translocated from roots to aerial parts.

Title: Social Software Engineering as non profit technologies: Trends and future Potentials for Social Informatics and Digital Humanities
Abstract :
Software Engineering and its application and integration to the community or society is called as Social Software Engineering. This is a concept and procedure rather than tools and products towards design, development and management of products, software, application and system for the society or community; directly and indirectly and thus social Software Engineering gain popularity recently for building Social Computing and Social Informatics much more advance and popular. In other sense, such Engineering practice may also known as Non Profit Technologies. This paper is talks about Social Software Engineering including
its basic feature and characteristics. Paper also illustrated some technologies and products which are helps in promotion of Digital Humanities and Digital product application too.
Title: Ukraine: Stand-of Threatens Europe Breadbasket
Abstract :

This paper examines the current Ukraine wheat export condition after Russian- Ukrainian military confrontation. The political conflict in Ukraine and the recent military intervention of Russia in Crimea is raising concern full effect of the events there is still uncertain, but some hints can be seen in the wheat market by analyzing the trend and pattern of Ukraine wheat export. Crimea is extremely important as it is where most of Ukraine grain exported by ship from its ports of the black sea. European Union (EU) is a significant trading partner of Ukraine but geopolitical tension adversely affects the wheat trade from black sea, which threatens Europe breadbasket. This study also highlights an index of export intensity to analyze the intensity of existing trade for the period 2011-2014 between Ukraine and EU countries. The result show export has intensified over the years, but this year low trade intensity

Title: Contents Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2018
Abstract :
Title: Health, Nutrition and Care as Key Components for Early Childhood Development
Abstract :
There are many elements that affect a child’s start in life. But the preconditions for achieving these elements are likely to go well beyond the immediate circumstances of children themselves, to include the wider social, economic and cultural environment. For instance, nutrition depends heavily on the health of mothers and the knowledge and support they get in feeding infants. These factors in turn depend not only on food availability and prices in the economy as a whole, but also on how resources are distributed within households, gender attitudes and the availability of health services. Good health depends on a hygienic, safe environment including access to clean water and sanitation. But much rural and urban living in India are characterized by crowding, lack of clean water, poor sanitation, high levels of rubbish, exposure to dirt and in some cases environment toxins. The quality of child care depends on how much time parents have for each child, which in turn depends on diverse factors ranging from the structure of the rural and urban economy to birth spacing. There are wide ranges of things that need to happen to improve early childhood development.
Title: A Study on Socio-political Harmony among Displaced Women of Odisha through R & R Policy
Abstract :

The present study has been carried out in TATA Steel of Kalinga Nagar of Jajpur district of Odisha. In this study, attempt has been made to collect the information from displaced women of three villages of Kalinga Nagar. As the study intended to make a cross-class study of resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced women, it has been decided to give coverage to the women from the pre-displacement and post-displacement period. Socio-political harmony plays an important role in maintaining a cordial relationship with each other in the society. The post displacement scenarios have shown a very distressing picture of socio-political harmony. Collectivism is an essential part of socio-political harmony. The displacement has disturbed the collective involvement of women in village development activities, but by forming the SHGs and by providing training for skill development in post displacement TATA Steel has tried to make the displaced women self-reliant and they can able to establish their socio-political harmony. Social bonding plays a very important role in strengthening the social relationship. The ultimate aim of the study was to recommend mitigating strategies to combat the issue of displaced women.

Title: Degree of use of food labels by consumers in Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract :

Food labels are not only an essential component of a comprehensive public health and nutrition strategy, but also marketing. Food labels help consumers to make informed decisions about what they chose to consume. Food labels help consumers to make informed decisions about what they chose to consume. This study was conducted among the population of twin-island Caribbean nation, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago with a sample of 320. The objectives of the study are: to examine the extent to which consumers use various components of the food label; and to study the influence of socio-demographic and health related factors on the degree of use of nutrition labels. The study found that the aggregate degree of importance attributed to food labels far outweighed their actual usage. Of the explanatory variables included in the model to determine the influence on the degree of usage of food labels, six explanatory variables, viz., (i) diabetes; (ii) allergies; (iii) gender-male; (iv) level of schooling; (v) fast food consumption and (vi) fiber consumption had significant impact on the use of food label information. Although Trinidadians may have an appreciation for the information provided on food labels, they lack the incentive to actually incorporate it in their daily lives which could be achieved through proper health education campaigns.

Title: Encourage, Support and Act: Bystander Intervention, A Solution to Combat Sexual Harassment
Abstract :
As the #MeToo Movement has propelled the problem of sexual harassment and assault to the media headlines, bystander intervention prevention strategies are often cited as a solution to addressing these problems. Sometimes called a “community of responsibility” approach, bystander intervention strategies create awareness regarding our active role in creating a safe and respectful environment by shifting community norms and behavior expectations. This research paper has outlined the potential application of new and creative bystander approaches to address sexual harassment in the workplace. The paper has demonstrated the potential for bystander approaches to make a real difference in preventing and addressing sexual harassment as costly and damaging workplace harm. The research paper has analysed the important role to be played by a bystander and intervention strategies to be adopted for combating sexual harassment in workplaces.
Title: A Study on the Views of PDS Beneficiaries about the Quantity and Quality ofCommodities, Supplied by the FPS in Haryana and Gujarat
Abstract :
Public Distribution System not only provides essential goods to the common man at a reasonable price, but it also enables the farmers to get a suitable price for their produce. The PDS, despite its much success, has over the years manifested a broad array of problems particularly with reference to its management. The extent and timing of procurement, poor forecasting capacity, antiquated logistical systems to support storage and delivery functions, inappropriate product mix, cost inefficiencies, poor quality food grain, harassment of consumers at the point of client interface and exclusion of large number of the poor from the system are some of the problems which hinder the effectiveness of the public distribution system. Keeping these perspectives in view, this paper analyses the views of PDS
beneficiaries about the quantity and quality of commodities supplied by the fair price shops in Haryana and Gujarat.
Title: Levels of Secondary School Students’ Attitudes and Anxiety towards Mathematics in MUSANZE District in RWANDA: An exploratory study
Abstract :

Mathematics is still considered as a subject that causes fear to Students in Rwandan schools. This study aimed at exploring the levels of Mathematics attitudes and anxiety manifested by secondary students in urban and rural secondary schools in MUSANZE District. Tapia & Marsh’s (2004) instrument was used to collect data and descriptive statistics was used to analyse data. The study showed the students’ attitudes were mostly high and female students were less anxious than their counterpart males in urban and in rural secondary schools.

Title: Attrition in Fisherwomen Activity Groups: A Case Study on Theeramythri, Kerala
Abstract :

Women engage in a wide range of activities in the fisheries and in fishing communities which is vital to a community’s well-being. They play a very crucial role in though their contribution is invisible and unacknowledged. In Kerala almost 50% of the posts harvesting activities of the marine fisheries are undertaken by them. The 26th  December 2004 Tsunami significantly affected the coastal villages of Kerala. A vast majority of the coast dwelling people were affected by the huge and wide spread destruction of the tragedy. In order to provide relief and rehabilitation to the affected, Department of Fisheries, Kerala implemented multiple programs, which were christened under  a common livelihood program named “Theeramythri” under the  Society for Assistance to Fisherwomen (SAF). The SAF visions to initiate, encourage and strengthen locally organized activity groups among fisherwomen, thereby providing assistance for expertising their business development skill, resource utilization and management, performance improvement, networking and marketing. The Theeramythri programme facilitates and handholds fisherwomen to engage in gainful self-employment for their economic and social emancipation. Among the total 2500 microenterprise groups formed initially as part of various Tsunami rehabilitation programs, only 1500 are fully in operational at present. Mass closure of 500 groups happened over the years due to various unforeseen reasons.   The present study gauges to provide a comprehensive picture about the reasons for the non performance of SAF groups in Kerala with a special focus on its technical, economic, institutional and social impacts. The study identifies the attributes determining the non-performance and the role of different stakeholders in the non-functioning of the microenterprise units. The study also aims at developing coercive measures for revamping/strengthening/reconstituting the group and also facilitating innovative ideas for overcoming the vulnerability of an activity group. Statistical and economic tools such as weighted average analysis, cluster analysis percentage analysis and Garrette ranking technique, and have been employed to analyse the data.

Title: A Study on Pre School Education and Supplementary Nutrition Program of ICDS for Children in Punjab
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the pre-school education and supplementary nutrition ration components of Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) in Barnala district of Punjab. The results revealed that a majority 60% of AWWs faced different problems in organizing pre-school education activities and about 63.33% of the AWWs did not receive help from the Supervisor at all for organizing pre-school education activities at AWCs. It was found that only half Anganwadi workers were getting regular SN ration in time. Combining the entire three ICDS project, it was found that a high majority (76.66%) of AWWs did not distribute SN ration 300 days in a year as per national norms. Only 45.42% of the total beneficiary children were enrolled in register of AWWs for pre-school education and supplementary nutrition ration. It is recommended that vigorous campaigns need to be launched by the Government using T.V., drama, folk songs, theater and other media to create awareness especially amongst the rural population about the long term benefit of the pre-school education and supplementary nutrition rationprogrammeof ICDS scheme.

Title: Profile Study under Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Young Farmers of Navsari District
Abstract :

This study reports the profile of the young farmers under the broad objective of Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Young Farmers. This study was conducted at Navsari, Gujarat (1014-2015) with 60 young farmer entrepreneurs belonging to age group of 15 to 35 years who were sampled following simple random sampling. The profile was studies using a structured schedule. The results indicated here are the major findings, majority of the young farmers belonged to age group of 29-35 years, had secondary level of education, medium level of farming experience, big land holding, higher annual income, medium material possession, low level of extension contact, medium extension participation, high social participation and medium mass media exposure.

Title: Indian Power Sector- A Review
Abstract :
Indian economy has been growing at a rate of 6-8 % annually during the last eight years which requires growth of basic infrastructural facilities at a still higher rate. Power sector being a major component of infrastructure development requires a growth rate of 9-10% during the next decade. This requires huge amount of investments and restructuring of power sector, for which Government cannot fund the entire amount independently. Hence, private participation is necessary either as an independent venture or through public-private partnership (PPP). This paper attempts to review the Indian power sector with respect to generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and identify and highlight the key initiatives and reforms undertaken for private participation in the electricity sector and some issues that are being grappled with in effort to make the sector efficient and attractive for investments.
Title: Nature of Policy Process Encourages Economic Underdevelopment in Africa
Abstract :
The paper discussed the concept of policy from different dispositions. It examined the attitude of African leaders within the context of policy formulation and how it affects the economic development in the continent. Some of such policies from selected countries were discussed. It was concluded that not until such approach is kept aside, economic development in Africa will be a mirage.
Title: Women Empowerment, Conflict Transformation and Social Change in Kargil
Abstract :
Ladakh is a high altitude cold desert located in the northernmost past of the
border state of Jammu and Kashmir. The region comprises of two districts-Leh and Kargil. While Leh is dominated by Buddhists, Kargil district is dominated by Shias Muslims. Kargil remains cut off from rest of the country for almost seven months i.e. November to May, as the only lifelong from Karil gto Srinagar remains snowbound due to heavy snowfall and extreme coldness of temperature at -400C to -500C. Kargil district which is situated close to the Line of Control (LoC) is a remote, rugged and geographically isolated region in Ladakh. Most of the inhabitants of Kargil are indulging in tradition farming in the river belts combined with herding and animal husbandry as the primary occupation for their livelihood. Kargil has been affected badly due to Kargil conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999.
Title: A Study on Higher Agricultural Education Institutions’ Management of Educational Technology Systems of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The paper entitled “A Study on Higher Agricultural Education Institutions’ Management of Educational Technology Systems of Rajasthan” was carried out both primary as well as secondary data. Colleges no longer stress passive classroom learning. New technologies help virtual knowledge-building. Such changes affect the training of future managers. Research on technology-supported management learning is inconsistent. This research combines educational psychology, technology, higher education, and management education. This gives a broad overview of technology-supported management learning. This research uses a questionnaire at three Rajasthan agricultural institutions.

Title: An Empirical Study on Technology Adoption and E-Learning Management System of Agricultural Educational Institutes of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The paper entitled “An Empirical Study on Technology Adoption and E-Learning Management System of Agricultural Educational Institutes of Rajasthan” was carried out both primary as well as secondary data. Higher education is no longer defined by the practice of just sitting and soaking up information in traditional lecture halls. Instead, the development of new technology has made it possible to engage in the active building of knowledge in more virtual environments. These changes in the nature of the learning environment have an impact on the education of tomorrow’s business leaders. In spite of this, research on technology-supported management learning and its implications for management educators is splintered and uneven across study fields. The findings obtained in the disciplines of educational psychology, educational technology, higher education, and management education are organized and incorporated into this article via the use of a methodical technique that was developed specifically for this purpose. Because of this, we are able to get thorough overview technology-supported management learning.

Title: Gender Differences in Aggression Among Pre-School Children and its Impact on Social Competencies
Abstract :
Aggression has been a widely researched phenomenon. In contemporary times, it has become a topic of great concern in the field of behavioural research especially that related to children and adolescents. The concern is to be able to identify aggressive behaviour as early as possible while children are still young, since they are at risk for the development of a host of adjustment problems in the social arena in addition to them having a perpetuating influence during their adolescence and adulthood. The present study aimed to study gender differences in aggressive
behaviour in pre-school aged children and its impact on the social competencies of these children. It was conducted on a sample of 50 children (29 boys and 21 girls) aged 3 to 6 years selected randomly from a pre-school in South Delhi. Initially children were rated by their class teacher on a checklist of aggressive behaviour.
This rating was used to divide them into 3 groups - Group A (highly aggressive), Group B (average on aggression), Group C ( low on aggression). The results indicated that boys were rated as physically aggressive and girls were found to be more relationally aggressive. Further children in these three groups were studied
individually through an observation checklist for skills related to Social Competence (Popularity, Sharing, Managing a conflict and Ability to cooperate). The results obtained are discussed in the light of literature survey.
Title: Status of Women Centric Schemes and their Empowerment in Nagaland: A Descriptive Study
Abstract :

Nagaland is a state where 47.62% of the total population are women. Naga women are excluded from the decision-making process, and hardly a few women have been empowered to involve income-generating activities individual income. Many of them are also affected by all sorts of violence in society, which are unseen in most situations. Though there are many schemes for women where they can report any violence or seek help but are either unaware or have little knowledge about it. Women-centric schemes like OSC and Women Helpline 181 support and give guidance to those women affected by violence both in public and private places. The schemes encourage the women to have their own identities and participation in different activities. The study highlights the present status of women and cases reported under OSC and women helpline 181 and the problems involved while implementing the scheme.

Title: The Gays – A Sociological Study A Case Study of yellammagudda
Abstract :
Diversity is the Law of nature. Because of diversity likes and dislikes of human beings vary. On the basis of human organ we can decide, he is a man, she is a woman. Man includes masculine characteristics and a woman includes feminine characteristics. Apart from these two genders there is a group of people, who does
not identify either masculine or feminine characteristics, i.e.”Gay Community”. As for as Sexual attraction is concerned among man and woman we find heterosexual relations, which are natural. But mong Gays the normal sexual relations are homosexual, which is unnatural and not accepted by mass of society in India. But
law gives permission. Keeping this aspect in view an attempt is made to study the gays who are visiting Yellammagudda of saundatti taluka in Belgaum district of Karnataka. The gays are called by different names, viz, “Mangalmukhi” and “Jogappa”.
Title: Effect of Executive Functioning on Classroom Adjustment in Children with ASD
Abstract :
Any intervention for Classroom integration requires us to focus on the nature of the disorder children have. Executive function skills predict learning in general rather than learning in one specific domain. (Bull, Espy,et al., 2008). Research suggests a significant difference in executive functioning in children who have ASD as compared with the neuro-typical peers (F.Pooragha, S.M.Kafi, et al., 2013). Furthermore, successful classroom adjustment is based in social as well as cognitive skills. Underlying these social and cognitive skills are executive functions: both action based executive functions (such as response inhibition, emotional control, sustained
attention, task initiation, goal-directed persistence, flexibility) and thinking based executive functions (such as working memory, planning/prioritization, organization, time-management, meta-cognition) apart from academic conceptual understanding.
Title: When Gender Intersects with Class: Taking ‘Masculinities’ into Picture
Abstract :

It is common to talk about girls and women when one talks about policies for ‘gender equality’. But then what about men and boys? Are all of them oppressors and at a superior and privileged position in society? The answer is ‘NO!’. Just as girls and women are ‘stereotyped’ and conditioned in a ‘patriarchal’ society into being submissive, dependent, polite, emotional etc., boys and men are stereotyped as brave, independent, rational/logical, aggressive etc. This kind of conditioning put an additional pressure on them to survive in a society practicing the notions of ‘hegemonic masculinities’ to continuously ‘justify’ their gender. The observations made in an all boys’ school, reveal that education of boys belonging to low socio-economic backgrounds gives very low expectations and ‘hope’ to them and many deviate to crimes as well as substance abuse. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to include masculinities in the study of gender.

Title: Kisan Call Centre: A New Vista for Indian Agricultural Extension System
Abstract :
Given its range of agro-ecological setting and producers, Indian Agriculture is faced with a great diversity of needs, opportunities and prospects. The well endowed irrigated areas which account for 37 percent of the country’s cultivated land currently contribute about 55 percent of agricultural production, whereas, rainfed agriculture which covers 63 percent accounts for only 45 percent of agricultural production. In these less favorable areas, yields are not only low but also highly unstable and technology transfer gaps are much wider as compared to those in irrigated areas. If it is to respond successfully to these challenges, greater attention will have to be
paid to information-based technologies. Strengthened means of dissemination will be needed to transmit this information to farmers. Both technology generation and transfer will have to focus more strongly than ever before on the themes of optimization in the management of their available resources by producers, sustainability, coping with diversity by adapting technology more specifically to agro-ecological or social circumstances and raising the economic efficiency of agriculture. To make information transfer more effective, greater use will need to be made of modern information technology and communication among researchers, extension workers and farmers.
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Editorial
Abstract :
Title: Leaving the Traditional Livelihood: A Case Study on Mawallis of Sundarban
Abstract :
The Mawallis are traditional occupational group in the local people of Sundarban. Wild honey collection is their main livelihood. They use most wonderful indigenous knowledge and technique to collect honey from the dense forest. It is their popular livelihood and income. Presently lots of issue affects their traditional livelihood.
They try to hold on to their profession but poor socio-economical condition compels them to change their traditional way of earning. Some external and internal social, economical and environmental pressures are responsible for this change. At the same time new generation does not give any positive response in favour of this
profession. So the tendency is very clear that it will change in near future. In this study, I try to find out the responsible socio-economical conditions of present scenario behind the changing patterns of traditional livelihood of mawallis community.
Title: Blurred Trajectories of Migration Among Tribes: A Study of the Chenchus of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Abstract :
Since time immemorial, human beings have been migrating in search of resources to make a living or to occupy territories to establish power over the other. All types of human societies underwent the process of migration in one way or the other. But, migration of the members of a hunting gathering community to urban centres is not a very common phenomenon. An interesting question to explore in this context is; what made a hunting-gathering community to migrate to urban centres? The paper explores historical as well as contemporary migration with the case study of a hunting-gathering community, the Chenchus of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states of India. It examines the causes and consequences of migration and analyses the implications on Indian tribal Communities.
Title: A Review of Gender Disparity in Education Sector in India
Abstract :
Education for all is must at one hand and a challenge on other for an all round
development of third world society. Gender wise disparity in education has also remained as a head ace for a country like India. Indian women constituting 50% of the country’s human resource, still faces literacy-gender-gaps with only 54.16% literate female. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the disparities in education sector in India along with their impact status based on the data procured from secondary sources. The disparity is calculated by Sopher’s Disparity Index on male female literacy state-wise, age-wise in terms of levels of education, socialgroups and residence. Finally by employing the technique of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient, it has been observed that female education has significant impact on gender and human development. The study concludes that the essence of development lies in literating women by degendering that will pave way for better future by literating their kids.
Title: Is Cohabitation an Alternative to Marriage?
Abstract :

Cohabitation is an important phenomenon which is on the rise in the hectic and fast paced modern life, however, it exists on the sidelines of Indian society due to taboos attached to it. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon, three focus group discussions were conducted with 24 female college students (18-21 years) from Delhi-NCR. The results revealed that the participants were aware of the concept of cohabitation and its legal status in India. There was a lot of parental opposition and social stigma attached to cohabitation. Social media and cinema were considered to be the most important source of influence in understanding and actualizing such relationships. Partners also dealt with many problems like insecurity, harassment and lack of trust. Another unresolved issue was whether the couple should have children or not and the anxiety related to their future. But overall, cohabitation was perceived as a consensual arrangement with perks of a marriage without too many legal implications. In the future, a transformed scenario of marriage, as well as the choice of partners in terms of online dating and cohabitation may become popular.

Title: From Passive to Active Learning: Experience from INES-Ruhengeri, a University of Applied Sciences in the Republic of Rwanda
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to explore students and lecturers’ attitudes and views towards active learning strategies (ALS) implemented at the Institutd’Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri (INES-Ruhengeri), an Institute of applied sciences in Rwanda. Each class was taught in an active (non-traditional) manner for one course and in a passive (traditional) manner for another course. Several active learning methods (Think-Pair-Share, Card for Active Learning, Cooperative Learning, Supporting all the students, and Expert group) have been implemented during student teaching sessions. Questionnaires and interviews were administrated to students and lecturers, and then data were analysed. The results have shown that 78% of students learn better when the lesson involves ALS and it helps them to understand things better. 58% said that they enjoy lessons more if they involve ALS. It has also been reported (56%) that ALS helps students to communicate and to have better relationships with other classmates. The study has also found that over 82% of the lecturers agree that using ALS have a positive effect on students’ performance. This is very encouraging as it will help to improve the teaching and learning of students at INES. About 75% of the lecturers agreed that ALS methods ensure that total participation of students is achieved, integrate the learners’ experience and makes students interact in class. Some lecturers (15%) indicated that the class size of students and workload can affect the ability to use ALS. The different findings of this research will probably be useful for other institutes about the best ALS that the academic staff members in developing countries need for their teaching work, especially in the context of applied sciences.

Title: Relevance of Spirituality on Employee Health and Attitudes
Abstract :
Spirituality is a path through which people recognize their own identity and know about the super power of the universe. This is not only an alleged immaterial reality but also a deep feeling of super truth behind us and universe. At this modern time health complication becomes major issue. Climate change and natural
forces affect human life externally while for employees; organizational burdens affect a lot from internal affairs. In many cases it is seen that people remain ill both mentally and physically due to various known and unknown causes. Unhealthy condition keeps a person in sorrow and pain. Unnecessary pressure creates
depression, hypertension and many mental hazards. Both physical and mental illness do not allow a person to work perfectly. In many cases an employee falls in problems in workplace due to unpleasant attitudes produced. Health and attitudes are dependent with each other. One healthy person expresses healthy attitudes.
Attitudes are dependent on thoughts generated in mind. Due to temptation of environment sometimes negative forces come in and generate negative thoughts lead to harmful attitudes. But Spirituality pours impact on generating positive thoughts. A Person recognizes his self properly and awakens his conscience due to spiritual awareness. Truly spirituality plays a major role on health and attitudes.This paper contains Introduction, objectives, literature review, Importance, discussion and conclusion. At last references are included.
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Age Identity and Social Exclusion of Elderly Persons: A Cross Sectional Study
Abstract :
Background: The dominant social constructions of age identity are negative, leading to social exclusion in elderly persons through collective ill-representations. Hence, this study examines how age identity induces and sustains social exclusion in elderly persons. Method: Using a cross sectional research design, this study measured the age identity and social exclusion in older persons. The sample is defined as elderly persons aged 65+ years and live with family of procreation. We selected 41 samples by using multistage cluster sampling procedure. Age Identity Measurement Scale and Social Exclusion Scale were used alongside with sociodemographic profile. We analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: As age identity increased, elderly persons negatively perceived self and subscribed negative social attribution of ageing. Age identity has lead to high level of material deprivation and overall social exclusion in elderly persons. The negative perception of ageing was associated with high level of social exclusion. Inadequate social participation and normative integration lead to high level of social exclusion. The regression model showed three significant predictors of social exclusion in elderly persons.
Conclusion: Elderly persons give importance to their age identity, though they predominantly perceive the ageing process negatively. Negative self-perceptions of ageing significantly increased social exclusion. The study concludes that alongside sociodemographic factors, the negative self perception of ageing lead to high level of social exclusion in elderly persons.
Title: Trade Performance of SEZ in Southern India – A Comparative Study of Karnataka and Kerala Special Economic Zones
Abstract :

Since the SEZ policy was announced in 2000, there has been a continuous effort made for the improvement in the export performance. The Special Economic Zone scheme was also upgraded through a revision in the Export-Import Policy of 1997-2002 and the Special Economic Zones Act was passed in 2005. However, it was the enactment of the SEZ Act that provided a major push to the SEZs’ export performance and the SEZ policy for the increased exports. Export growth is necessary to offset the deterioration in the balance of payments. Through the establishment of Special Economic Zones export is increasing considerably. Therefore, there is a need to understand the contribution of Southern SEZs towards India’s Trade. In this background, the present paper analyses the Trade performance of Special Economic Zones of Southern India, focusing on Karnataka and Kerala SEZs. With the help of the collected sources of data it examines the export – import trade of Karnataka and Kerala SEZs and their contribution to Indian exports.

Title: Maternal Factors Associated with Nutritional Status During Early Childhood in Nagla Qila and Panjipur Villages of Aligarh District
Abstract :
India is home to the largest number of children in the world, significantly larger than the number in China (World population prospects: 2008). The country has 20 percent of the 0-4 year’s child population of the world. Globally, more than one third of under-five deaths are attributable to under-nutrition (UNICEF, 2009). About 20% of children under age five in India are wasted, 43 % underweight and 48 % stunted (NFHS-3, 2005-06). In terms of number about 54 million children under five years in India are underweight which constitutes about 37 % of the total underweight children in the world (SOWC, 2010). In India, 25 million children under five years are wasted and 61 million children are stunted, which constitutes 31 % and 28 % of wasted and stunted children respectively in the world (UNICEF,2009).
Title: Challenges in Indian Agriculture and its Implications for Organizing Extension
Abstract :
India’s economic security is heavily dependent on agriculture. About half of India’s population is either wholly or significantly dependant for their livelihoods on some form of farm activity – be it crop agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry or fisheries. Although the Green Revolution increased production and productivity of food crops, improved food security and raised rural incomes, India still has a large
poor (27.5 per cent of the population living below the poverty line based on 2004-05 data) and malnourished population.
Title: Cure Emanates from Cause: Understanding Rapist’s Psyche
Abstract :
Alarming increase in crime against women particularly in the rape cases coupled with brutality and sadism continue to pose the question: why it happens and how it may be eradicated, or at least may be minimised. In this one has to know the mind of the rapist, which remains one of the darkest territories of human sexuality. The scientists focus their research on the psychological forces that drive sexual violence and brutality. But researchers think that there is no single psychological formula to explain every rapist’s psyche. However, the personality characteristics of rapists divulge that lack of empathy, hostile masculinity, aggressive and dominant and controlling personalities, impulsivity, emotional constriction, underlying anger
and power issues with women are governing forces in the acts of rape. The
important question is how to prevent such brutal crime? Of course, improving the law and order machinery is essential indeed but one can not deny that society as a whole needs to put in greater efforts for gender sensitisation and creating awareness about the equality of women and their rights to free movement.
Title: Participation of Rural Hisar in Swachh Bharat Mission
Abstract :

The dream of a clean India is eyed by all citizens of India. It is not a distinct one as the “Swachh Bharat Mission” was introduced on the occasion of 145th birth anniversary of Bapu Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd of October 2014 by Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at Rajghat, New Delhi. The present study was conducted in the Hisar district of Haryana state. Two villages, Mangali and Aryanagar from Hisar I and Hisar II (blocks) were selected randomly by selecting 20 females, 20 males, and ten field functionaries from each village which made total sample to be 100. The media usage and participation of respondents in Swachh Bharat Mission was assessed. Majority of respondents had a medium level of media usage, and participation in Swachh Bharat Mission was reported to be low to medium. Correlation between media usage and participation of respondents in the Swachh Bharat Mission was reported to be significant.

Title: Reproductive Behaviour of Tribal Women Participating in Agricultural Works:An Empirical Study
Abstract :

Based on empirical study, this paper plans to highlight the consequences of agricultural work participation upon reproductive behavior of tribal women analyzing the fertility pattern of 390 sample numbers of Deori and Mishing women of North East India. While analyzing the reproductive behavior of sample women, the agriculture related impact factors on fertility have been considered. Rank correlation and logistic regression have been used as analytical tools. The study has been completed in four sections: section-I deals with the paradox, section –II covers the literature reviewed, section-III includes research methodology & limitation of the study and section –IV has been devoted for discussion of analytical results and conclusion. The findings show that neither the agricultural farm size, nor the paddy farm size has any significant correlation with the reproductive health behavior of ever married women of the sample family.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2021
Abstract :
Title: Analyzing the Dynamics of Social Vulnerability to Climate Induced Natural Disasters in Orissa, India
Abstract :
Climate-induced natural disasters (CINDs) including droughts, floods, cyclones and heat waves have become serious problems to Orissa, a coastal state of India. Fluctuating weather conditions in the state suggest that it is reeling under a climatic chaos. It has been experiencing contrasting weather like heat waves to cyclone and from drought to flood for more than a decade. The dramatic change in state’s ecology and weather conditions are perhaps consequences of climate change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) links vulnerability with climatic change and point out that the vulnerability of a region depends largely on its wealth and poverty, which limits the adaptive capabilities The socio-economic systems of the state like Orissa remains more vulnerable to CIND because of high reliance on natural resources, limited ability to adapt financially and intuitionally, low per capita GDP, acute poverty and lack of safety nets. Vulnerability is social condition of measuring coping ability that differs across the regions, economic sectors and social groups. The historical disparities in the socio-economic structure of the state shaped the social vulnerability of the population and their responses to cope with looming crisis. These disparities are derived from caste, class, occupation, age difference and socially marginalized population which will result into uneven impact of hazards on the various communities in different districts of Orissa. This article examines how the pre-existing social vulnerability within different districts of Orissa interacted with catastrophe to produce socio-spatial pattern recovery.
Title: CONTENTS
Abstract :

CONTENTS

Title: Functioning of NITI Aayog of India : A Study
Abstract :

“NITI Aayog” of India is a new institution structured in January, 2015 as replacement of the Planning Commission. It provides different public services through its various Vertical. Main initiatives of NITI Aayog include: public administration reforms and enhancement of administrative efficiency of government programmes, facilitating centre-state and inter-ministerial coordination for governance, and to provide best repository practices to aggravate developmental agenda. NITI Aayog can replace the one-way Centre-to-State flow of policy through ‘cooperative federalism’. It recommends various policies and their implementation is regularly executed by all State Governments. Of course, the NITI Aayog is a distinguished ‘think tank’ that has a good strategic vision and expertise with responsibilities to provide advice to the Government. Hence, the NITI Aayog by giving more control to the States, aims at avoiding top-down approach to policy making and tries to give it a bottom up approach.

Title: Food Security in India: An Overview
Abstract :
The problem of food security in India has been analyzed in this paper. This paper also tries to explore the strategies of government of India [GOI] in fighting the problem. It has been observed that the government of India has taken several steps to curb the problem, which has already reached at an alarming stage in the form of PDS, MDMS, MNREGA, SJSY, SGSY, FSB, etc. Yet, the problem of hunger has not been eradicated from the country due to several reasons such ascorruption,mismanagement, inflation, natural hazards, etc. But, now-a-days,MNREGA is playing a significant role in making India hunger free and the National Food Security Bill [FSB] is also going to play a revolutionary role in this context. The paper concludes that the MNREG Act and FSB are feathers in the cap of UPA government, who seems to be feeling concerned seriously about the welfare and wellbeing of common man of India.
Title: Tobacco and Alternate Crops in Karnataka - A Management Perspective
Abstract :
Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco is the major commercial crop in Southern Transitional Zone (STZ) 7 of Karnataka. FCV tobacco is being grown in kharif as rainfed crop with more institutional support and sustained demand in the international market. The various crops cultivated include Ragi, maize, Paddy, Jowar (Cereals), Red gram, Cowpea, Field bean, Horse gram, Sesamum, Niger
(Pulses and Oil seeds), FCV tobacco, Cotton, Sugarcane, Turmeric, Chillies, Ginger, Potato (Commercial Crops), Coconut, Areca nut, Banana, Mango, Tamarind, Sapota (Horticulture and plantation crops). India is a signatory to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and is under obligation to halve tobacco cultivation in the country by 2020. The present communication deals with
various management initiatives involved in the process of finding an alternate or substitute to tobacco in some pockets with demand driven crops. The present paper deals with various factors and issues to be studied for substituting tobacco in micro-zones. An attempt is to identify domains for developing protocols to study the agro-system and priorities for stakeholders for joining hands with
Government of India’s initiative to halve the crop size from 100m.Kg by 2020. As a precursor to sustain the rural development possible areas for CSR activity have also been discussed. The protocols developed help in the management initiatives for substituting the crop in pockets.
Title: Historical Overview of the Hungarian Labour Market
Abstract :
The Central Eastern economy went into a deep crisis after 1990. It became obvious that the structure of the economy built during the socialist era was not competitive enough to join the world economy. The changes after 1989 were accompanied by business closures, and high and continuous unemployment. As a consequence,
the standard of living decreased and social differences started to grow. Public opinion had to face what previously had been unknown: unemployment. This term became for many a concept with which “one has to live together”. The objective of this study is to introduce the informedness of the adult Hungarian population as to the current situation of the Hungarian labour market, 20 years
after the appearance of unemployment. The aim of the investigation was to map whether current prospective employees have enough information to manage themselves on the labour market and whether it is necessary to make up for this lack of knowledge during their school years. The investigation, based on 300 filled in questionnaires, reveals that the knowledge of adults is satisfactory as regards the labour market and employment policy, but on some questions, their knowledge is incomplete or incorrect.
Title: Role of SHGs: A Case Study in Bardhaman District, West Bengal
Abstract :
The study reveals that initially most of the members of SHGs were very poor and they had no alternative sources for generating some additional income but after involvement in SHGs they have been able to increase their income as well as savings from their additional economic activities. Again it has been found that the SHGs have become instrumental in empowering the normal housewives in terms of their capacity building and household decision making along with other social and economic activity. To strengthening the SHG movement, the most profitable and cost saving activities should be encouraged along with development of efficient marketing channels for the products produced through the pursued economic activities. With a view to increase standard of living, economic activities taken up by members need to be diversified.
Title: Economic Crisis and Labor Consumption: Calibrating Wage for Informalized Labor Households
Abstract :
Economic shocks impelled by a growth retarding phenomenon hinders the overall functioning of an economy and influences the constituent unit of society, i.e., humans, with severity of its effect stretched to that extent of society which remains vulnerable to such shocks. The informal community of labor, participating in economic activity without the cover of social security often becomes a recipient of the economic and policy variations leading to unrest on their way to development. The present study explores the constraints of labor consumption as experienced by the informal labor in India due to restrictive lockdown imposed to contain the spread of covid-19 with the purpose to ascertain its determinant by explicating consumption function in the analysis and empirically using multiple regression on macro variables that influences consumption. It was observed that during lockdown
the labor’s consumption was dependent on the wealth accumulated in the past, whereas the regression estimation suggested that the consumption expenditure was influenced significantly by their earnings and mildly by the level of inflation in the country. In pursuit of assessing labor’s desired earnings and their consequential migration, a theoretical condition is quantitatively explored. The study suggests that the government should assist the informal labor in upgrading their employable skills to help them secure a job with desired earnings in a quest to sustain present as well as future consumption needs and recommends that efforts should be made to endorse national policy empowering the labor towards wealth accumulation and social security
Title: National Sample Survey Data Revealed Diverse Countryside Domestic Consumption Expenses across fifteen States in India
Abstract :
Recent debate in development literature pertains to identifying the focus of development, whether it should be growth, poverty, or inequality. The reemergence of the age old issue of growth inequality has brought the debate on poverty to the center stage with large political and emotional undertone. This has been also been facilitated by the quality and the type of data (panel data on
household consumption expenditure) which was not the case earlier. “Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty”, Planning Commission, GOI (2009) observed that “While acknowledging the multidimensional nature of poverty, the estimates of poverty will continue to be based on private household consumer expenditure of Indian households as collected by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)”.
Title: Growth and Instability in Foodgrains Production in West Bengal
Abstract :
West Bengal agriculture has started to show a sign of change since 1980’s, by registering a modest growth in foodgrains production after three decades of near stagnation. Over the entire period i.e, 1950-51 to 2007-08, the state has recorded foodgrains production growth rate accounting 2.59% mainly due to moderate rise in productivity (2.23%) in spite of deceleration in area under aus (Bhadoi) rice and pulses. Study on effect of new crop production technology on growth and instability of foodgrains production reveals that growth in output of foodgrains along with constituents has become more stable compared to remaining two phases, but it is difficult to conclude a definite relationship between them. Again, yield effect has emerged as major contributor to foodgrains production increase in successive periods except wheat which clearly indicates that policy measures need to be directed towards augmentation of yields of major crops through development and popularisation of location specific HYV along with improved crop management practices to meet the growing demand of foodgrains in future.
Title: Street Vendors and Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture: Scenarios from Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), India
Abstract :
Rapid urbanization in India creates social problems where urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has a role of in reducing urban poverty and ensuring environmental sustainability. Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is a fastest growing region in India with a population of 21 million where high proportion of urban poor along with higher migration to MMR makes the region vulnerable to food crisis. This paper focuses on the current situation street vending and UPA production systems in MMR with special attention towards their contribution towards the local services. An over view about the various concepts of street vending were also presented. The question about the various social dimensions and aspects of these marketing systems were also mentioned. Based on primary and secondary data, this paper attempts to confirm that street vending in UPA production complement rural supply chains and reduce ecological food prints. These marketing systems should be better planned and incorporated into the city architecture for ensuring local food supply and employment opportunities in MMR.
Title: factors Affecting the Adoption of Agricultural Technology in Bijnor District of Western Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :
Agriculture plays a significant role in addressing poverty, hunger and malnutrition and livelihood security of millions of people in India. Since independence, the country has made significant strides in agriculture, to meet the growing demands of our growing population. The Indian farming is mostly characterized with diversified agro-ecologies, water scarcity, unpredicted rains due to vagaries of monsoon and high cost of technological inputs. Based on the changing scenario of agriculture year by year, it requires promotion of proper management of natural resources like soil, water and micro environment, besides wellbeing of all stakeholders involved in the food production and consumption chain. This is primarily possible by technological empowerment of farmers.
Title: ‘Information’ as Term: Historical Root, Present Focus and Future Potentials with Technologies
Abstract :
Information is one of the important term now days. Today each and every one; including human being, organization, institutes are directly and indirectly
associated with Information. The role and value of Information is increasing day by day. Virtually for centuries the societies in their various stages and development have prospered on the basis of Information and Knowledge. Information-The term is actually deals with Latin roots and Greek origin and was readily deployed in empiricist philosophy because it seemed to describe the mechanics of sensation objects in the world inform the senses. Virtually¸ due to several input, Information has reckoned as a driving force for all human developments. This paper presents a conceptual overview of information which includes origin and historical aspects powered by information. Paper lastly highlights some aspects of information; compare to data and knowledge, which we deemed equal many times.
Title: Measuring Core Inflation in India: An Empirical Evaluation of Alternative Methods
Abstract :
In view of formulating credible monetary policy to attain the price stability objective, the difficult part for the central banks is to distinguish, within ongoing inflation evolutions, between short term volatility and the underlying pressure of inflation. While it has now become a standard practice for most central banks around the world to monitor core inflation, little progress has so far been made in the Indian context. This paper takes a pioneering look in measuring core inflation in India focusing on the popular exclusion and trimmed mean approaches. The performance criteria adopted in this analysis show that the measure of core inflation developed in the paper has strong money-induced characteristics and therefore, can credibly be used as a short or medium term guide of monetary policy in India. This paper aims to introduce the concept of core inflation and to calculate alternative measures of core inflation for India. We have used two approaches: (1) Exclusion based approach (2) Trimmed mean method, to identify the measures of core inflation. We have obtained five alternative measures of core inflation using exclusion approach these are: WPI excluding food articles, WPI excluding food articles and non food articles.
Title: Awake India to Face E-wastage, is an Emerging Threat to Environment
Abstract :
In ancient days, people lived ecofriendly with primitive technology. People were lived dependent on agricultural and allied activities, and they created some kinds of wastages which were used as manure and raw material for other products. In this era, the modern science and technologies are lead innumerable inventions to make human comfortable. All instruments invented by modern technology creating some kinds of severe wastages and the modern technologies are failed to solve these problems. From last half century, we are suffering due to unsolvable environment related problems like the treatment of sewage, industrial and urban wastages, plastic pollution, air pollution, etc. Along with that management of E- (electronic) wastages is one of the major problems in developed countries and it is an emerging problem in developing countries like India. Keeping this as background, this article reveals issues related with e-wastages in India.
Title: Information Need of Library Users in Homoeopathy University, Jaipur-A Study
Abstract :

This Paper identifies the use and purpose of information by library users of Homeopathy University, Jaipur. The purpose of the study is to describe the data obtained from the Google Form techniques, Trying to obtain data for analysis of different aspect of difficulties faced by students in accessing library also statistical analysis of data for different aspects of accessing library. Maximum percentage of People accessing library were using library for referrals books and were getting majority of the books for reference. Satisfaction level with ambience and comfort of using library was assessed where more than 90% were satisfied.

Title: Status of Health Security of the Forest Dwellers of Assam
Abstract :
Forests, the important renewable resource on the earth have gradually been transformed to a non renewable resource mainly by the individuals in the urge of a better life. Generally the socio economic impacts of forests are pushed backward by its ecological effects. As a result of this a special group and their lifestyle also
remains in periphery. Their ineffectiveness in organization of the demands for protection of the specific forests based culture has left them in a situation where on the one hand they are not getting the modern facilities which the government guarantees them and on the other hand they are unable to practice their traditional ways of lives. Medicinal plants constitute important NTFPs on which life of the people living in the adjacent areas of forests depend to a great extent. With the depletion of the plants with medicinal values, status of health of those people has come under severe threats. The present study is an attempt to examine the role of medicinal plants in the lives of the fringe villagers of Kaziranga and Manas National Park of Assam, two important World Heritage sites of the state.
Title: Rural Poverty and Irrigation Performance in India: A District-level Study
Abstract :

The main objective of the study is to analyze the impact of irrigation on rural poverty across districts in India. The secondary data from different sources have been culled using descriptive cum regression analysis. The statistically significant inverse and strong relationship between irrigation and rural poverty has been pointed out not only from descriptive analysis but also regressions which is expected in this study. The important finding of the study is that irrigation infrastructure is more pronounced as lag variable in determining rural poverty than as normal variable.

Title: Editorial
Abstract :
Title: Editorial
Abstract :
Title: Feminist Methods, Methodology and Interpretations on Displacement and Livelihood Issues: A Study of Women Tea Plantation Workers, North Bengal, India
Abstract :

Present paper examines methods and methodological concerns of few significant conceptual constructs based on inter-sectional variables like colonial history of tea plantations, feminization of workforce, political economy of displacement, issues of sustainable livelihood; gender, labour and identity crisis or gender, space & identity; and emerging feminization of underclass at the face of declining tea economy in North Bengal. Further, observational analysis post closure of tea gardens would be included to substantiate trend analysis from a feminists’ scholarship. It attempts to develop a theoretical discourse subsequently a tangible feminist framework keeping the gender- labour and displacement- livelihood issues at center space of the thematic dialogue.

Title: Communication Sources Followed by Tribal Communities for Adoption of Improved Animal Husbandry Practices in Pali and Sirohi District of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The main purpose of animal husbandry information sources is to reach farmers who cannot be contacted personally by extension officers; in the shortest possible time. Location of the client and availability of time are the deciding factors for choosing information sources. The present study investigates the pattern of information sources utilized by tribal farmers for animal production technologies targeting 200 tribal farmers of Pali and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents opined that scientists of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra and Pashu Vigyan Kendra were the best personal cosmopolite source. Among the localite sources, the input dealers were the top followed by fellow farmers. Among the mass media sources, training and demonstration units were the most important ones. It can be suggested that the access and availability of personal cosmopolite sources viz. scientists from KVK/SAU’s/ICAR be increased as they are competent and reliable. Similar the access to cosmopolite channels to be improved for effective transfer of technology to farmers.

Title: Managerial Efficiency of Vocational Higher Secondary Education (VHSE) Certificate Holders in Agriculture - A post-Finishing School (FS) Evaluation
Abstract :

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of finishing school(FS) programs on the managerial efficiency of vocational higher secondary education (VHSE) certificate holders. FS are informal educational programs meant only to fine-tune the already acquired skills, and it is not a substitution for any degree or diploma. The design of the study was ex post facto design. Ninety vocational higher secondary education certificate holders who were exposed to FS of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) were selected through purposive and proportionate random sampling. Similarly, 40 respondents who were not exposed to the FS were also selected. The data was collected through a structured and pretested interview schedule. Correlation analysis, student t-test, principal component analysis, frequency, and percentage were the statistical tools used. The study result highlighted that the majority of the respondents who were exposed to FS were having medium managerial efficiency. In contrast, the majority of respondents who were not exposed to FS had low managerial efficiency.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Automation and Digitization on Occupational Stress in Automobile Industry
Abstract :

The automotive sector is changing as a result of disruption caused by industrial automation and digital technology. Companies can adopt the most recent business prospects linked to industry 4.0 in their organization, including those that deal with autonomous driving, automated manufacturing lines, the auto supply chain, big data, the Internet of Things, quality management, the environment, etc. The degree to which people are satisfied with their jobs plays a significant role in this process because workplace stress is a common source of it, particularly for those working on production lines. Numerous studies on job conditions and satisfaction using conventional methods have been done, but they differ from digitalized industries due to a variety of factors, such as job security and a lack of technological knowledge and training, educational requirements, robotization, supervision, anxiety, etc. Stress management techniques are more effective for highly educated and younger people. This study addresses the issue of job stress among engineers and technical workers in the Telangana automobile industry as a result of automation and digitization. One way that ANOVA is used to examine the stress factors responsible for the drop in level of job satisfaction is through the use of a structured questionnaire on a sample of 100 engineers and operators to study the factors affecting job stress in the automobile sector. According to the conclusion, technical operators are more likely to operate in a traditional workplace and less likely to adopt an advanced work environment, and they also report feeling more pressured and unsatisfied with their jobs. In order to improve productivity and competitiveness, which in turn improves services and job satisfaction, it is also necessary to implement suitable training programmes and digital technology adaptation strategies.

Title: Factors that impacted the degree of corruption and its variation: An empirical analysis based on international panel data
Abstract :

Investigating factors that impacted the degree of corruption and its variation are essential prerequisites for decreasing the degree of corruption and improving the ability to curb corruption. Based on the international panel data published by the World Bank, a new database that links closely to the topic is coded. Subsequently, with the assistance of the ordinary least squares method, this paper builds up a multiple regression model and a lagged variable model to test the contribution of government effectiveness, “institutional inertia of corrupt governance”, political stability, and citizens’ political right to the degree of corruption and its variation. Finally, it provides specific suggestions and references on how to decrease corruption and strengthen the capacity of corruption prevention.

Title: Public Policy Analysis at a Glance with Reference to NITI Aayog : A Research
Abstract :

‘Public policy analysis’ is a large, extending intellectual enterprise which involves many academic disciplines, private research organisations and governmental agencies, each distributing a common matter with formulation, implementation or results of public policy decisions. Public policy is more concerned with politics than the public administration, and provides more technical processes for decision making. ‘NITI Aayog’ is a ‘think tank’ of GOI policy which aims to foster involvement and participation in economic policy making process by the States. It provides a critical directional and strategic input for the developmental process of India. Indeed, it focuses on the ‘cooperative federalism’, and promotes and authorizes demanding necessity for good governance which is people-centric, participative, collaborative, transparent and policy-driven. NITI Aayog gives suggestions to State Governments and GOI. ‘Skill Development’ is an important operator for decreasing the poverty by enhancing employability, productivity and continuous enterprises development and overall growth. The skills promote for higher productivity, and increased employment, income and development. With these views, therefore, this paper discusses on the significance of public policy analysis with special reference to NITI Aayog in the present scenario.

Title: Association of Personality Traits with Emotional Intelligence of College-Going Boys and Girls
Abstract :

Personality can be explained as the distinctive and characteristic patterns of  thought, emotion and behavior that make up an individual’s personal style of interacting with the physical and social environment. As we see young people often face difficulty in managing day to day challenges at home, college and also in their relationships which make them unable to manage their emotions, behavior and ultimately seriously impact their personality. Having healthy emotional intelligence creates positive outcome in relationships with others and oneself and leads to sound personality and is considered as key to success in life. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the personality traits and emotional Intelligence of adolescent. Association between personality and emotional intelligence was also measured along with gender difference between college going boys and girls regarding personality traits. A sample of 200 students from four colleges of Chandigarh in the age range of 18-24 years was selected for the study. Scales administered were Big Five Personality Test and Emotional Intelligence Test. The data were collected and frequency and percentages were calculated and data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Results revealed that majority of the students scored higher in agreeableness trait of personality followed by extra version. Significant and positive correlation was found between personality and emotional intelligence. Majority of boys and girls showed average emotional intelligence (63 % and 77 %) respectively. On the other hand, significant gender differences were found between boys and girls with regards to personality.

Title: Adoption of Recommended wheat Production Practices in Faizabad District of Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :

Wheat occupies a pivotal place in Indian agriculture. Sustainability of scientific wheat cultivation practices must be ensured to attain the goal of agricultural sustainability. The study was conducted to determine the adoption of wheat production practices in Faizabad District of Uttar Pradesh, One hundred twenty respondents were selected randomly and descriptive research design was used. Findings of the study inferred that there 50.00 per cent wheat growers were having medium level socio-economic status whereas 41.66 per cent respondents were having low socio-economic status while 08.33 per cent respondents were having high socio-economic status. It was also revealed of the study 27.05 per cent respondents had low level adoption of improved wheat practices followed by 58.30 per cent wheat growers had medium level adoption of improved wheat practices, whereas 14.65 per cent wheat growers had high level of adoption of improved wheat practices. The sizeable numbers of farmers were having medium knowledge of wheat production technology perhaps due high extension contact and appropriate land holding. The findings were passed on to scientists and extension officials of the district for taking necessary steps to bridge the gap in adoption of wheat production technology. Government should take proper steps and appropriate extension strategies to be followed for improved wheat production technology, and storage for wheat production.

Title: Constraints Faced by Officials and Farmers in Implementing Vegetable Development Programme
Abstract :
Kerala is a state with invariant demand for vegetables for home consumption. But the production of vegetables in the state is very
low when compared to other states, which makes it a consumer state for vegetables. To meet this production insufficiency, Govt.
of Kerala launched Vegetable Development Programme (VDP) in the year 2012. The present study entitled “Constraints faced by
officials and farmers in implementing Vegetable Development Programme” was carried out in the Malappuram district of Kerala.
Untimely sanction of the subsidy, reluctance of youngsters to participate in VDP, and lack of supporting staff were reported as
the significant constraints faced by agri officials while implementing the program. Whereas the significant constraints faced by the
farmers were stated as high labor costs followed by price fluctuations of the products and problems in marketing the product the
farmer.
Title: Promoting and Backing Tribal Entrepreneurship in North- East India by the Virtue of Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Vikas Yojna
Abstract :

Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Vikas Yojna (PMVDVY), a Central Government initiative, aims to bring a paradigm shift in entrepreneurship by improving tribal livelihood and sustainably harnessing the wealth of the forest. Van Dhan Yojna is a tribal entrepreneurship market-linked development program that focuses on building tribal SHG clusters and developing them into Tribal Van Dhan Kendras. It also tackles major issues that Indian tribes confront, such as land/house ownership with no rights, MFP collecting limits, middleman exploitation, shift from natural sanctuaries and national parks, and absence in forest communities’ development. It is now used in 27 states. The current study depicts the image of PMVVY in the north-eastern part of the country. The North-East area has the most forest cover and unique natural resources. It promotes the notion of ‘Atma-Nirbhar Bharat’ as an important ‘Engines of Growth’ for tribal groups in the North-East. Collective efforts of tribes from forest product collection through value-addition have resulted in the tremendous achievement of PMVDVY in tribal regions of Northeast India. TRIFED’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Abhiyan’ program to make India self-sufficient, with the slogan ‘Go Vocal for Local Go Tribal–Mera Van Mera Dhan Mera Udyam,’ will help in the complete transformation of the country’s tribal economy.

Title: Analysis of the Level of Stress Among Rural Youth in Yavatmal and Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra
Abstract :

Youth are the future of a nation and the overall development of any nation depends on the regimented, active and competent strength of youth. An exploratory study with ex post facto design conducted with randomly selected 160 sample rural youth from two districts Yavatmal and Ahmadnagar of Maharastra recorded various responses on determining the level of stress caused by different stressors using appropriate statistical tool i.e. Rural Youth Stress Scale. Respondents distribution based on their overall stress level has resulted in 46 per cent of the rural youth have medium level stress (45.62 %) and around 27% of the respondent had high as well as low stress. District wise distribution of the respondents revealed that mean stress score of the Yavatmal district (102.16) was slightly higher than Ahmednagar (99.71) but not significantly different. 48.75% respondents from Yavatmal had medium stress score i.e. (95-109) with 26.25% respondents scored high level of stress and 25 % had scored low levels while Around 44 % of respondents in Ahmednagar had medium level of stress and 37.5 % and 18.75 % low and high levels of stress respectively. Around 39.62 % of the female youth had medium stress level as compared to males (45.79%). T value calculated from Independent samples test when compared to tabulated value, it shows no significance at 0.732 and 0.649 level of significance results in no significant difference between the mean stress level of male and female respondents. Results from Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that there was significant and negative correlation between the stress level and land holding, annual family income, and mass media utilization at 1 percent level of significance while strongly negative and significance correlation was found. So this study has resulted in overall understanding of levels of stress among rural youth in yavatmal and Ahmednagar districts of Maharashtra.

Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 01, March 2022
Abstract :
Title: Participatory Democracy and Civil Society
Abstract :

For the true essence of democracy, its important that civil society is allowed to actively participate in decision making of the state machinery. Participatory democracy as a mode of conduct protects the rights of the citizens as ruling authority is responsible towards them and denial of that can result in change in authority. Democracy cannot be reduced to procedures only ,but the representative government should guarantee the protection of individual rights in the state. Individuals in the state should feel that they have effective participation in public life either by supporting or criticizing policies formulated by government.

Title: Growth Instability and Comparative Advantage in Export of Indian Rice
Abstract :
India is the second largest producer and leading exporter of rice in the international market. More than 60 per cent of the world’s population depends on rice as one of their main sources of food, and it contributes significantly to agriculture. Factors like introduction of high yielding and quality varieties along with suitable rice production technologies during the Green Revolution period has enhanced the Indian rice production and also trade liberalization is positively influenced the Indian rice export. So, present study explored the growth rate, instability and comparative advantage in export of basmati and non-basmati rice. The study used secondary data of rice export for the period 2001-02 to 2019-20. Result of the study revealed that export of basmati rice was registered higher growth at rate of 19.96 per cent as compare to non- basmati of 12.63 per cent per annum. Both basmati and non-basmati rice shows high degree of instability in export but basmati rice was found more stable (43.98 per cent) than nonbasmati with 63.46 per cent instability during the study period. The result also indicated that except USA all countries had greater than one value of revealed comparative advantage and positive value of revealed symmetric comparative advantage during the study periods. The estimated value of RCA for India had increased from 8.14 in 2001-02 to 13.14 in the year 2019-20 indicated India had comparative advantage during whole study period.
Title: Editorial
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Editorial

Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 02, June 2022
Abstract :
Title: Analysis of Communication through Traditional Folk Media for Rural Development in Rajasthan
Abstract :

Exploratory and descriptive research on analysis of communication through traditional media for rural development was conducted. In this study Jaipur and Jodhpur districts in Rajasthan were selected purposively. The data were collected from 120 respondents using structured interview schedule and analysed using standard methodology. The finding of the documentation of traditional folk media resulted in collection of several folk forms including folk dances, puppet show, folk proverbs and folk drama and theatre etc. From the results it was revealed that folk media artists and development functionaries preferred folk songs (37.60), puppet show (29.22), folk theatre (28.70) and folk dance (20.68) in both districts based on the mean Garret score. Correlation among different communication attributes of folk media i.e. message and channel attributes exhibited positive and negative relationships at 0.05 level of probability. Content analysis of folk media songs resulted in their effective utilization in 11.26 per cent related to social relations, 7.26 per cent related to entertainment and 5.27 per cent related to agriculture and only 2.50 per cent related to health. As per results of the study the traditional folk media have great potential which can be effectively used for information dissemination and adoption of new technology. Different constraints were faced by folk media artist in their use of folk media for communication are perceived as management constraints, financial constraints, communication constraints, technological constraints and social constraints. Hence this study suggests that to maintain the folk culture government should initiate measures such as providing incentives to folk artists. As per results of the study the traditional folk media have great potential which can help the development functionaries to use them effectively for information dissemination and adoption of new technology.

Title: Morbidity Profile and Associated Risk Factors among Power-loom Weavers in Mau District in Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :
The power loom industry of Mau is ancient, and a very limited study is existing in Indian literature on the occupational health status of these workers, which are exposed to various occupational hazards. This study aims to assess the morbidity profile and associated risk factor among Powerloom weavers in Mau district of Uttar Pradesh. A sample of 300 workers selected from the identified power loom industries from six blocks of Mau district. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and morbidity were asses using operational definition. Bivariate and Multivariate statistical analysis. Most of them belonged to the above age 30 (88%). The study found a prevalence of selected morbidities of impaired vision (48.7%), Anxiety (63.7%), Injury (25.7%), and pain in the lower back (56%). Anxiety, Lower back pain, and impaired vision were associated with the workplace environment. Similarly, Injury, low back pain, and low vision were significantly related to work duration. The present study shows the high prevalence of low back pain, impaired vision and injury among the weavers, along with anxiety, which indicates a need for periodic medical examination to rule out occupational hazards.
Title: Contents
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Contents

Title: Reading ‘Binaries’ in Nationalist Narratives in the Context of India – A Dissection
Abstract :
The collapse of old political frameworks of colonization and the reconfiguration of global power have been accompanied by an
impulse to redefine, reassert, and reconfigure meanings of the nation on multiple levels. As colonial powers have begun retracting
from countries they once imperialized, citizens of those countries have been given the opportunity to once again define their nation
as they perceive it, rather than accept the definitions imposed on them by other powers. In this context, this paper actually is to
examine and analyse the question of nationalism with gender identity. The key argument of this paper is that the valorisation of
‘women question’ in dominant nationalist narratives actually misread the actual nationalist discourse. Thus, this article provides an
overview of some of the key concepts and literature in the study of gender and nationalism, including women; gender; the nation
and the intersection of sexuality, race and gender within nationalist imaginations
Title: Contents
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Contents

Title: Constraints Faced by Students of Agricultural Universities in Digital Learning
Abstract :
Digital technology is the major game-changer in human history. Digital technology is implemented into our everyday life. With the introduction of digital devices and cell phones into student education, high-speed internet and digital devices were given top priority in urban and rural India. However, in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, it becomes mandatory to conduct online classes for the students to continue their academic curriculum. Although the students are facing number of challenges in usage of digital learning and different adaptation strategies are adopted by students also. The purpose of the study was to determine the challenges and adaptation in Digital Learning by the students of Agricultural Universities. For this research, two universities, namely Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour and Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, were purposefully selected, and from each college, 60 students were randomly selected. Total of 120 students was chosen from both colleges. The results of study depicted that majority students chose deficiency of printers, lack of interrupted internet service, slow processing speed of devices, high initial cost of digital tools, distraction during lecture, sleep cycle causing eye-irritation, headache, backpain and other physical and mental stresses.
Title: Analysis of Socio-economic Profile of the Members and Dynamics of Grapes Growers Association in Theni District of Tamil Nadu
Abstract :
The grape is one of the most valued conventional fruits worldwide. Although most of the parts of the grapevine are useful, primarily, the grape is considered a source of unique natural products not only for the development of valuable medicines against a number of diseases but also for manufacturing various industrial products. Since the crop requires huge manpower for harvesting and other
operations, only small farmers cultivate the crop. Farmers Producers Organization is an organization of farmer-producers that provides support to small farmers with end-to-end services covering almost all aspects of cultivation, from inputs and technical services to processing and marketing. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the following objective to study the socioeconomic profile of the members and dynamics of Grape Growers Association in the Cumbum block of Theni district with a sample size of 60 farmers registered in GGA. The respondents were selected based on the purposive random sampling method. The data were collected from each respondent through a pre-tested interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that to adopt innovation farmer mostly prefer joint decision made by member of association of 58.00%, for marketing produce decision made by the member of the association of 75.00%, group activities promote cooperation among farmer, and group activity improved the knowledge of farmer due to contact with extension officer and another farmer these agreed by 75.00% and 83.30% of members respectively.
Title: Analyzing Origin and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Rural Markets: A Geographical Study from North India
Abstract :
This paper analyzes the genesis and spatiotemporal distribution of selected rural markets. For the study, Aligarh district in the
north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has been selected as a study area. There are 286 rural markets in the district which are unevenly
distributed over the space. Study is based on secondary sources and data has been collected from the Census of India, District
Census Handbook, and Gazetteer of Aligarh. The analysis made clear that the bulk of the area’s rural markets grew due to the
construction of road networks by the British government and landlords. The geographic distribution of market centers in terms
of time and space is a component of rural markets. The combined effect of physio-cultural characteristics of the specific place
determines market dynamics and their periodicities.
Title: Consequences of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk
Abstract :
Obesity is a complex multi-factorial disease. It is known to be an independent risk factor for serious health conditions, including hypertension, type 2diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Obesity rates have increased in all ages and both sexes irrespective of
geographical locality, ethnicity or socio-economic status. People are becoming obese younger, morbid obesity is increasing and the
full health implications are only beginning to be seen. This is expected to rise further in next 20-30years. To study the overview
of obesity and its relation to cardiovascular risks. In this review paper secondary information produced by different authors,
researchers from website like PubMed, lancet, Google scholar has been used. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder associated
with CVD and increased morbidity and mortality. Globally, more than 1.9 billion adults are overweight and 650 million are obese.
In India, more than 135 million individuals were affected by obesity. Obesity results into various health problems which are
having direct link too cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Obesity emerged as a major public health threat for all strata of the society
worldwide.
Title: SDG on Health and Socio-economic Barriers: An Empirical Study in Bihar
Abstract :
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on health ensures healthy lives and promotes well-being for all at all ages. Sufficient and equitable distribution of resources is imperative on the one hand while addressing both institutional and non-institutional barriers
is also important on the other hand. Among the non-institutional barriers, socioeconomic factors significantly contribute to the
health and well-being of an individual. In this paper, the socio-economic barriers to healthcare access are studied in the context
of Bihar. The study is based on secondary data that is taken from NSS 75th round survey: consumption on health (2017-18). The
logistic regression model is used to check the significance of the relationship between healthcare access and socio-economic factors like Age, Gender, Income, Caste and Religion. The result is presented through Graphs and Charts followed by a discussion and conclusion. The study shows that all the socioeconomic attributes are significantly associated with non-access to healthcare access on all India level. However, in Bihar, only income class and education are significant barriers. Further, ‘non-chronic illness’ and ‘medical services not free’ are the two most significant barriers to healthcare access in both India and Bihar. The concentration
graph shows a large variation in healthcare access across the income quintiles. It means, the barriers to healthcare access are largely concentrated among the poor and thus, the current health programs are pro-rich. According to the result, appropriate measures are suggested at both the household and state levels to reduce the barriers to healthcare access. A comprehensive and holistic approach to health services can only ensure the achievement of SDG – 3 (Health). 
Title: Editorial
Abstract :
The idea of starting factory production of cotton cloth and yarn in India took shape during the first two decades of the 19th century. The first cotton mill in India was established in Kolkata in 1818. The second cotton mill came into existence in 1830 in Bengal. The industry however found its most generous home in western India and especially in Mumbai. The first cotton textile mill called the Bombay Spinning and Weaving mill came into existence in Mumbai in February 1856. The Indian textile industry consists of traditional handloom sector with prim active technology, power loom sector which is a technologically improved form of handlooms and com posited mill sector with its advanced technology.
Title: Factors Associated with Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE) Programme: An Impact
Abstract :
The papers focused on impact on students and farmers skills under the RAWE programme under the CCS Haryana Agriculture
University Hisar. The study found that motivation needs which were varied towards students motivation skills. Thus, the factors
are found to be responsible to assess an impact on students’ skills and impact on farmers. To get a clearer spectrum of the study
associated factors taken to measure the impact during RAWE. It was found under intrinsic motivation majority (70%) of students
found that learning and experience ideas was considered to be the most vital factor that secure (2.39) mean score value followed
by (60%) believed to do well and show good result secured (2.20) mean value. While (70%) select the CCSHAU due to interest in
agriculture with mean value (2.35). However, (70%) students using local language with farmers secured mean value (2.14) in case
of students’ self-exploration. Study revealed that under extrinsic motivation majority (75%) students found to highly motivated on
the statement concerning welfare to get good feedback which secured (1.67) mean, avoid working what else to do (75%) with (1.67)
mean value, where (60%) students had medium level of motivation on the statement believed to be motivated (15%) with (2.14)
mean value towards extrinsic motivation. Eventually more than (60%) students having medium level of motivation concerning on
the statement students enjoy and interest due to village view with (1.82) mean value, (70%) having low level of motivation show
very little performance with mean value (1.71) respectively.
Title: Why 100% Adoption Rate is Unachievable even with 100% Subsidy? A study on adoption of Micro Irrigation Systems (MIS) among small and marginal farmers in Southern India
Abstract :
Micro Irrigation systems have been at the forefront in policy making because of its significant impact on saving water resource,
enhanced agricultural productivity and enriched nutritional quality. Considering the importance of MIS, this study has been
undertaken in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India to determine why MIS have not been adopted to the expected level among
small and marginal farmers when the state government provides 100% subsidy and to find out the reasons for discontinuation
of the technology. Employing Logit model, it is found that the adoption of the technology is significantly influenced by farming
experience and years of education of the farmers, income from non-farm and off-farm activities and area under wider spaced
crops. Factors like negative perception towards the technology and non-availability of technical support leads to dis-adoption of
the technology. Modifying the specifications on subsidy will result in increased adoption and also decreased dis-adoption of the
technology.
Title: Marketing Chain, Price Spread and Efficiency of Turmeric Crop in Yamunanagar District of Haryana (India)
Abstract :
Since ancient times, spices have been used for in the kitchen and medicinal purposes. In addition, spices such as turmeric, coriander,
garlic, fenugreek, cinnamon, cumin and clove are utilized as health remedies for various diseases. The study tried to find out various marketing channels, costs, price spread and marketing efficiency of spice crop turmeric in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana. The study is based on primary data for the year 2020-21. Acharya’s approach to marketing efficiency has been employed to analyze the data. The turmeric producers adopted five marketing channels for turmeric crop in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana. The study concluded that among the marketing channels adopted by turmeric farmers in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana, channel-V (direct from the producer to the ultimate consumer) was the most efficient marketing channel because, by this channel, the producer receives a reasonable price for their turmeric crop and the consumer received turmeric at the lowest prices. Hence, both the consumer and producer’s surplus are maximized.
Title: Fatty Food Consumption and Its Effects on Liver Health
Abstract :
Fat is essential for health. Some fats are beneficial for health & some are harmful. The type of fat consumed is more important than
the amount of fat consumed. This is a review paper where different studies and views of various authors are observed for getting
information and stats, many websites like Pubmed, Google Scholars etc and journals by the various author have been referred
by the researcher. The consumption of dietary fats and its effect on health. Eating too much and the wrong kinds of fats, such as
saturated and trans fat, may rise levels of low-density lipoprotein or LDL, or “bad” cholesterol. Elevated LDL cholesterol in the
blood may increase a person’s risk of heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes and liver disease. Both poly- and monounsaturated fats
help in lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol) and subsequently reducing the risk of heart disease. It is recommended
to consume a diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, and high in polyunsaturated fats, limiting the intake of most saturated
fats and consuming enough unsaturated fats, is the ideal approach to a healthful diet in the long-term. Dietary changes can have
unexpected effects on health, especially for people with underlying health conditions and heart problems.
Title: Contents
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Contents

Title: Editorial
Abstract :
Businesses in India are optimistic about growth of the country’s rural consumer markets, which is expected to be growing faster than urban consumer markets. These days, there is better networking among rural consumers and their tendency to proactively seek information via multiple sources to be better informed while making purchase decisions.
Title: Growth and Variability in Selected Cereal Crops in Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
The present study assessed the performance of selected cereal crops viz., wheat and rice in state in terms of growth and variability
over 30 years’ time period from 1991-92 to 2020-21. Further these periods are divided into four sub-periods. The study is entirely
based on secondary data obtained from the Directorate of Economics and statistics, ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
New Delhi. To obtained this, exponential growth model and Cuddy-Della Valle index (CDVI) were used. The study concluded
that, the area, production and productivity of wheat reported positive compound annual growth rate. However, a positive and
significant growth rate were seen across the sub-period II and III. In terms of variability, it was found that in both the crops wheat
and rice reported highest variation in production when compared to area and productivity.
Title: Strengthening Technology Delivery System through Empowerment of Village Organizations
Abstract :
Village level organizations and leaders play an important role in the decision-making process with respect to technology adoption
and spread in a community. Often the village level leaders are constrained with issues such as lack of adequate knowledge, poor
communication skill, poor accessibility to right technology sources, exploitation by input dealers and prevalence of conflicts due to
local groupism among farmers. The present study was conducted among 207 farmers, who were office bearers or active members of
formal village organizations (FVO) belonging to five districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Bureaucratic protocols and inadequate financial
resources were the major constraints in the functioning of FVOs, while communication skills and knowledge for development
schemes & ICT tools were the major capacity development needs perceived by the members & leaders of FVOs. It was also found
out that FVOs can be integrated with overall agricultural development of the village and surrounding areas if the leaders and
members involved in the technology delivery mechanism as partners and properly utilized by the extension functionaries.
Title: Impact of Nutrient and Bio-fertilizers on Soil Nutrient Status and Quality Attributes of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Abstract :
An experiment was conducted during the year 2015-2016, at the Instructional Farm, Department of Horticulture, SKN, College of
Agriculture, Jobner for the study the impact of nutrient and bio-fertilizers on Soil Nutrient Status and Quality attributes of garlic.
The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 16 treatment combinations, four phosphorous levels viz.
control, 25 kg P ha-1, 50 kg P ha-1 and 75 kg P ha-1 as first factor and four seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer as second factor viz.
control, PSB, VAM and PSB + VAM. The results of phosphorous levels revealed significantly higher soil nutrient status and quality
were recorded due to application of 75 kg P ha-1. However, application of 75 kg P ha-1 was statistically at par with 50 kg ha-1 for all
quality characters, Sulphur content (%), N content in bulb (%), P content in bulb (%), K content in bulb (%), Total soluble solids (%)
and P content in soil Among the bio-fertilizers, inoculation with PSB + VAM recorded higher values of soil nutrients and quality
characters of garlic.
Title: Editorial
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Editorial

Title: Content
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Content

Title: Content
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Content

Title: Impact of Injury on Confidence, Performance and Feelings of Sport Persons
Abstract :
Data on 60 sport persons, experienced with sports injury, taken at random at KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha were included
in the present study. Garrett’s Ranking Technique was adopted to rank the responses, obtained through putting the questionnaire
with regard to the confidence, performance and feelings after getting injury during sporting event by the respondents. Confidence of
regaining after getting healed was preferred response with mean score of 69.60 against 53.87, 45.00 and 30.40 with other comparable
factors. Performing well despite shortcomings was primary response with mean score of 64.25 against 50.23, 44.58 and 39.83 with
other proposed factors. More critical evaluation of self was rated as the least important response with mean score of 34.20 as against
other three factors having almost similar scores ranging from 50 to 60 indicating a casual response to the injury incurred in sports
among the subjects.
Title: The Distinction of Tolerance and Toleration — Also on the Limits of Tolerance
Abstract :
Tolerance and toleration are a pair of terms with differences and complex relationships, and the connotations and differences
between them have always been different, and no clear and relatively consistent understanding has been formed in the academic
field. By examining them from a comprehensive perspective, we can find that the differences between tolerance and toleration are
mainly reflected in four aspects: status value, psychological expression, the object of concern, and contingency and inevitability.
Through the analysis, we can find that tolerance is a higher moral quality or ought-value, and its psychological mechanism is active
and proactive, while toleration is an essential requirement and a fundamental norm. Its psychological characteristics are mainly
passive and restrained. The analysis of the concept helps us to understand the value of tolerance to individuals and society, but
tolerance is not always valuable, and in the public and private spheres, tolerance or not is based on the reasonable limits of law and
moral conscience.
Title: A Study on Export Scenario of Vegetables from India: An Economic Analysis
Abstract :
India is the second largest producer of vegetables, next to China. India’s share is 11.95 per cent of total global production with
204.61 million tonnes from area of 11.28 million hectares. The share of vegetables export in India’s agriculture and related products
is 3.30 per cent and share in export of horticultural products is 16.21 per cent respectively during 2021-22. The present study
was carried out with a view to analyze the export scenario of vegetables in India. The data were collected and analyzed for a
period of twenty years (2001-02 to 2020-21). The compound annual growth rate in export of vegetables was worked out by fitting
the exponential function. During the overall period of twenty years, both exported quantity and value of vegetables from India
registered a positive trend and the compound annual growth rate was 6.66 and 14.40 per cent for exported quantity and value
respectively. Under different component of vegetables highest compound annual growth rate in exported quantity was registered
in other fresh vegetables category (10.83 per cent per annum) and in exported value it was vegetable seeds (18.85 per cent per
annum). The largest quantity is exported in the form of onions (56.86 per cent) followed by other fresh vegetables (25.14 per cent),
processed vegetables (10.47 per cent), cucumber and gherkins (7.24 per cent) and vegetable seeds (0.28 per cent). The share of
vegetable exports in total vegetable production was ranging from 1.25 to 2.14 per cent during last one decade. In terms of value
Bangladesh was the major importing country for Indian onions, UAE for other fresh vegetables, USA for cucumber & gherkins
and processed vegetables and Netherlands for vegetable seeds. Awareness to farmers regarding export specifications and quality
vegetable production, increase in infrastructural facilities related to export of vegetables, improved post-harvest technologies,
promotion of need based processed products for export, identification of potential and new emerging markets, strict quality control
and proper policies related to export of vegetables may contribute to increased foreign trade of India.
Title: Constraints to Implementation of Market Information System (MIS) on Minor Forest Produce (MFP) in High Altitude and Tribal (HAT) Zone of Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :
Marketing information is one of the noteworthy inputs for any organization and individual, where it helps in the decisionmaking
of future marketing events, and its needed set of activities known as MIS. The present study focused on constraints in
the implementation of MIS in the HAT zone, the severities of the constraints were quantified with the aid of the Garrett ranking
technique. The major findings of the study revealed that mobile network issues with a Garret score of 68.19, delays in updating
market information with 64.89, frequent fluctuations in prices with 55.24, and market information not timely 46.96 respectively are
the major problems in the implementation of MIS in HAT zone. The least prioritized problems of the study are low literacy with
a Garret score of 43.56, mitigated training programs on the grading of MFP with 35.29, and higher transportation cost with 21.73
respectively.
Title: Editorial
Abstract :
Title: Fashion, Modeling, and Beauty in Haiti: A Space of Self-Subjectivation for Young People
Abstract :
This study seeks to explore the identity formation of models in Haiti. The goal is to demonstrate how Haitian models shape their
identity through fashion practices and how fashion can contribute to reinforcing their self-image. The study draws on theoretical
approaches around identity and the body and applies constructivism and symbolic interaction to understand the identity
construction process of the models. A qualitative methodology was used to collect and analyze the data. The research concludes
that some young people in Haiti use fashion to construct and subjectivize themselves. The study categorizes the construction of the
models’ identity into three groups: those who want to maintain the traditional essence of modeling work, those who believe the
model must manifest creativity, and those who advocate for a more relaxed fashion with less stringent body requirements.
Title: Profile of Women Dairy Farmers in Gandhinagar District, Gujarat: An in-depth Analysis
Abstract :
Dairy farming plays a crucial role in improving farmers’ income in India. Women are the backbone of dairy farming activities. This study investigated the personal, social, economic, psychological, and communication profiles of women dairy farmers in Gandhinagar district, Gujarat. The study used purposive and random sampling methods to select respondents who owned at least five dairy animals at the time of investigation. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to the middle-age group (72.00%) and had secondary level of education (41.20%). Further, 55.60% of the respondents had 10-20 years of experience in dairy farming and 48.00% had large family size. Additionally, 59.20% had-medium level of income and 60.40% had animal husbandry combined with agriculture as their occupation. Most respondents (44.80%) had small-sized herd (5 to 14 dairy animals), and 33.20% had up to one hectare of land. Regarding mass media exposure, 66.80% fell into the medium category. Moreover, 42.00% of the respondents had high level of scientific orientation, 42.40% had medium level of risk orientation and 44.80% had high level of credit orientation and innovativeness.
Title: Content
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Content

Title: SWOT Analysis on Drone in Agriculture-A Case study
Abstract :
The study was conducted in 2023-24 in KVK operational area of Nandyal district with an objective of visualizing strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in the use of drone technology in agriculture. The purpose of the study is to comprehend SWOT analysis and determine the best entry tactics for the sustainability of drone technology in agriculture by using TOWS matrix. Data was collected from 120 farmers those farms were covered under drone spraying more than twice under agriculture drone project, with pre-designed questionnaire. Opinions translated as coefficient and rating was given for the same by using Internal Factor Evaluation and External factor Evaluation matrices for evaluating the drone technology to reveal its strengths as well as weaknesses along with opportunities and threats. The internal and external factor (I-E) matrix tool is used to summarize the information gained from drone’s external and internal environment analyses. The results found that the average for IFE and EFE score was 2.50 and 2.62, respectively, which reflects that opportunities and threats are more than strength and weakness of the drone technology in agriculture. It is more effective and easy in tall and dense crops i.e. Maize, Jowar, Red gram and Paddy. Less availability of spare parts, poor repair and maintenance services was founded as weaknesses of the technology.
Title: Extent of Adoption of Banana Cultivation Technology by Farmers of Bihar
Abstract :
Banana cultivation holds significant economic importance worldwide, serving as a major fruit crop and a significant source of income for farmers while contributing substantially to agricultural trade. In Bihar, India, banana cultivation plays a vital role in the agricultural landscape. Understanding the factors influencing farmers’ adoption of new technologies is crucial for devising effective strategies. This research sheds light on the extent of adoption of banana cultivation technology by Bihar’s farmers. Findings indicate varying levels of adoption across different aspects of banana cultivation practices, with factors such as age, experience, and training significantly influencing adoption levels. While certain variables show positive correlations with adoption, they do not exhibit significant associations. These insights underscore the importance of targeted interventions and training programs to enhance adoption rates, ultimately promoting sustainable and efficient banana cultivation, thereby improving productivity and livelihoods. Additionally, the identification of disparities in adoption rates between districts emphasizes the need for tailored strategies addressing unique challenges and opportunities in each area.
Title: Editorial
Abstract :
The contribution of women to national development in the current context and its potential is of greater significance. Involvement of Indian women in national progress at all levels is an assured reality although the degree of involvement varies from time to time and region to region. The prosperity and growth of a nation depends on the status and development of its women, as they not only constitute nearly half of the population, but also positively influence the growth of the remaining half of the population. The crucial role of women in agriculture, allied occupations and household activities has, however, been grossly underestimated and undervalued. Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields like dairy farming, mushroom production, pisciculture
etc. Dairy farming is a major occupation of rural women in India. Dairy farming in India predominantly involves women taking primary responsibility for milking and animal care. Milking is a time-consuming activity, often done twice daily in the early mornings and evenings.
Title: Knowledge of ICT Based on Research Life-cycle Among Research Faculties of CCS HAU, Hisar
Abstract :
The study was carried to determine the knowledge of ICT based research life cycle among the research faculties of CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar in 2023. All the colleges of university were selected for collection of data. Data were collected personally from 120 research faculties selected by simple random sampling technique through a structured questionnaire and analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical tools by using 26 version Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A set of 9 independent, 3 communication and 3 dependent variables were selected for the study. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were male having age between 37-47 years with PhD with NET having service experience of 6-10 years belonged to nuclear type of family and had medium family educational status. They had annual income in between ` 8 lakhs to ` 14 lakhs and in service and family income was in between ` 15 lakhs to 25 lakhs. It was noted that regarding the knowledge of ICT based on research life-cycle, majority of the respondents had knowledge about remote sensor, coding, presentation, audio/ video interaction.
Title: Content
Abstract :

Content

Title: Impact of Childcare Center Facilities on Working Mothers’ Performance at Office: A Study on Bangladesh
Abstract :
In Bangladesh, it is a prevalent occurrence for working women to experience heightened concerns over the safety and wellbeing
of their children following childbirth. The primary aim of the study is to investigate the impact of childcare facilities on the occupational productivity of employed women in Bangladesh. The study has been conducted following a quantitative method research approach. The area of study is Dhaka City. The statistical tests performed in this study include frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and chi-square test. By conducting a chi-square test (p<0.05), the overall study revealed that there is a relationship between childcare center facilities and the working mother’s performance at the workplace. The findings of the study pointed out that the majority of the participants believe that reliable childcare facilities have a positive impact on maintaining their work-life balance. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights for policymakers to be more concerned about establishing reliable childcare facilities in Dhaka city so that the active participation of working mothers in the workplace increases and they can promote their ability to deliver high-quality performance at their workplace. Over the last decade, a significant amount of scholarly inquiry has been dedicated to the area of women’s empowerment and the augmentation of female representation within the labor market. But this study is the first to highlight the impact of childcare center facilities on working mothers performance at office.
Title: Exploring Elements That Might Deter Prisoners from Engaging as Students in Distance E-Learning Settings
Abstract :
The study aimed to explore deterrents faced by incarcerated individuals in distance e-learning. It recognized the unique challenges
prisoners encounter in educational pursuits, crucial for effective program design in correctional facilities. Conducted in a Namibian
prison, it adopted qualitative methods, employing interviews and thematic analysis. The findings contribute to Correctional Education Theory, enhancing comprehension of barriers like socio-economic, psychological, and institutional factors. Informing program development, it advocates for tailored initiatives facilitating prisoner education. Despite difficulties, the Namibian government’s support for distance e-learning showcases commitment to inmate rehabilitation. This research underscores the importance of addressing obstacles to foster education in carceral contexts.