The present paper entitled on ‘Agricultural Sciences Vs. Agricultural Engineering: A Study’ is proposed with following aim and objectives (but not limited to)x—

To know about the basics of Agricultural Science including its basics, features and characteristics.

As an Applied Science, Agricultural Sciences is concern about various scientific principles, methods, tools etc. The field also treated as a science and art dedicated in cultivation of multiple products viz. crops, plants and even livestock and animals etc. The sedentary human civilizations enable people for the foods and survive by the initiation of the agriculture. The field of Agricultural Science though started later on but the concept regarding the agriculture started about thousands years ago and about 105,000 years ago. Furthermore the nascent farming was started before 11,500 years and gradually various kinds of animals also being part of agriculture. After that various kind of animals like pigs, sheep and cattle etc. become domesticated around 10, 000 years ago. Gradually the development of Agricultural Sciences leads the promotion in many respects. Furthermore various other branches and areas considered important and allied in Agricultural Sciences and among these important are Mechanical Engineering, Food Technology, Information and Communication Technology, Genetic Engineering, and so on. For example the field Genetic Engineering in the agricultural changed the picture traditional Agricultural in many respect (Darnhofer et al. 2005; Mäder et al. 2002; Stockdale et al. 2002). Apart from the technologies the field chemistry also play a leading role in agriculture and notable changes are include—

By the uses of the chemical fertilizer.

Therefore Agricultural Science is an interdisciplinary area. And it is more than biology and combines with other areas viz. Management, Commerce and Economics and so on.

Agricultural Science is an emerging and interdisciplinary field and as far as biological areas are concerned few important are depicted in Fig. 1.

Therefore Agricultural Science is a kind of technique and procedure and gradually it has become a field of study with having various features and attributes viz.—

Agricultural Science is a broad field of practice connected with various other fields and subjects all together.

Agricultural Systems become changes rapidly in recent past there are various aspects and methods in agriculture due to recent applications of the scientific methods, applications and so on viz. Agricultural chemistry is responsible for use of the chemical fertilizer, insecticides including chemical fungicides in cultivation etc. Regarding the soil makeup, soil health also Agricultural Chemistry considered as important and it is treated as important in Agricultural Science. Another aspect i.e. Green Revolution in the Western world spread huge changes the entire world include hydroponics, plant breeding, hybridization, gene manipulation, better management of soil nutrients, and improved weed control. And here also Agricultural Science played a leading role. Though the partial role of Engineering i.e. Agricultural Engineering is also applicable in traditional Agricultural Science and changed its arena and led few other attributes viz. Genetic engineering based Agriculture—and it is applicable in agro products, crops, household animal product development using genetic engineering principles, tools, methods etc.

Similarly due to the Agricultural Science promotion with other technologies another system been developed viz. Organic Agriculturein which agricultural systems very minimum or less harmful chemical are used viz. less pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, growth hormones etc. and rapidly growing in modern agro production practices. Corporate Agriculture is farming and done by the mega corporations and largescale farms and in this kind of agriculture corporate bodies are directly engaged in the cultivation; and here more human resources are engaged. This kind of agriculture practiced for the immediate profit also. Vertical Farming is another method in which corps, vegetables etc cultivated in the stacked layers, vertically (Darnhofer et al. 2010; Murphy et al. 2007; Pang and Letey, 2000). Hence, it is the solution of the space problem and in a particular area and even building floor etc. cultivation become possible. Therefore Agriculture is a broad field and not only consists with the Agricultural Science and Agricultural Engineering but also other fields, as depicted in Fig. 2.

Agricultural Engineering is a diverse field and responsible for the designing and development of the Agricultural products, tools and systems for healthy Agricultural Systems (Genius et al. 2006; Peigné, et al. 2007; Sunding and Zilberman, 2001). The following description well noted on this—

Agricultural Engineering is allied with the Agricultural Science and responsible for the designing, development of the cultivation with equipments, products, machines, and so on. It is an engineering field of farming and cultivation and dedicated in newer designing, development of the agro systems; and modification and also improvement of existing systems as well. The development of various items viz. dams, water reservoirs, agro tractors etc. Agricultural Engineering is also connected with the environmental management for healthy agricultural development including—

Agricultural waste systems and development.

Agricultural Engineering is also engaged in food storage systems development, food processing system development, agro plants design and development, water and water pollution system maintenance and development etc. Agricultural Engineering is also engaged in the agricultural waste-to-energy systems and so on.

Therefore it is a hardcore field and restricted in Agriculture and other areas and purely responsible in developing the systems, tools and products etc. viz.—

Agricultural Engineering is responsible for the hardcore engineering solutions in respect of agriculture including irrigation, drainage systems, flood management systems, water-control mechanism and so on (Johnson et al. 2016; Paul, 2013; Picard and Zeng, 2005).

Agricultural Engineering areas are growing internationally; even other branches such as physical and chemical properties also valuable and in this regard other areas play a leading role viz. Bio Technology, Food Engineering, Environmental Engineering, etc. (Klerkx and Leeuwis, 2009; Ramesh et al. 2010). There are different areas of the field and some of these are depicted in Table 1.

Due to the importance of the Agricultural Engineering various job opportunities have been created such as Agricultural Engineers (They are responsible for the design and development of the agricultural machinery, equipments, designing of food processing units, operations etc), Agricultural Inspector (Such professionals are look after the aspects and issues of laws, rules and regulations related to the agricultural systems, food quality and safety. They are also look after the issues of quality standards), Agricultural Specialist (They are knowledgeable in agriculture and practice of the agriculture systems) Farm Shop Manager (Such professionals are engaged with the overall technical, and managerial aspects of the farm and agricultural units; even sometimes they do driving tractors, operating machinery, feeding livestock or spraying fields) Food and Beverage Expert (They are normally engaged with the monitoring of food and beverage; including they are also dedicated in recruitment, training, scheduling of the staffs), Agronomist (Such Professionals are dedicated in crop rotation, irrigation & drainage, planet breeding, soil science, weed control & disease & pest control), Survey Research Agricultural Engineer (They are primarily engaged with the assessing the environmental impact of agricultural production, look after construction projects, solving engineering problems etc.) (Gattinger et al. 2012; Watson et al. 2002).

The employment opportunities in Agricultural Engineers are also changing rapidly and increasing day by day. Among the common and suitable positions few important are include (but not limited to)—

Non-government voluntary organizations

The aspects and areas of the Agricultural Engineering also changing and become closer with another area called Agricultural Information Technology, Agricultural Informatics etc. for the development of the Smart and Digital Agriculture. Therefore Agricultural Informatics may also consider as important and part of the Agricultural Engineering.

Therefore Agricultural Sciences is deals with the crop production process, scientific study including the pest management, soil science, agronomy, horticulture, technology and so on. Agricultural Engineering may be consider as a wider branch and following may be consider as important and valuable with following few major areas—

Farm machinery and Power Engineering

Thus, Agricultural Engineering deals with various equipments and systems knowledge such as irrigation, pumps, wells, tube well etc. Therefore in farm operations, Agriculture sustainable system development also this is may be offered well.

Agriculture Science is an applied sciences related to the agronomy, horticulture and soil science apiculture, entomology etc. and other biological sciences. Other Engineering Sciences such as Electrical, Civil and Mechanical Engineering etc. are very close with the Agricultural Engineering indirectly. Therefore irrigation, environmental sciences, soil and water engineering, food processing plants and food storage management etc. are the major aspects in the field. There are many relationships with Agricultural Engineering with the Agricultural Science and thus may are employed in vice versa. According to a study most of the agricultural engineers are employed with traditional hardcore engineering and it is about 17% whereas 16% are engaged with the technology management and policy and government and another 14% engaged with the food manufacturing. As per the study 13% are engaged in the construction, mining machinery. However about 6% are engaged with the education and teaching (Padel, 2001; Paul et al. 2015).

Agriculture Science is an applied, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary field of study dedicated in agricultural scientific study, research and developing new methods and tools. Whereas, Agriculture Engineering is close to only hardcore engineering and designing and development of the agricultural products, systems and mechanism. However, Agricultural engineers work both indoors and outdoors and also engaged with the plans and managing projects, in agricultural settings, water management projects and so on. Both the fields are very much close with theAgricultural Informatics as well and do the plans and solve problems effectively and mutually. Both the subjects are used not only by the horticulturalists, agronomists, animal scientists, and geneticists but also policy makers etc. For the solid and sustainable development both the subjects are required. However in certain context similar and combined Agriculture Science and Engineering / or Agriculture Science and Technology nomenclature are noticeable.