The present research is focused on impact of educational institutions on literacy rate. Traditionally literacy has been commonly defined as the ability to read and write at an adequate level of proficiency that is necessary for communication. According to 2011 census literacy of Dakshin Dinajpur district is 73.86 %, whereas national literacy is 74.04 % which is near to national literacy. There is 1169 primary and 302 upper primary school which create a vital role on literacy. This study reveals that literacy rate is proportionally linearly related to the educational institutions. In this paper analysis is the dependent and two independent data by matrix technique and multiple correlation. It has been found that there is a very strong correlation between literacy rate and educational institutions.

Wine grape cultivation is gaining strong impetus in tropical climatic conditions throughout the world. Tropical viticulture has only been practiced commercially, since approximately 50 years. Countries such as Brazil, India, Thailand and Venezuela play a leading role in the tropical grape production. However, it can be noted that there is a trend towards the expansion of tropical viticulture in the world, since there are vineyards being established in different countries in South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala), in Africa (Madagascar, Namibia, Tanzania) and Asia (Vietnam, China). The production technology in the tropical regions differs significantly from the one employed in the traditional temperate regions. It is necessary to break the bud dormancy in order to foster bud burst, and special management techniques have to be employed to overcome problems of low fertility and to control vigor.

British colonial state initiated a radical change in the composition of common property resources by the way of incorporating them into agricultural expansion, forests and grazing reserves. This process exercised significant impact upon rural society particularly of small peasantry and landless were the main victim of this process. This paper also shows that consistent struggle exists between colonial

state and rural society over the issue of control over forests and grazing lands. The fights to access village commons so intense that colonial state was compelled to change the grazing policies to incorporate the demands of peasantry. This paper provides a historical trajectory of the way communities which depended upon

common pool resources react when their access is curtailed by the state and other agencies.

The status of integration among various domestic markets of select agricultural commodities in India has been documented. The degree of integration and the speed of price transmission were found to be different across various commodities. Cereals like rice and wheat showed better integration compared to other perishable

commodities. The wholesale and retail markets of rice and wheat were integrated in the long run as well as in the short run. Grams also showed better market integration which may be due to the absence of trade restriction on the domestic trade of grams in India. The domestic apple markets in India were poorly integrated due to weak market infrastructure and institutions as well as lack of competition between domestic suppliers. Markets of other fruits like banana and pineapple also showed poor integration. Among the vegetables, domestic potato markets were poorly integrated in contrast to the better integration among the onion markets. The information flow and the price transmission was found to be effective among the futures and spot markets of some of the agricultural commodities. The spot and futures were integrated

in the case of chickpea, wheat and maize, and that of barley was not integrated. Wheat and maize markets showed better efficiency in price discovery.

Sugarcane is a major cash crop of India, particularly in UP, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujurat, and Foot hils of Uttarakhand. Sugarcane crop has a productivity of 70 tonnes/ha and an area of 4.2 mha. It plays a pivotal role in the national economy. Sugarcane is considered as one of the best cash crops in Orissa. It is grown in all the 30 districts of Orissa. The selected district Dhenkanal occupied 4th position in area (1.49 thousand ha) & in production (99.06 thousand MTs) and 5th position in yield (668.50 qtls/ha) in 2005-06. This study was carried out in Dhenkanal district, Orissa. The study area to find out status and constraints of sugarcane cultivation. A sample of 160 farmers was randomly selected from two blocks i.e. Dhenkanal & Kankadahad. The establishment of a sugar factory in Dhenkanal district has increased the prospect of this crop in the surrounding area. The average size of holding was 2.44 ha. in region-I and 1.89 ha. in region-II. The land was unequally distributed among different categories of farms. The net return over variable costs per hectare were ` 38220.96 in region-I and ` 34380.10 in region- II. The average yield of sugarcane per hectare was 73.88 tonnes and 69.88 tonnes in region –I and region-II respectively

The movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary is called migration. People can either choose to move which is “voluntary migration” or be forced to move which is “involuntary migration”. A variety of reasons lie behind migration. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The reasons encouraging an individual to migrate were categorized as “push” or “pull” factors. Push factors come in when people are left with no choice but to leave their

country of origin. Pull factor happens when people are attracted to move to a particular area or place from their own home. The present state of Nagaland, which has an area of 16, 579 sq. km. with a population density of 119 per sq. km, has been faced with migration issues during the recent years. Thus, taking into account all

the push and pull factor of migration, this article tries to explain the reason for the in and out migration in the state of Nagaland.

Development of people’s rights in a representative democracy like India’s is a complex historical process. It could be distinguished between two kinds of rights (customary and legal rights). The former refers to rights based on customs and rituals and the later refers to rights sanctioned by the state. Usually such rights are enshrined in the constitution. The anti-colonial struggle and the post-independence India opened up streams of democratic consciousness and it spread new visions of social transformations, giving concrete socio-economic content to the agenda of freedom struggle. Creative society thus emerged as a theatre of intense struggle between forces of freedom and forces of domination. Here, the paper has discussed about legal rights (in the context of modern nation states) especially with reference to the right to work in India through a case study of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).

In the present study, we examined the critical role of institutionalization of elder women on the social relationships, social integration and psychological well-being. A total of 194 elderly women were selected from Kannur district (Kerala) using multistage cluster sampling. Hundred and one participants were from homes and ninety three participants were from institutional care facilities. The data analyses were performed by using descriptive statistics, chi-square test for association, t’ test for independent samples and stepwise logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that the unmarried, widowed and separated elder women were more likely to be institutionalized than married elder women. Former employment, being economically active, religion and place of residence were significantly associated with institutionalization of the elder women. Objective social integration was higher among the institutionalized elderly women while subjective social integration was higher among elderly women living at homes. The elder women at homes enjoyed better family group support, better social support and more social contacts than those who were institutionalized. But the primary group concern, perceived ill health and inadequate mental mastery were higher among elder women at homes than the institutionalized. The step wise logistic regression analysis revealed that; age, marital status and perceived ill health significantly explained 58% (R2=0.581) of the variance on social integration. The caste affiliation and conflicts in social relationships accounted for 62.7% (R2=0.627) of the variance on psychological well-being. The study concluded that the socio-demographic variables, especially elder women’s residence have significant influence on social integration and psychological wellbeing.

A Social Identity is a manifestation of an array of shared values and the reflection of the social life of the people of a particular society. Any socially expressed value in the everyday reality, on the other hand, is the eventuality of a composite of several socio-cultural and political elements only rather apprehensively conjoined. Identity

and values are formed in accordance with the social settings of the people that they are a part. Hence, in different social settings, the prevalent values ought to be different. This study concentrates to the values that are difficult to eliminate from the daily lives of the people of Bangladesh. It is concerned with the situation in which different values of the same issue arise and cover the areas like, believe in

magic, sexuality, and gender issue. Based on a survey of three hundred and ninety-two (392) male adolescents of urban and rural areas, the study arrives at a conclusion that there are differences in social values in regard to the social settings where it is formed.

Traditional media have been in existence in India for long and have been used as a medium of communication, particularly in remote parts of the country where the modern media of communication has either less penetration or no penetration at all. Despite the revolution of modern media including; new media such as kiosks, internet, social networking such as facebook, twitter, MySpace etc., the traditional media yet occupy some space in the delivery of messages to a large number of people in the country. The traditional media are defined as ‘those media which attempt to

communicate a message to a particular group of target audiences in a given time in local dialect with entertainment’. Centre for communication program, John Hopkins University, Baltimore (USA) advocates ‘Enter-Educate’ approach for making the communication more effective. Traditional media, hence, become personal forms of

communication and can be considered to be ‘matchless persuasive means of communication for policy makers and administrators’ and an inexhaustible treasure of colorful forms and meaningful themes for mass media personnel