The present study was conducted during the period of 1^st January 2019 to 31^st December 2019. During this period we had registered total 957 goats at Kalsi, Chakrata areas of district Dehradun, Chorgalia, Kotabagh, Kaladhungi areas of district Nainital and Shetlai, Pantnagar, Bazpur areas of district Uddham Singh Nagar beside this we had also included the concerned data from Government Veterinary Hospital Outpatient departments (OPDs) of the above said areas in Uttarakhand. However, the semi stall-fed pattern of feeding was adopted by the registered goats and the climatic conditions of the said geographical areas were humid subtropical. The total number of goats (n=957) were distributed as (n=284) goats of Hilly regions and (n= 673) goats of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The schematic presentation of the total number of goats registered under various categories during this study is depicted in Fig. 1. In the present investigation, consideration was only made towards the commonly occurring metabolic disorders of goats i.e. hypoglycemia/Pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia. Blood samples were collected from the registered goats during the transition period (pre & postpartum accordingly). For biochemical analysis 3 ml blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each goat following all aseptic precautions and transferred it into the clot activating vials and allowed to clot in slanting position for about one to two hours. Separated serum was harvested gently after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 2,000 to 3000 rpm in a labelled dry eppendorf with the help of micropipette and preserved at -20°C in a deep freezer for further use. Serum estimation of glucose, calcium and magnesium were carried out by using Erba diagnostics Mannheim GmbH, Germany kits as per there protocol and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was estimated by using specific calorimetric Kits (G- Biosciences,USA). All the registered goats were administered anthelmintics and underwent random faecal sample examination, negative results indicating free of parasitic burden. The incorporation of various goats under a specific metabolic disorder group depended upon the clinical findings and the serum analysis of various relative analytes.

Incorporation of goats under hypocalcaemia category was based on the clinical anomalies such as ataxic, nervous, hyperactive, tremor of the muscles, sternal recumbency, mucus exudates in nostrils, fine muscle twitching of the lips, eyelids, and ears and mental depression. However, serum calcium level less than 6 mg/dl was considered as positive for hypocalcaemia (Rankins et al., 2002) in the present study.

Incorporation of goats under hypomagnesaemia category was based on the clinical anomalies such as ataxia, muscle stiffness, hyperexcitability, over-stimulated muscles, extreme leg stiffness, muscle spasms, teeth grinding and tetany. However, serum magnesium level less than 1.5 mg/dl was considered as positive for hypomagnesaemia (Rankins et al., 2002) in the present study.

Hypoglycemia/Pregnancy toxemia category Incorporation of goats under hypoglycemic/Pregnancy toxemia category was based on the clinical anomalies such as behavioural changes, does normally isolate themselves and appear dull, and depressed, in advance cases neurologic manifestations become evident and does may appear blind, become disoriented and ataxic, reduced feed intake. However, serum glucose level less than 30 mg/dl was considered as positive for hypoglycemia (Gupta et al., 2007) and a serum level of BHBA greater than 0.8 mmol/l was consider as positive for pregnancy toxemia (Ismail, et al., 2015) in the present study.

The findings of present study among the registered pre-parturient hilly region goats, revealed that (6.72%, 08/119), (5.88%, 07/119) and (4.20%, 05/119) goats were positive for hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia respectively. However for hilly region post-parturient goats (5.45%, 09/165), (5.88%, 07/165) and (3.63%, 06/165) goats were positive for hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia respectively. Meanwhile among preparturient goats of Tarai region (6.49%, 20/308) (2.27%, 07/308) and (1.94%, 06/308) goats were found positive for hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia respectively and for post parturient goats of Tarai region (7.94%, 29/365), (3.01%, 11/365) and (2.73%, 10/365) goats were found positive for hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia respectively. Differences in the various metabolic diseases conditions among Hilly and Tarai region goats of Uttarakhand was found non-significant as the Pearson’s chi-square (χ²) test revealed P-value > 0.05. Meanwhile, the region-wise prevalence of commonly occurring metabolic diseases, among Hilly and Tarai region goats of Uttarakhand for (Pre-parturient) and (Post-parturient) is graphically depicted in Fig. 2 and 3 respectively.

It is well established that Blood glucose is considered as one of the important parameters of metabolic profile test; that’s why it has discernible value during various production diseases and reproductive defects. The concentration of glucose is variable during gestation, lactogenesis and dry period. The variations in glucose level among pregnant and lactating animals affirm that there is the utilization of glucose by fetus and milk yield, which ultimately signifies the importance of glucose administration prior and post parturition and resulted in the scaling down of hypoglycemia / pregnancy toxemia (Ramin et al., 2007). In the present study, during pre-parturient & post-parturient stage of Hilly and Tarai region goats, we found hypoglycemia as 6.72%, 5.45%, 6.49% and 7.94% respectively. Lalitha et al. (2001) has also reported 03% pregnancy toxemia in pregnant goat however Ismail et al. (2015) reported the prevalence percentage of pregnancy toxemia was 13.3% in goats. Meanwhile, among large ruminants prevalence of ketosis was claimed as 2-20%. The results of this study were also in corroboration to the previous work of Rook (2000) who claimed that distorted nutritional and feeding managemental factors, can lead to herd outbreak with morbidity rates exceeding 10% of the does.

Among cows, one of the complex factors that persist at the time of parturition is to maintain the constant level of blood calcium. During the last 3^rd week of pregnancy, there is need for the significant amount of calcium for skeleton development by the fetus. Azab and Abdel-Maksoud (1999) and Iriadam (2007) documented similar findings among goats that calcium concentration declined in late pregnancy period, and the minimum value was reported on kidding and the values remained towards the low side for the 1^st week of lactation. This observed decline in calcium concentration at late pregnancy period might be due to increased demand for calcium for the development of fetal skeleton. At the time of parturition, due to drainage of the huge amount of calcium into colostrums may lead to decline concentration of blood calcium level in cattle’s. However, preservation of calcium equipoise is crucial for various physiological functions like neuromuscular excitability, clotting of blood, and secretion of the hormone. In the present study during pre-parturient & post -parturient stage of Hilly and Tarai region goats, we found hypocalcaemia as 5.88%, 5.88%, 2.27% and 3.01% respectively. These findings were corroboration to Peter and Peter (2011) recorded less than 5% of hypocalcaemia in a flock of ewes during pre & post -parturient stages. However, explorative work of Roche et al. (2000) claimed that incidence of hypocalcaemia in a flock of ewes may be high up to 10% during late gestation period or during early lactogenesis. In the bony skeleton, somewhat 60 to 70 % of the magnesium normally exists. Meanwhile; soft tissues and extracellular body fluids possess remaining 30 – 40%. Majority of the enzymes related to the protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism are magnesium dependent for their activation. In ruminants, the rumen is considered as the main absorption site for magnesium. However, hormone-mediated magnesium metabolism has no indications, while calcium and phosphorus indicates hormone-mediated metabolism. As extensive depletion of magnesium from the extracellular fluid pool may lead to the tetanic condition. In the present study during pre-parturient & post-parturient stage of Hilly and Tarai region goats, we found hypomagnesaemia as 4.20%, 3.63%, 1.94% and 2.73% respectively. However, previous explorative works also highlighted that there is 1-3% of mortality in each year among large and small ruminants due to various affections related to hypomagnesaemia.

The findings of the present study revealed that among hilly region goats, age-wise dissemination of hypoglycemic case revealed maximum occurrence among 3-4 years of age group (41.17%) followed by 4-5 years of age group (35.29%) and (23.52%) among 2-3 years of age group. However, in case of Tarai region goats, maximum dissemination of hypoglycemia was recorded among 4-5 years age group (38.77%) followed by 3-4 years age group (36.73%) and 2-3 years age group (24.48%) respectively. In the case of hypocalcemic goats, maximum occurrence (45.85%) was sought during 4-5 years of age group followed by (35.71%) among 3-4 years age group of Hilly goats. Meanwhile, maximum cases (44.44%) were recorded among 3-4 years age group of Tarai region goats followed by (33.33%) among 4-5 years age group. In case of both Tarai & Hilly region goats, lowest hypocalcaemic cases were recorded among 2-3 years, age group. The findings of the present study revealed that among hilly region goats, age-wise dissemination of hypomagnesaemia cases revealed maximum occurrence among 4-5 years of age group (45.45%) followed by 3-4 years of age group (36.36%) and (18.18%) among 2-3 years of age group.

However, in case of Tarai region goats maximum dissemination of hypomagnesaemia was recorded among 3-4 years age group (50.00%) followed by 3-4 years age group (31.25%) and 2-3 years age group (18.75%) respectively. The dissemination pattern of metabolic diseases in Hilly and Tarai region goats of Uttarakhand, based on various age groups is graphically depicted in Fig.4 and 5 respectively. The findings of present studies revealed that among hilly region goats parity wise dissemination of hypoglycemic case revealed maximum occurrence among 2^nd parity goats (41.17%) followed by 3^rd parity goats (35.29%) and (23.52%) among 1^st parity goats. However, in case of Tarai region goats maximum dissemination of hypoglycemia was recorded among 3^rd parity goats (44.89%) followed by 2^nd parity goats (34.69%) and 1^st parity goats (20.40%) respectively.

In case of hypocalcemic hilly region goats maximum occurrence 50.00% was sought among 3^rd parity goats followed by 35.71% among 2^nd parity goats and 14.28% among 1^st parity goats. Meanwhile in case of Tarai region goats maximum cases (44.44%) were recorded among 3^rd parity goats followed by (38.88%) among 2^nd parity goats and 16.66% in case of 1^st parity goats. However, the findings of the present study revealed that among hilly region goats, parity wise dissemination of hypomagnesaemia cases revealed maximum precipitation among 3^rd parity goats (45.45%) followed by 2^nd parity goats (36.36%) and (18.18%) among 1^st parity goats. In case of Tarai region goats, maximum dissemination of hypomagnesaemia was recorded among 3^rd parity goats (50.00%) followed by 2^nd parity goats (37.50%) and 1^st parity goats (12.50%) respectively. The dissemination pattern of metabolic diseases in Hilly and Tarai region goats of Uttarakhand based on parity is graphically depicted in Fig. 6 and 7 respectively.

Animal husbandry practices are of prime importance since ancient time for the sustainability of the rural livelihood in the Indian scenario. Goatery is one of the important aspects of animal husbandry practices in Hilly and Tarai regions of Uttarakhand, where there is a scarcity of agriculture land. Beside this meagre work pertaining to highlighting the dissemination pattern of common metabolic ailments among goats was also one important factor to take this endeavour. The period around the kidding is considered as most challenging one, in a doe’s reproductive phase. Various insults related to metabolic and nutritional prior, peri and post kidding, may lead to the initiation of key metabolic alterations significant to physiologic transition from pregnancy to lactation, resulting in innumerable metabolic ailments. Among goats hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypoglycemia /pregnancy toxemia are some common metabolic diseases whose precipitation is frequent. Pugh (2002) narrated that the severe weather conditions, predator attack and transportation (either by truck or by foot) may produce stress which, works as an important factor in the precipitation of the pregnancy toxaemia/ hypoglycemia in goats. The findings of the present study were endorsed by previous work of Radostits et al. (2007) whose result conveyed that in older age goats are more prone towards hypocalcaemia. The findings of the present study is also in corroboration with the previous explorative work performed by Radostits et al. (2007), narrated that as the age increases chance of precipitation of hypoglycemia/ketosis increases.