Care of homeless individuals is a major concern as they serve both as cases and potential carriers. Their economic, social and psychological issues visibly make them the most disadvantaged sections of society. This makes them more susceptible to infectious diseases. One of the multiple challenges is their mobility which not only promotes the spread of disease but also limits contact tracing. Reports of triage discrimination against this group have also been known (Schiff et al. 2017). Barely surviving in overcrowded settings with high mortality, a public emergency or natural disaster would affect them severely. Closure of public places and clearing out of streets would mean the removal of their temporary shelters.

The transgender community often lives in clusters in poor socioeconomic conditions due to low acceptance of the gender continuum in a sex binary societal construct (OCHA, 2020). Many live in parks and railway stations and seeking gratuity in ceremonies, begging in public transport or as sex workers. Trains, buses, and crowded marketplaces are their chief sources of income and also likely points of being exposed to the virus. Sadly, the shutdown of the same translates directly to a loss of daily wage for them. During a respiratory pandemic, preventive public health and sanitation measures are difficult to implement. Work and travel restrictions introduce financial set-backs as well. Crucial for the well-being of these otherwise ostracized people is support from within their community in the form of functions and gatherings - all of which have been brought to a stop by the pandemic (Khan et al. 2009).

The health needs of the transgender community are varied and very often poorly understood (Stroumsa, 2014). With many being unaware of their status, HIV is a major threat to their health, (Poteat et al. 2015) especially in the setting of a pandemic. Transgender individuals are more prone to develop psychiatric illnesses (Dhejne et al. 2016). Hormonal and supportive therapy they may be receiving may be halted due to restrictions implemented. Unavailability of required medication may aggravate gender dysphoria (Kennith, 2020). The transgender community is easily ignored while planning for disaster and disease and government response to the needs of this community has been inadequate in India. (Dominey-Howes et al. 2018)

Commercial sex workers are less acknowledged by society and experience ostracism from policies and welfare schemes as an occupational group (Chotiner, 2020). The establishments are clustered in dense slum-like dwellings, where the public health measures regarding COVID-19 cannot be implemented. They have less access to healthcare and concerns like HIV also affect them.

In a widespread lockdown, to earn a livelihood there are chances of concealment of the disease status of both the sex workers and the clients. And in case of any suspected or COVID-19 positive CSW, tracing the clients is tedious due to societal stigma.

Some of the most vulnerable to the ill-effects of the pandemic is the displaced populations of the world: refugees, asylum-seekers, migrants, stateless people and the internally displaced. The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNCHR) puts the total number of displaced people all over the world at 70.8 million, 84% of which reside in developing countries (Reuters, 2020; United Nations High Commissioner for, 2020).

Refugees live in some of the most densely packed areas of the world, with baffling population density running in millions per km². There the spread of the virus becomes all too easy. Globally, their access to basic amenities, like clean water and sanitation, remain scarce. Large families crammed into tiny tents and overcrowding under larger shelters are the norm (Kluge et al. 2020). Trying circumstances, such as these prevent enforcement of public health and hygiene measures, making social distancing a mere utopian ideal (The World Bank, 2020). Healthcare facilities are insufficient, outlets ill-equipped and understaffed in these areas and pandemic preparedness lags behind substantially (Fazel et al. 2005). Traditional healthcare practices about which practitioners may be unaware also increase vulnerability (Reuters, 2020). Language is also a barrier to the dissemination of information about the disease. The internet is not accessible everywhere, not everyone has mobile phones and electricity is also not a universal privilege. Rumours and misinformation run rampant in refugee camps in times of crisis like this. Popular anti-refugee and anti-migrant notions often combined with political agenda and racial discrimination produce an environment hostile for displaced communities. Stigmatization and discrimination also result from the refugees being baselessly blamed for the spread of the diseases. Shutting down of borders, refusing asylum seekers and forceful returning refugees to their country of origin (repatriation) may result. Major depression, anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder are prevalent in refugees (WHO, 2020).

Establishing trust is a major step to ensure that the right information reaches all and rumors are curbed, hence field workers must be locals (International Committe of Red Cross, 2020). Humanitarian organizations that try to mitigate the sufferings of the displaced people find it difficult amidst lockdowns and travel restrictions to provide services to them (Chotiner, 2020). Providing services only to refugees results in dissatisfaction among the locals outside the camps who may be in great need themselves, creating tensions between communities (Chotiner, 2020). The Inter-Agency standing committee (IASC) which is a UN forum for humanitarian coordination, has issued guidance for mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak, in collaboration with the WHO, IFRC, IOM, and UNHCR. It especially emphasizes the needs of displaced people (OCHA, 2020).

The coronavirus pandemic has affected mankind in an unprecedented way. Most research papers have pointed out an increased case fatality rate among the 703 million elderly (United Nations et al. 2020) aged 65 years and above (Garg, 2020; Wu and McGoogan, 2020). The pandemic has brought an immense amount of mental trauma along with the fear of death in most senior citizens with the recent reports showing abandoned and dead elderly lying on their beds in old-age homes in Israel, France, and Spain (Liphshiz, 2020). In US, CDC data shows 13.8% hospitalization rate in 65+ group and 80% deaths (CDC, 2020a). Italy has the highest average affected age reported worldwide i.e. 81, and 23% population with more than 85% deaths over the age of 60 years (Ball and Evans, 2020). Yet it had failed to even report the death toll in nursing homes earlier which has surpassed 2700 deaths (Breuninger, 2020). CDC China also reports 80% mortality in the 60+ age group (Liu et al. 2020).

CDC and WHO have released an updated guideline addressing the need for physical distancing rather than social distancing (CDC, 2020b). Most old age homes have cut all social contacts, which along with the limited workforce and lack of medical resources could lead to severe depression and PTSD as pointed by the 2003 SARS study on residents of Toronto (Hawryluck et al. 2004).

Prisons are breeding grounds for any epidemic. With over 11 million prisoners worldwide in 2018 (ICPR, 2020) and increased criminal detention in some countries for breaking lockdown laws, the world is facing a vicious circle (Akiyama et al. 2020). Outbreaks have erupted in prison cells, in China and Colombia with several deaths reported in Italy, UK and Venezuela (Euronews and AFP, 2020). The USA with over 2.1 million detainees in 2016 (Williams and Ivory, 2020), had reported 1,300 confirmed cases and 32 prison deaths till 8^th April (Euronews and AFP, 2020). The role of prison response in public health is tremendous, as proved by the study on the Influenza pandemic in (Maruschak et al. 2009). Recognizing this, the WHO has urged for preparedness, prevention, and control of the COVID-19 outbreak in prisons. UN has also urged governments to release non-serious crime offenders (UN News, 2020). Iran had released 70,000; Afghanistan and Colombia, 10,000 prisoners (Burhan, 2020) and India have decided to release over 40,000 inmates on parole (Pandey, 2020).

There are some general as well as some specific issues of these marginalized people. The table 1 and table 2 below summarize the specific and general issues of marginalized population.

Regardless of gender, skin color, sexual orientation, economic background, religion, disabilities, ethnicity or legal status, medical devotion should be fundamentally equal for all groups. With the governmental and authoritative measures in place, there is a need for increased sensitivity of the masses towards the less propagated but more deprived segments of the society. At the community level, crowd funding initiatives are becoming popularised. If a small residential society can cater to their nearest area of need, economic and physiological crunches could be dealt with thereby reducing mental trauma due to those issues. In areas with some considerable infection control, welfare vocations can be undertaken at the household scale. This pandemic crisis can actually stimulate the national governments, authorities and people to think about the measures to mitigate the problems faced by the marginalized community. Contribute to the building of resilience and dignity of life among them. Sensitivity among people is needed for necessary empathy that can alleviate the suffering from all of humanity.