Farmyard Manure: A Boon for Integrated Nutrient Management

Harmandeep Singh Chahal1*, Amanpreet Singh2, Iqbal Singh Dhillon3 and Jeevanjot Kaur1

2Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

3Directorate of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

In the present review, farmyard manure is explained as a perfect source of nutrients for plant growth as well as for soil microbiota. It is one of the efficient and effective organic manures. It can provide organic matter to soil microbes as a source of carbon. An increase in microbial population leads to the degradation of pesticides and heavy metals to less harmful compounds. In addition to it, ions of harmful elements get adsorb on organic colloids and become immobile in soil. Application of farmyard manure not only increases the availability of nutrients in the soil but also improves the soil properties like soil structure, water holding capacity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, etc. Studies revealed that farmyard manure is an excellent organic manure for sustaining good soil health along with achieving desired food production.

Highlights

Farmyard manure is an effective and efficient source of nutrients to soil microorganisms as well as to plants comparative to all other manures.

Farmyard manure plays an important role in the remediation of pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals along with increasing nutrient supply in the soil.

Apart from improving nutrient content, farmyard manure also improves soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties.

Keywords: Farmyard manure, plant growth, biocontrol agent, sustainable farming, soil health

Inorganic fertilizers use escalated tremendously in order to fulfill growing food needs for last three decades. Excessive chemical fertilizers application leads to soil, water, and air pollution. Overuse of fertilizers affects the soil health through an adverse change in soil organic matter, soil microbial population, and ultimately soil reaction (Erisman et al. 2008). On the other hand, excess use of fertilizers deteriorates surface water reservoirs as well as groundwater as fertilizers are removed through leaching and surface runoff from crop fields. Chemical fertilizers mainly containing nitrogen in various forms result in air pollution through the release of nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O, and NO2) (Byrnes 1990). Excessive inorganic fertilizers use also leads to their build-up in plants that ultimately affect human health (Savci 2012).

In general agriculture, the use of chemical fertilizers cannot be ruled out completely, but balanced fertilization is expected to diminish the environmental concerns while sustaining a strong food-producing capacity (Wu and Ma 2015). On the other hand, farming totally based on the use of organic nutrient sources is a better option for maintaining soil health, but it has a drawback, i.e., low productivity. So, an INM seems like an appropriate approach to maintain soil fertility along with sustained crop production. Manure is an organic material, generally obtained from animal excreta except in case of green manure, which is basically of plant origin and it can be used as organic source of nutrients in soil (Wu and Ma 2015). These are comparatively cheap and eco-friendly inputs. These have huge potential for maintaining nutrient supply, which can reduce the dependence of farmers on chemical fertilizers use. Farmyard manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming. FYM helps in improving soil structure and soil biomass (Dauda et al. 2008). FYM also help in improving soil physical properties. It also improves the chemical properties of the soil by increasing soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the soil (Bayu et al. 2006). Therefore, reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers and to conserve the natural resources while sustaining crop production are major issues in the present, which is only possible through adoption of nutrient supply system that involves integrated use of nutrient sources (Merentola et al. 2012). The use of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers offers a great opportunity to increase yield and soil productivity (Wu and Ma 2015).

How to cite this article: Chahal, H.S., Singh, A., Dhillon, I.S. and Kaur, J. 2020. Farmyard Manure: A Boon for Integrated Nutrient Management. IJAEB, 13(4): 483–495.

Source of Support: None; Conflict of Interest: None

Dry litter in sufficient quantity, which is spread under cattle shed for urine absorption, is required for FYM preparation. Collect the materials from trenches, pits or heaps consisting of dung and urine-soaked litter.

In India, a major portion of cattle dung is being converted into dung cake and used as fuel by farmers. Major portion of the cattle dung and urine get wasted through urine soaking into the earthen floor of the cattle shed. Continuous exposure of FYM to the hot sun and heavy rain result in loss of nutrients in the form of ammonia (Webb et al. 2004).

Cattle dung is rapidly decomposed by high temperatures when the complex organic form of nutrients contained in them are converted to simple inorganic forms of nutrients, which are washed down by high rainfall (Reddy et al. 2010).

The bacterial isolates present in farmyard manure belong to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Flavobacterium, and Corynebacterium. Apart from it fungal isolates that were discovered from FYM belongs to the species like Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Mucor (Adebusoye et al. 2007; Akinde and Obire 2008; Umanu et al. 2013).

Waste water from industries is a common source of toxic heavy metals pollution that cause various health problems (Mohan and Gupta 2014). Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb),cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) etc. are numerous metals that posses toxicity to environment (Meena et al. 2008).

Electrolytic deposition, reverse osmosis, filtration, adsorption, electrodialysis, chemical precipitation etc. are the different ways used for remediation of heavy metals (Mohapatra et al. 2007; Mohan and Gupta 2014). All these methods are not economical and eco-friendly except bioremediation. Bioremediation is the process of pollutant detoxification through the use of naturally occurring microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) (Ogden and Adams 1989). Microorganisms have a unique ability to change the compound structure that leads to complete degradation of the target molecule. Bioremediation is eco-friendly and cost effective as compared to physico-chemical methods of remediation. Bioremediation generally depends upon nature of pollutant i.e., agro-chemicals, heavy metals, dyes, hydrocarbons, nuclear waste, plastics, sewage and chlorinated compounds (Lushchak et al. 2018).

The importance of the use of cow dung for remediation has been known recently (Bachofen et al. 1995). Cowdung ash is an eco-friendly and cost effective adsorbent. Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium sulphate, aluminium oxide, iron oxide and silica is present in it at concentration of 12.48%, 0.9%, 0.312%, 20%, 20% and 61%, respectively (Vasanthakumar and Bhagavanalu 2003). Utilizing cow dung as activated carbon is not only efficient and effective, but also can control other environmental issues (Qian et al. 2008).

Cow dung was used for the bacterial growth during arsenic volatilization as the major substrate. Detoxification of arsenic can be done by methylation process (Bachofen et al. 1995). Biomethylation of arsenic means the change of inorganic and organic arsenic to volatile organic dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine by methanogenic bacteria (Mohapatra et al. 2007).

Chromium is a hard metal that exist in mainly multivalent states. Chromium toxicity can cause respiration, liver, and kidney problems (Teklay 2016). Cowdung have quite promising adsorption capabilities of chromium ions from aqueous solution and achieved 73.8 % remediation (Mohan and Gupta 2014).

Another heavy metal named radiotoxic strontium which is highly toxic due to its long physical half-life which is found out as 29 years (Anon. 2006). Testing of Nuclear weapon testing and liquid spent reprocessing fuel like human activities are major source of its pollution. Its toxicity increases the risk of fatal diseases like blood cancer (Barot and Bagla 2012). Cowdung powder have diverse characteristics that act as site with positive charge to enzymes that result in biosorption of 90Sr from any aqueous medium (Barot and Bagla 2012).

The typical behavior of mercury in contaminated soils includes high retention, low mobility and low bioavailability. This behavior is associated with its high affinity to soil organic matter. Increased adsorption of mercury by soil components with increasing amounts of organic matter has also been reported by others (Alamgir et al. 2011).

More than 64% of the Indian population is involved in agriculture. Pesticides are used on a large scale to increase crop productivity. Nowadays, India is the 2nd largest producer of pesticides in Asia (Boricha and Fulekar 2009). Pesticides commonly have utilization efficiency of about 2–3 % and pesticide residues remain in surface soil make the environment toxic (Randhawa and Kullar 2011). At present, various physico-chemical methods being used to treat the pesticides waste; such methods are not efficient and effective.

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a non-fluorescent, gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium placed in the Pseudomonas putida group. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida proves to helpful for bioremediation of cypermethrin pesticide (Boricha and Fulekar 2009).

Cutworms, corn root worms, leaf folder, leaf hopper, etc. can be controlled by chlorpyrifos (Silambarasan and Abraham 2013). Chlorpyrifos is used in various formulations like granules, wet table powder, etc. (Swati and Singh 2002). Chlorpyrifos can be utilized by Pseudomonas resinovarans as an energy source, so it can be used for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soils (Fulekar and Geetha 2008).

Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid used for killing pests in crop fields. Degradation of fenvalerate into 4-chloroalpha benzene acetic acid and 3-phenoxy-benzoic acidovera is done by various microbes present in soil, which is less toxic than the parent compound (Geetha and Fulekar 2010).

Atrazine is a herbicide that interferes with photosynthesis in various broad-leaf plants. Its residue is not only toxic to plants but also reaches into streams and rivers through runoff. Incubation studies showed that the degradation of atrazine was the fastest in farmyard manure treatments (Mukherjee 2009).

Pseudomonas has a great potential to degrade chlorpyrifos (Horne et al. 2002). Similarly, cyanobacteria also possessed a pivotal role in the degradation of malathion (Ibrahim et al. 2014). Chlorothalonil is an organochlorine and non-systemic fungicide (April et al. 2014).

The role of other microorganisms such as Azomonas, Flavobacterium, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus spp. and other gram-positive rods have been described for chlorothalonil degradation (Mori et al. 1996).

Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties, plant growth and nutrient uptake

Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010) demonstrated the influence of FYM and chemical fertilizers on soil health under the soybean at Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. They noticed that conjunctive use of synthetic fertilizers with organic manure considerably inclined the soil organic carbon by 29.8% and 45.2% comparative to full NPK and control treatment. Shirale et al. (2014) reported a maximum decline in pH (-0.17) with FYM @ 10 Mg ha-1 and maximum EC was observed in plots that received the higher amount of inorganic fertilizers whereas the highest positive change in organic carbon (+1.10) was found under the treatment of 150% NPK.

Kaur et al. (2005) revealed that soil pH varied from 7.58 to 7.65 under various treatments that received various organic manures. Maximum fall in pH (7.58) was recorded in treatment comprised of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 + N 120 kg P 30 kg in wheat and N 120 kg P 60 kg in pearl millet. Maximum 0.99% organic carbon was recorded with the application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1. Sepehya et al. (2012) investigated that the application of 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM resulted in significantly higher soil organic carbon (90.0 g kg-1) and CEC [14.1 cmol (p+) kg-1].

Gopinath et al. (2009) revealed that long-term application of FYM increased the soil pH (6.95) over the initial status (6.90). Similarly, FYM application escalated the soil organic carbon content to 1.10% from 1.02%, which was at the initial level.

Desta (2015) conducted a field trial to examine the influence of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on soil properties under maize at Antra catchment located in Chilga. He described that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers improved the soil pH, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity over the control.

Adeniyan et al. (2011) evaluated the effect of different organic manures with NPK fertilizers in a pot experiment to improve soil chemical properties. They reported that cow dung application increased the pH to 6.30 from acidic level that was 5.08 at the initial. Besides that, treatment of cane rat droppings resulted in higher organic carbon (1.96%) and CEC [3.10 cmol (p+) kg-1] than NPK alone application.

Parvathi et al. (2013) examined the soil nutrient status during 1981–2011 under the intensive cropping of groundnut at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Andhra Pradesh. FYM @ 5 t ha-1 once in 3 years resulted in highest soil pH (5.57) as well as highest organic carbon content (0.40%). Apart from this, maximum EC (0.07 dS m-1) was recorded in NPK + Gypsum + ZnSO4 applied treatment.

Sunitha et al. (2010) conducted a field trial at the Agricultural Research Station, Honnavile, Shivmoga during Kharif 2007. They found that the application of 100% N declined the soil pH. Maximum cation exchange capacity [8.99 cmol (p+) kg-1] was recorded under treatment of 50% N + 25% N through Green leaf manure + 25% N through FYM + Azospirillium as compared to control where CEC was 7.92 cmol (p+) kg-1. FYM along with Azospirillium resulted in highest organic carbon (6.90 g kg-1).

Sharma et al. (2017) studied the effect of INM on the soil properties in onion. They showed that soil pH did not differ significantly under different treatments. Soil pH varied from 6.0 to 6.4. Maximum SOC was recorded in two treatments viz. 20 t ha-1 FYM + NPK (150-100-75 kg ha-1) and 10 t ha-1 FYM + mustard oil cakes (1 t ha-1) + NPK (125-100-100 kg ha-1).

An investigation was carried out by Jat and Singh (2017) at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi to describe the influence of INM on the soil. Soil pH varied from 7.93 (70% RDF + 30% N by pressmud) to 8.32 (control).

Significantly superior organic carbon (0.48%) and CEC [10.17 cmol (p+) kg-1] was recorded with the treatment of 70% RDF + 15% N through FYM + 15% N through pressmud.

An investigation was carried out by Bahadur et al. (2012) to evaluate the effect of INM on microbial population under rice-wheat cropping system. They stated that application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5t ha-1 + Azotobacter increased the total bacteria (79*10 cfu g-1 soil), azotobacter (45*10 cfu g-1 soil), PSB (35*10 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes (18*10 cfu g-1 soil) as compared to control in which bacteria, azotobacter, PSB and actinomycetes was 37*10 cfu g-1, 18*10 cfu g-1, 9*10 cfu g-1 and 10*10 cfu g-1 soil, respectively. Kumar et al. (2017) conducted an experiment to study the influence of the combined application of organic manures with chemical fertilizers on soil microorganisms. They described that bacterial and fungal population was affected significantly with organic manures application. Abundance of bacteria (8.24 log cfu g-1 soil) and fungi (3.89 log cfu g-1 soil) was found in which an integrated application of nutrient sources was done.

Kour et al. (2019) explained the status of the microbial population as influenced by integrated nutrient management in aonla planting. Bacterial counts varied from 11*10 cfu (100% N through fertilizers) to 13.3(100% N through FYM) whereas fungal count varied from 9.7*10 cfu (100 % N through fertilizers) to 24.9*10 cfu (100% N through FYM).

Kuttimani et al. (2017) described that the fungal, bacterial, and actinomycetes population in different stages was significantly affected by integrated nutrient management under the irrigated banana. In data that was recorded at 3 and 5 months after planting, they found that the microbial population was increased with the advancement of banana crop growth. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + FYM resulted in better bacterial (37.01*10 g-1), fungal (20.86*10 g-1) and actinomycetes (24.82*10 g-1) population over control.

Gudadhe et al. (2015) evaluated the response of INM on soil properties under cotton-chickpea cropping sequence at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. They demonstrated that the maximum viable count of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes ranged from (20.20 to 36.30)*10, (15.30 to 33.50)*103, and (36.70 to 58.30)*10 cfu g-1 soil, respectively. Maximum abundance of microbes in soil was found in treatment comprised of 10t FYM + RDF.

Khan et al. (2017) conducted a field trial at the Mountain research centre for field crops Khudwani to investigate the influence of nutrient management on the biological properties of soil. , The microbial population, was increased significantly in plots where organic manures were applied. Treatment consisted of 75% NPK + 25% N through FYM possessed highest bacterial (68.66*10 cfu g-1 soil), fungal (71.33*10 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycete (57.33*10 cfu g-1 soil) counts over all other treatments.

Meena et al. (2019) revealed the influence of INM on soil properties under sapota (Achras zapota L.) They revealed that maximum improvement in microbial population i.e., fungi (8.63 cfu g soil in 2013 and 9.16 cfu g-1 soil in 2014) and bacteria (8.89 cfu g-1 soil in 2013 and 13.48 cfu g-1 soil in 2014) was recorded in treatment comprised of two third part of recommended NPK + 10 kg vermicompost + 250g azospirillium + 250g azotobacter plant-1 which was at par with treatment in which V RDF + 250g azospirillium + 250g azotobacter plant-1.

Vineela et al. (2008) demonstrated the effect of cropping and nutrient management practices on microbial properties of soil in long term experiment. They stated that 85.2% more bacterial population was found in treatment comprised of NPK application on soil test basis through fertilizers along with FYM @ 5t ha-1 over the control whereas in same treatment fungal and actinomycetes population was found 6.9% and 13.9%, respectively more over the control.

Ahmad et al. (2014) studied the influence of combined application of farmyard manure, leaf manure, poultry manure, and chemical fertilizers on the growth and yield of carrot. Plant height (39.98 cm) and root length (21cm) were recorded maximum when total nitrogen requirement was completed through poultry manure and farmyard manure as compared to control in which plant height and root length were recorded 22.42 cm and 11.25 cm, respectively.

Shree et al. (2014) examined the response of cauliflower to dose of various organic manures and synthetic fertilizers. Maximum yield was obtained (252.48 q ha-1) through the application of V NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 + Azospirillum as compared to yield (235.71 q ha-1) in RDF treated plots.

Prabhakar et al. (2015) demonstrated the effectiveness of various organic sources of nutrients on cauliflower. Maximum curd yield (21.23 t ha-1) was recorded with the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers. An experiment was laid down by Manohar et al. (2013) and described that maximum yield (359.24 q ha-1) yield was obtained with the dose of FYM @ 20 t ha-1. Likewise, the highest plant height (60.98 cm) and no. of primary branches/plant (6.79) was also recorded with 20 t ha-1 FYM application.

Malik et al. (2011) studied the influence of combined use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). They reported that the combined use of inorganic fertilizers along with FYM @ 40 t ha-1 resulted in a maximum number of fruits per plant (20.45 and 19.00), fruit length (8.40 and 8.20 cm), fruit diameter (8.09 cm and 7.70 cm), average fruit weight (94.85 g and 93 g) and average fruit yield/plot (38.79 kg and 35.34 kg).

A research was undertaken by Chaudhary et al. (2018) to investigate the effect of INM on yield and growth of cabbage. They revealed that the highest head length (17.5 cm) and head diameter (14.7 cm) was obtained with the application of 100% RDF. However, maximum head weight (1176.7 g) and yield (470.7 q ha-1) was recorded in 50% N as mineral fertilizers + 50% N through FYM treated plots.

Mohanta et al. (2018) studied the influence of INM on broccoli and revealed that the application of 50% NPK fertilizers + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 inclined the plant height (54.68 cm) and head diameter (13.83 cm). Maximum gross yield (233.56 q ha-1) was observed under treatment comprised of 50% NPK + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1.

Prativa and Bhattarai (2011) described that highest plant height (116.16 cm), individual fruit weight (52.80 g), and yield (25.74 Mt ha-1) were recorded under application of 16.66 Mt ha-1 FYM + 8.33 Mt ha-1 vermicompost + NPK. Kumar (2016) revealed that maximum plant height (166.30 cm), dry weight (102.36 g) and yield/plant (6084.25 g) was obtained when 50% RDF was applied along with vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1.

Kumar and Biradar (2017) conducted an experiment at Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to demonstrate the influence of integrated nutrient management on the yield of broccoli. Maximum plant height (35.4 cm), plant spread (83.4 cm), stalk length (23.4 cm), curd weight (398 g), curd diameter (18.0 cm) and curd yield (19.5 t ha-1) was obtained with the use of 75% RDF + FYM + Vermicompost (1:1) equivalent to 25% RDN.

Chandel et al. (2017) assessed the response of cotton and green gram in intercropping to INM at Research field of AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Maharashtra. They stated that maximum available N (257.2 kg ha-1), available P (15.8 kg ha-1) and available K (362.1 kg ha-1) was recorded under treatment of 50% N through inorganic fertilizers + 50% N through FYM + 100% P2O5 fertilizer. Likewise, Deshmukh et al. (2005) also observed the highest uptake of N, P and K as well as available N, available P, and K with the combined use of FYM with recommended fertilizers.

A field experiment was conducted by Devi et al. (2018) to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil nutrient status along with the growth and yield of cauliflower. They revealed that the application of 130% NPK (50:50 of FYM and VC as per N content) significantly increased the available N (406.55 kg ha-1), P (69.20 kg ha-1), K (309.35 kg ha-1) and S (59.20 kg ha-1). Devi et al. (2017) also evaluated the biological properties and nutrient uptake in cauliflower through integrated nutrient management. They stated that higher values of N (64.57 kg ha-1), P (9.91 kg ha-1) and K (50.77 kg ha-1) uptake were obtained under the treatment comprised of 130% NPK (50:50 of FYM and VC as per N content).

The effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility under rice-wheat system was studied by Kumari et al. (2017). They opined that maximum organic carbon content (0.77%), available N (225.95 kg ha-1), available P (49.54 kg ha-1) and sulphur (14.41 kg ha-1) was obtained with the application of 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM. Nitrogen uptake varied significantly from 11.54 to 70.98 kg ha-1 under the FYM applied treatments, whereas maximum variation (17.86 to 104.45 kg ha-1) occur in straw incorporated treatments.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice was evaluated by Priyanka et al. (2013) at the Research Farm of CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid down with 3 different FYM levels (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and 3 fertilizers levels (0, 50 and 100% RDF). They opined that maximum level of FYM application (20 t ha-1) resulted in highest N content in rice grain as well as K in its straw whereas P content was remained unaffected, this might be due to reason that phosphorus is slowly released from the FYM.

Phullan et al. (2017) also assessed the influence of FYM under the wheat crop and found that FYM application increased the N uptake by 14% whereas in case of full dose of inorganic fertilizers N uptake was 81% higher over the control. P and K uptake was quite high i.e., 66% and 56%, respectively in plots treated with inorganic fertilizers as compared to control.

From the above review, it is clear that farmyard manure addition into soil enhances soil health and plant growth. The application of organic amendments increases the organic carbon stock in the soil. Soil organic matter incorporation through FYM results in the formation of organic colloids that means a large number of sites are available for nutrient exchange. Organic matter also promotes the chelation of soil nutrients. Farmyard manure use in fields is also a cost-effective way for bioremediation of heavy metals, pesticides, and herbicides. In a present age, where chemical fertilizers are dominantly ruling in agriculture and possessing a great threat to ecological balance, the advantage of organic manure use needs to understand. Therefore, farmers must be made aware of the benefits of farmyard manure cost-effectiveness and efficiency.

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