A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in Dangila District, Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis and to identify the possible associated risk factors. Simple random sampling method was used to select the animals and coprological examination using sedimentation technique was applied for the recovery of Schistosoma eggs from freshly collected fecal samples and preserved in 10% formalin. Of the total 384 cattle examined, 44(11.5%) were found to be positive for Schistosoma bovis. there was no statistically signifi cant difference observed among four kebeles; even though Dengesgta (16.3%) revealed the highest prevalence, while the lowest in Gumdrie (7.3%). There was no signifi cant difference between two breeds, sexes and three age groups, even though, the prevalence of bovine schistosomosis was recorded higher in local breed cattle(12%) than that of cross breed cattle(8.5%), in female cattle(12.6%) than that of male(9.9%), and it was higher in age group of cattle below 2 years(14.7%) than above 2 years and below 5 year of age(11.7%) and that of age group of above 5 years(10.2%). The prevalence in poor body condition (23.1%) was higher than that of medium body condition (9.7%) as well as good body condition (5.1%) and variation was statistically

signifi cant.

This retrospective study on tumors of canine nasal and paranasal regions covered the period from 2001 to 2014. It involved review of biopsy and necropsy reports submitted to Pathobiology laboratory of the St George’s University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada, West indies. Out of a total 987 dogs with neoplasia in various sites of the body, 14 (1.4%) were diagnosed in nasal and paranasal regions. The type and number of these tumors were in descending order as follows: Transmissible venereal Tumor 4 (29%), Adenocarcinoma 4 (29%), Chondrosarcoma 3 (21%), Squamous cell Carcinoma 2(14%), and Adenosquamous Carcinoma 1(7%). Majority of dogs affected with tumors in nasal and paranasal regions were local mixed breed referred to as Pothounds (7), others were Collie/mix (1), and a few were pure breeds: Rott weiler (3), Pitbull (1), German shepherd (1) and Doberman (1). The mean and median age of the affected dogs was 8 years with a range of 2.5 years to 14 years. As far as authors are aware, there is no published report on neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal regions of dogs from Grenada and the wider Caribbean. This is the fi rst report on neoplasia of nasal and para nasal regions of dogs from Grenada.

Present study examined the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) treatment on expression profi le of pluripotency genes (Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog) in buffalo fetal fi broblasts (BFFs) and Wharton’s jelly (BWJ) stem cells, generally used as a feeder cell support to grow the pluripotent stem cells. In a time dependent study, a variable response in relative mRNA expression of pluripotency genes was observed, expression of Oct-4 in BFF declined immediately post MMC inactivation but a signifi cant elevation (P<0.05) was noticed later on. The relative mRNA expression remained unchanged in BWJ, up to 24 h post MMC treatment and thereafter, it increased signifi cantly (P<0.05). A similar trend for the expression pattern of Sox-2 and Nanog was observed in both the cell types. MMC inactivation caused an upregulation in the expression of Sox-2 and Nanog in BFF while it remained unchanged (P>0.05) in BWJ. Results of this study suggests that MMC inactivation of the cells used as feeder support modulates the expression profi le of pluripotency genes and this alteration in gene expression pattern is variable in different cell types.

Present experiment was aimed to study the cytotoxic effects of Graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite on caprine Wharton’s

jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). Ex vivo caprine WJ-MSCs were isolated and cultured. Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of GO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite (10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) were analyzed by observing cell morphology, cell viability, growth kinetics, population doubling time and colony forming unit (CFU) assay in caprine WJ-MSCs. Morphological alterations in nanocomposite-treated cells (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml GO-Fe2O3) were distinct as compared to lower dose (10 μg/ml GO- Fe2O3) and control group. Cell viability assay indicated a highly signifi cant (P<0.01) decrease in live cell number when they were exposed to 100 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml GO- Fe2O3 nanocomposite and these effects were intensifi ed with time (24 h & 48 h post-exposure). Retarded growth rate and signifi cant (P<0.01) increase in population doubling time (PDT) of exposed cells (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) were observed as compared to control group and low dose treatment group (10 μg/ml). Colony forming unit (CFU) assay indicated that cells treated with 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml nanocomposite formed less number of clones than control group and 10 μg/ml treatment group. On the basis of results, we conclude that lower doses (10 μg/ml) of the nanocomposite are safer in caprine WJ-MSCs however with increasing doses of nanocomposite (50 μg/ml & 100 μg/ml) the potential toxicity increases. Present study reports the tolerable doses of GO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite which will

help in future applications like tracking, imaging and differentiation of caprine WJ-MSCs.

For present investigation, Tharparkar cows available at Cattle and Buffalo Farm, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P.) were used. Body conformation scoring was done as per modifi ed International Committee on Animal Recording (2012). Measurements were taken in centimeter (cm) before morning milking and prior to any feed intake using graduated measuring stick, vernier caliper and fl exible meter tape. In Tharparkar cattle, the average score points (ASP, under 1-9 point scale score system) for body conformation traits like stature (5.02: intermediate), chest width (4.71: intermediate), body depth (4.75: intermediate), angularity (5.60: intermediate), rump angle (5.55: intermediate), rump width (4.80: intermediate), rear leg rear view (7.39: parallel), rear leg set (5.27: intermediate), foot angle (7.09: steep), fore udder attachment (6.44: strong), fore teat placement (3.80: intermediate), teat length (4.71: intermediate), udder depth (5.71: intermediate), rear udder height (3.46:intermediate), central ligament (5.27:  intermediate), rear teat placement (5.82: intermediate), locomotion (7.20: no abduction), hock development (7.28: dry), bone structure (6.64: fi ne and thin), rear udder width (5.64: intermediate), teat thickness (2.61: narrow), muscularity (6.00: intermediate), hump size (3.98: intermediate), dewlap size (5.04: intermediate) and naval fl ap

size (3.09: intermediate) were assessed. Most of the body conformation traits in Tharparkar cows were of intermediate nature

and of desirable type, moreover, some traits also showed the presence of undesirable ASP, which expressed scope for further

improvement. Thus, present investigation gave explicit clue to bring Tharparkar cattle at par with other exotic breeds, if little effort is made to incorporate these conformation traits in selection program.

Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q-fever, were detected in lactating camels, cows and goats in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia, using an indirect ELISA test. A total of 246 milk samples collected from 69 camels. 90 cows and 87 goats were tested. Milk samples from 43 camels (62.32%), 30 cows (33.33%) and 22 goats (25.29%) were positive for anti-C. burnetii antibodies. Serum samples collected simultaneously from the same animals and tested by ELISA revealed anti-C. burnetii antibodies in 46 camels (66.67%), 38 cows (42.22) and 14 goats (16.20%). A signifi cant correlation between ELISA results in milk and serum was observed in the species tested. These results confi rm that ELISA can be used in milk instead of serum to detect antibodies against C. burnetii in lactating camels and other animals

The present study was carried out in and around Ambasel Woreda namely, Marye, Chafi e and Wuchalie from June 2012 to September 2012. Coprological examination was used to determine the prevalence of Ovine fasciolosis. Out of 384 feacal samples examined, 137(35.68%) were found positive for fasciola. Chi-square statistical analysis technique was used to evaluate the variations between the epidemiological area (origin), age, sex and body condition. The prevalence rate of Ovine Fasciolosis with regard to Origin Chafi e (31.72%), Wuchalie (34%) and Marye (44.94%), age (young = 17.99%, and adult = 45.7%), Sex (Male = 34.6% and Female = 36.6%) and Body condition (Good = 18.71% and Poor= 47.16%), were found in the study area. According to the result the disease has a statistical signifi cance association with Age (P = 0.031) and body condition (P = 0.0164) but there was no signifi cant difference among sex groups (P = 0.381) and origin (0.246). Feacal examination indicates that fasciolosis is the most important disease of sheep in the study area by the result of coprological examination. Therefore, the present study indicated that Ovine Fasciolosis was widely distributed with high prevalence in the study area.

The study was conducted on 145 buffaloes brought to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS from Hisar and adjoining villages, with signs of anorexia and decreased milk yield. Urine samples from buffaloes were screened for ketosis using two tests (Rothera’s test and Keto-Diastix-strip test). The disease was confi rmed in 24 buffaloes as primary ketosis on the basis of clinical signs (selective anorexia, drastic reduction in milk yield), absence of any other concurrent disease and two urine tests. Comparison of infected was made with eight apparently healthy buffaloes kept as control. Hematological fi ndings in diseased animals revealed anemia, leucopenia, lower mean values of total erythrocyte count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), eosinophilia and monocytosis whereas biochemical fi ndings shows hypoglycemia, hypocalemia, hypoproteinemia hypercholesterolemia, high triglycerides and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity in affected animals as compared to control group.

Keeping in view the clinical importance of leptospirosis haematobiochemical and urine analysis were carried out on 500

(cattle-398, buffalo-102) blood/serum and 304 (cattle-232, buffalo-72) urine samples of both seropositive (cattle-51, buffalo-16) and seronegative (cattle-347, buffalo-86) animals from different district of South Gujarat region. A signifi cant decrease in the values of PCV, MCH and MCHC was noted in seropositive group of cattle in comparison to seronegative group. Such difference among seropositive and seronegative groups could not be recorded in buffaloes. The mean values of ALT, AST and bilirubin registered an increase at signifi cant level in seropositive cattle in comparison to seronegative. Among buffaloes, the mean values of ALT increased and total protein decreased signifi cantly (P <0.05) in seropositive buffaloes in comparison to seronegative buffaloes. On urine analyses (n=304; cattle=232, buffaloes=72) hardly any signifi cant difference was noted in various parameter studied in either species in seropositive and seronegative animals. All the urine samples (304) collected were subjected to Dark Field Microscopy (DFM) proved to be negative for leptospires

Present study was envisaged to assess the effi cacy of different binders viz. 3% refi ned wheat fl our (T1) and 3% rice fl our (T2) replacing lean meat in the preparation of chicken meat cutlets. The developed products as well as control were assessed for various physico-chemical, instrumental texture and colour profi le, and sensory evaluation. L* values were comparable for T1 and T2 but were signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower than control. The hardness values differ signifi cantly (P<0.05) in treatments than control and recorded highest for T2 and lowest for control. The springiness of the T1 was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to T2 but was comparable to control. The juiciness score were signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher for treatments as compared to control. Overall acceptability of cutlets with refi ned wheat fl our (T1) was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control and comparable with T2. Thus it can be concluded that chicken cutlet with 3% refi ned wheat fl our was found optimum.

This study was designed to investigate the clinico-haemato-biochemical, rumen fl uid and peritoneal fl uid alteration in buffaloes

with peritonitis. Buffaloes with peritonitis had anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distension, ruminal atony, pain, fever, reduced milk yield and loss of defecation. Pungent smelling peritoneal fluid was yielded on abdominocentesis. Hemato-biochemical alterations revealed absolute neutrophilia, increased levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, globulin and fi brinogen and decreased levels of plasma sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. Peritoneal fl uid analysis showed increased total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and total protein level. Whereas, rumen liquor of diseased buffaloes had microbial inactivity, increased methylene blue reduction time, increased ammonia nitrogen and decreased total volatile fatty acids.

The procedures and practices associated with milking are critically important and people now-a-days are switching over to machine milking to save time and money. Milking equipments if properly maintained have a positive impact on both milk production and milk quality. However, if the equipments are not used as per the recommended standard values it may have some untoward effects on udder health. In the present study the short term effect of machine milking on teats and their relationship with quarter health status was conducted on a total of 872 quarters of 218 apparently healthy lactating cows at 10 machine milked dairy farms of Punjab. The short term effects of machine milking on teats i.e., change in colour and morphology were seen in 22.9 percent (177) and 17.43 percent (152) of teats, respectively. There was no signifi cant relationship between teat colour change and occurrence of mastitis (χ2=1.13; 01 df; P < 0.05). Out of the 177 quarters showing colour change 76 (42.9 percent) quarters showed morphological changes. A signifi cant relationship was observed between change in colour and morphology of teats, immediately after milking (χ2= 84.95; 01 df; P < 0.001).

Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important helminthzoonosis in the world. The distribution of hydatidosis is normally associated with underdeveloped countries, especially in rural communities where humans maintain close contact with dogs and various domestic animals, which may act as intermediate hosts. A crosssectional study on bovine hydatidosis was conducted in Debretabore municipality abattoir from July 2012 to September 2012 with the aim of investigating the prevalence and economic losses in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Out of the total 384 cattle examined 106 (27.64%) were found infected with hydatidosis. From the examined animals 51 (13.28%), 34 (8.85%), 16 (4.17%) and 5(1.3%) contained hydatid cysts in their lungs, livers, hearts and kidneys respectively. Age related infection was signifi cant in that older animals were more infected (P<0.05). Assessments of hydatid cyst with body condition scoring were made; accordingly cattle with poor body condition scouring had higher prevalence (p= 54.72%), medium (33.02%) and fat (12.26%) were examined from infected animals. Plan based control measure against the source of infection of Hydatidosis should practice for decreasing tendencies in prevalence.

An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of niacin (0, 300, 400, 500, 600,

700 and 800 ppm) on rumen fermentation and digestibility. The substrate comprised of concentrate mixture, maize fodder and wheat straw (40:20:40). Results revealed that TCA-ppt. N (mg/100 ml incubation media) and TVFA concentration (meq/100 ml incubation media) were signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher at 600 ppm (17.56; 7.28) as compared to control (12.12; 6.38). The molar proportion of propionate was also higher at 600 ppm (26.52%) as compared to control (25.87%). The total gas (ml) production increased in a linear fashion whereas methane level decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with graded levels of niacin. The NH3-N (mg/100 ml incubation media) decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) from 15.26 (control) to 10.71 (600 ppm). The IVDMD (%) and IVOMD (%) also increased from 44.04 to 48.04 and 53.91 to 57.38, at 0 and 600 ppm niacin supplementation, respectively. The three higher levels of niacin viz. 600, 700 and 800 ppm had comparable fermentation parameters viz. digestibility, total gas, methane, TCA-ppt. N, TVFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate. It was concluded that 600 ppm niacin level is comparatively better than other niacin levels

The study was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir, with a view to fi nd out the knowledge level of the Gujjars regarding improved animal husbandry practices. The data were collected from 120 Gujjar respondents belonging to R. S. Pura and Bishnah block of Jammu district with the help of structured interview schedule containing selected dependent and independent variable, through personal interview technique. Most of the respondents (70.8%) were having medium knowledge level, whereas 19.2% had low and 10% had high knowledge level. The respondents were having low knowledge about improved health care practices (41.25%) when compared with the knowledge level about improved breeding practices which was 71.75%. Age, occupation, herd size and land holding were negatively related to the knowledge level. Education, social participation, extension contact, economic motivation, mass media exposure, risk orientation and exposure to training were positively associated with knowledge level of the respondents

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different non-genetic factors viz. year, season and parity on various production traits. The 1177 lactation records of 272 Murrah buffaloes, progeny of 53 bulls that were maintained at GADVASU dairy farm, calved during 1981-2011 were studied. The overall least squares mean for persistency, 305-days milk yield and peak yield were 0.826±0.003, 2173.54±21.14 Kg and 12.65±0.09 kg, respectively. The effect of period of calving and parity was highly signifi cant (P<0.01) on persistency, 305-days milk yield and peak yield. Peak yield also signifi cantly affected by season of calving while the effect of season on persistency and 305-days was non-signifi cant. The study concluded that the production traits were mainly affected by the non genetic environmental factors such as managerial changes during years, seasonal variations and parity of Murrah. 

The study involved the measurements of some clinically important landmarks for regional anesthesia in the maxillary and mandibular regions of blackbucks. The mandibular parameters studied will provide important clinical landmarks for the regional anesthesia of mandibular nerve block. The observed data were also discussed with regard to their application in proper tracking of the infra-orbital, mental and mandibular nerves to aid in regional anesthetic procedures during treatment and manipulations of various clinical affections of this region. There was no information on the regional applied anatomy of maxillofacial and mandibular regions of blackbuck in available literatures. Therefore, this study was designed to provide information on clinically important parameters and landmarks of the head region. This information may aid for performing regional anesthesia conducted in upper (maxilla) and the lower (mandible) jaw bones of the Blackbuck 

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacement of wheat straw by different levels of maize cobs in composite ration on in vitro degradation of dry matter, truly digestible organic matter and production of microbial biomass in order to determine its level of supplementation in ruminant ration. Wheat straw was replaced by maize cobs @ 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100% level to formulate composite rations. The different formulae of composite rations were used for in vitro gas production studies using goat rumen liquor with wheat straw. In physical treatment only soaking was done while under chemical treatment application of urea, molasses and combination of both urea and molasses were applied before conducting in vitro studies using goat rumen liquor. Proximate composition, fi ber fractionation and calcium and phosphrous content of all the composite rations were estimated. The in vitro degradability of maize cobs based diets is better than wheat straw based composite ration. There was no signifi cant (P>0.05) improvement in per cent IVDMD of maize cob based diet by water soaking irrespective of the soaking period, however, a signifi cant (P<0.05) improvement in in vitro degradation parameters were observed with urea-ammoniation of maize cobs. No benefi t of molasses treatment either in isolation or in combination was observed over maize cobs utilization as compared to urea-ammoniated maize cobs. It is concluded that feeding value of maize cobs is similar to wheat straw as indicated by IVDMD while urea-ammoniation appears to be the ‘treatment of choice’ for improving nutritive value of maize cobs.

This study to document the prevalence and some epidemiological features of gastrointestinal impaction in cattle and buffaloes

was conducted by undertaking key informant interview (interviews of farmers and visits to dairy farms), case study analysis (observation of cases registered under randomly selected state veterinary hospitals and polyclinics) and retrospective study in various parts of Punjab state. Interview of farmers and visits to dairy farms revealed, overall prevalence of gastrointestinal impaction in cattle and buffaloes to be 0.58 percent (cattle - 0.31%, buffaloes - 1.16%) with signifi cantly (p<0.01) lower prevalence in organised dairy farms as compared to unorganised farms. The annual case incidence of gastrointestinal impaction among cases referred to veterinary hospitals and polyclinics of Punjab was 4.88 percent (cattle - 6.82%, buffaloes - 3.83%) being signifi cantly higher during the month of May (10.44%), April (7.62%) and June (7.61%) attributable to scarcity of green fodder, feeding of wheat straw along with hot and dry climate. Through retrospective analysis of cases admitted at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, the annual case incidence was found to be 13.67 percent (17.77% in buffaloes and 9.11% in cattle) with majority (58.0%) of gastrointestinal impaction cases associated

with foreign body syndrome, and its sequel like diaphragmatic hernia and reticular abscess. The data so generated would be a

basis for further research

A 17-weeks study was conducted to observe the effect of feeding solvent extracted karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) seed cake (SKC) and alkali processed solvent extracted karanj seed cake (AKC) on various haematological parameters and overall body weight gains in goat kids. Twenty non-descript male kids were randomly divided into fi ve treatment groups viz., T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5 consisting of four kids each, under completely randomized design to make the initial body weight uniform and non-signifi cant. The T1 group was offered groundnut cake (GNC) as a sole source of nitrogen whereas T2 and T3 group were offered SKC @ 8.09% and 16.18% of concentrate mixtures respectively to replace 25% and 50% of GNC nitrogen. Similarly T4 and T5 were fed AKC @ 8.09% and 16.18% of concentrate mixtures respectively to replace the 25% and 50% of GNC nitrogen. No adverse effect of either SKC or AKC was observed on haemoglobin, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin. The present study also revealed no signifi cant effect of either SKC or AKC on the overall body weight gain in goat kids. These results indicates that long term supplementation of SKC or AKC up to 50% replacement of conventional nitrogen source have no adverse effect on health as revealed by body weight gain and various haematological values.

A study was conducted to standardize the instant rice idli mix and instant semolina idli mix incorporated with chicken meat powder (CMP), simultaneously. The control sample of rice idli mix was prepared using rice grit, salt, spice mix, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium carbonate and dry curry leaves and the control semolina idli mix was prepared by replacing the rice grit with semolina. Three different levels of chicken meat powder viz.10%, 20% and 30% were tried for development of both rice and semolina idli mixes. The developed products were selected on the basis of sensory attributes and evaluated for their physicochemical properties. Incorporation of chicken meat powder in rice idli mix at 20% level and in semolina idli mix at 30% level were found to be optimum for development of idlies. CMP incorporation in both the idli mixes decreased the percent moisture content and increased the protein, fat and ash content signifi cantly. The percent protein content of reconstituted idlies prepared from rice idli mix incorporated with 20% CMP and semolina idli mix incorporated with 30% CMP increased signifi cantly from 3.38 to 8.28 and from 4.49 to 12.50, respectively. However, cooking yield of both rice and semolina idlies was decreased and the pH value were increased signifi cantly on incorporation of CMP. Hence, we conclude that by incorporating 20% and 30% CMP in rice and semolina instant idli mixes, respectively both the overall acceptability score and amount of nutrients were improved.

The study was conducted to record the prevalence of allergic dermatitis in canine amongst the dermatitis cases presented at the Veterinary Clinics and Teaching Hospital, F.V.Sc & A.H., R.S Pura, Central Veterinary Hospital Talab Tillo in Jammu region. Diagnosis was done by intradermal skin testing, IgE level, clinical score status on the basis of CADASI. Prevalence of allergic dermatitis was 1.93% (18/930) with maximum prevalence recorded in month of July (27.77%) from the cases. Amongst the allergic dermatological affl ictions in canine population, different types of dermatitis observed were atopic (61.11%), fl ea allergy (16.66%), contact allergy (16.66%) and drug allergy (5.55%). Dogs belonging to the age group of two to four year were found most susceptible to allergic dermatitis. Males were found to be more susceptible to allergic dermatitis than females. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the main bacteria isolated from secondary bacterial dermatitis cases.

A study was carried out to assess the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the dairy farm environment of Jammu district and the clinical setting in the SKUAST- J, R. S. Pura vis-à-vis their phenotypic and genotypic characterization for the antimicrobial pattern and the mecA gene producing ability. A total of 60 samples of environment comprising of dust and clinical setting swabs were collected and analysed using standard bacteriological methods. The S. aureus isolates were further processed to identify and characterize MRSA, with an aim to ascertain the characteristics that might be associated with the virulence and resistance of MRSA, making use of conventional and molecular methods. Polymerase chain reaction was employed to identify 533bp mecA gene from MRSA isolates. The results revealed a prevalence of S. aureus 14/30 (46.7%) and 18/30 (60%) in dairy farm environment and clinical settings, respectively. From 32 positive S. aureus dust swabs, 6 (18.75%) were found to be MRSA. This study revealed resistance of S. aureus to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Streptomycin. However, sensitivity to Cephalothin, Amikacin and Gentamicin was found. The present study revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA transmission can occur from infected farms, dairy and clinical environments to

animals. However, future studies are required to elucidate the transmission potential and magnitude of the problem.

Present study was envisaged to assess the effect of various cooking methods viz. deep fat frying, oven cooking, air frying, and oven cooking followed by shallow frying for preparation of chicken meat cutlets. Three different treatments as per prestandardized formulations viz. Control, T1 (chicken meat cutlets with 30% meat emulsion) and T2 (with 3% refi ned wheat fl our) were cooked by various cooking methods and subjected to various physico-chemical, instrumental colour and textural attributes and sensory quality attributes. Under deep fat frying and oven cooking, cooking yield of treatments were recorded signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control. Treatments scored better on various dimensional parameters such as increase in height, decrease in length and decrease in breadth irrespective of different cooking methods. The increase in height was recorded highest for T2 irrespective of cooking methods. The fat percent for T1 and T2 was recorded signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher for deep fat frying (T1) and combination of oven and shallow frying. Flavour scores had been signifi cantly (P<0.05) improved for T2, whereas T1 and C were comparable under different cooking methods. T2 showed signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher overall acceptability scores than C and T1. Thus oven cooking followed by shallow frying was found optimum for preparation of chicken cutlets.

Livestock is generally considered a key asset for rural livelihoods. Rural women play critical, diverse roles in livestock production in the rural economies of developing countries as unpaid workers. They embark on various activities of livestock management like watering and feeding of animals, cleaning activities and milking. However, their involvement as decision makers regarding various livestock activities is still dubious. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the contribution of rural women in decision-making in livestock management. A sample of 100 female respondents was selected randomly from fi ve villages of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir through multistage random sampling technique. Scrutiny of the data shows that rural women’s participation was relatively high in activities like care of new born calf, care of sick animals, cleaning activities, produce and feeding of animals. However, their participation was relatively low in activities like sale of animals, breeding of animals, fodder harvesting, cultivation and maintenance of animals’ sheds. Male dominance and traditional belief system were the main factors which had affected the involvement of rural women in decision making process

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactation order on morphological traits of teat and udder in Murrah buffaloes. A total of 59 buffaloes were selected for the study which were milked twice daily (morning and evening) by hand milking method. From date of calving to 7th month of lactation, the udder morphological traits viz. teat length, teat diameter, distance between teats, udder dimension, udder depth and height of udder from the ground were recorded fortnightly by using measuring tape and vernier calliper. The teat length (cm) of left fore quarter in 7th lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher (9.43 ± 0.19) than fi rst (6.77 ± 0.11), second (7.93 ± 0.07) and third (7.91 ± 0.17) lactation orders. The teat diameter (cm) of left fore quarter in 1st lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) lower than all other lactation orders. The distance

between right fore and left fore teats in 5th lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher than 8th lactation order. Further, the udder depth rear in 9th lactation order (20.05 ± 0.27) was signifiantly (p<0.05) higher than 8th lactation order (17.11 ± 0.32). The height of udder base from the ground was signifi cantly higher in fi rst lactation order than subsequent parity except for 2nd lactation order. It was concluded that udder morphological traits of Murrah buffaloes varied from lactation to lactation order as the age advanced which could be deciding factors for selection of precious dairy animals to maximize the profi tability at farm.

Study was conducted with the objective of assessing the in situ feeding regimen of dairy cattle managed by marginal livestock farmers of R S Pura block of Jammu District. Three well inhabited villages of R S Pura block were selected. In each village, 10 dairy farmers (herd size 2-5 dairy cattle) were randomly selected as respondents for survey and for feed sample collection. Results indicated that cattle farmers are primarily agriculturist of middle age with formal education up to primary level and with land holdings of marginal or small size. Dairy cattle of respondents were mainly 2-5 years in age. Almost two-third of the surveyed animals were non-pregnant multiparous animals. More than half of the surveyed animals were medium milk producers, whereas 27.78% producing more than 10 lts per day. The feeding during post kharif period was green berseem fodder and paddy straw based, supplemented with wheat bran, cotton seed cake and/or commercially available compounded feed. Feeding regimen in post-rabi season is mainly based on maize fodder with paddy straw. Wheat bran, mustard oil cake and compounded feed are the major supplements. No farmer was providing mineral mixture to the livestock; however, all of them

were supplementing diet with salt. It may be concluded that except berseem, there is dearth of leguminous fodder in dairy cattle

diet of surveyed region and therefore conservation of berseem as hay needs to be encouraged to ensure year round availability

and mineral supplementation needs to be increased especially in diets of high milk yielders.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding compressed complete feed block (CCFB) containing 5% guar meal on the blood biochemical profi le in the crossbred (CB) calves. Twelve growing crossbred male calves (6-10 months old), were selected

and divided into two groups (six in each) by using paired random design. The control group (T1) was fed CCFB alone while treatment group (T2) was fed with CCFB containing 5% guar meal. Both the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were formulated to meet the requirement of 600 g/d average daily gain. The study was conducted for 120 days. Blood was collected to harvest the serum and serum metabolites were analyzed using standard protocol. The mean values for Hb (mg/ dl), serum glucose (mg/ dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), A: G ratio, SGOT, SGPT (IU/L) and serum urea-N (mg/dl) of all the experimental CB calves were found to be statistically similar with that of the control group. It is concluded that the inclusion of guar meal at 5% in CCFB has no any adverse effect on the blood biochemical profi le in the CB calves in long term feeding.

The aim of present investigation was to study the virulence of coccidiosis in Kadaknath birds, experimentally infected with E. tenella by OPG count, oocyst index and caecal lesions scoring. Sixty one-day old unsexed Kadaknath birds were randomly divided into a control, T1 and T2 groups comprising twenty chicks under each group. At d 21 of age, birds of T1 and T2 groups were individually inoculated with 10,000 and 20,000 of sporulated oocysts of E. tenella and from the d 5 to 9 pi, faecal droppings were collected for counting OPG. Also at d 4, 7 and 14 after E. tenella infection, 2 chicks from each challenge groups were euthanized and caecal lesions and oocyst index were scored. The results indicated that in both T1 and T2 challenge group, there was an increasing trend of OPG upto d 7 pi and the peak level of OPG was found at d 7 pi. Mean OPG was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 at d 6, 7 and 8 pi than T1. Mean caecal lesion score, oocyst index and OPG count were found to be maximum on d 7 pi for T1 and T2 groups. Lesions score was non signifi cant at 4, 7 and 14 pi. However, oocyst index was signifi cant (P<0.05) at d 7 pi. No mortality was observed in any of the treatment groups. As Kadaknath birds shed less oocyst and had lower lesion scores and oocyst index, hence, it can be concluded that this breed is less susceptible to coccidial infection.

The study was conducted to study the effect of age viz., young (6-9 months) and adult (2 years) on physico-chemical characteristics,

proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and cholesterol content of Kodiadu goat meat. The Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected from these animals and the physico-chemical characteristics viz., pH, water holding capacity, instrumental colour,

muscle fi bre diameter, myofi brillar fragmentation index and nutritional composition viz., proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and cholesterol content of two different age groups were studied. The results obtained in this study indicated that the meat of young goat had higher water holding capacity, Lightness (L*), moisture, threonine, glutamic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, ecosapentaenoic acid, docosohexanoic acid, total poly unsaturated fatty acids and total P/S than adult. Based on the quality and nutritional composition it was concluded that meat of young animal (6-9 months) had superior meat quality than the meat of adult animals

The present study was conducted to measure the various indices of Testicular and Prostatic Artery in Dogs at Different Age using Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler Sonography. Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonography was used to study the blood fl ow of the testes and prostate gland in a total of 6 mongrel male dogs at different age starting from 4 weeks of age. After detection of the vessels by colour-coded Doppler sonography, the blood fl ow patterns were determined by pulsed Doppler sonography and measured the Peak systolic Velocity

(Vmax) , the end-diastolic velocity (Ved), the pulsatile index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in relation to their age. Results: The physiological testicular fl ow pattern was monophasic with a high diastolic fl ow While the prostatic blood fl ow pattern was biphasic. Vmax, Ved, PI and RI of testicular artery show variation with age of mongrel dogs. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonography give additional valuable information which improves the andrological diagnostics in the dog.

The present study was carried out to determine the extent of haemato-biochemical alterations in 28 days repeated dose oral toxicity of sodium fl uoride (NaF) at three dose levels in Wistar rats. The administration of NaF caused dose dependent reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in the levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and lymphocyte percent while an increase in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and neutrophils of all the rats belonging to group II (5 mg/kg body weight, per os), group III (25 mg/kg body weight, per os) and group IV (50 mg/kg body weight, per os) as compared to rats of control group (group I). Macrocytic- normochromic anaemia was recorded in NaF intoxicated rats. Biochemical alterations were dose dependent elevation (p ≤ 0.01) in plasma enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in group II, III and IV in comparison to rats of control group. Hyperglycaemia (p < 0.01) was recorded in rats of group III and IV. Hypoproteinaemia (p < 0.01) and hypoglobulinaemia (p < 0.01) were seen in Wistar rats of group II, III and IV as compared to control group. Moreover, increased (p < 0.05) albumin to globulin ratio, blood urea nitogen, creatinine and uric acid levels were observed in the intoxicated rats of group II, III and IV as compared to control group. Thus, it is concluded that 28 days subacute toxicity of NaF in wistar rats has adverse effects on haemato-biochemical profi le. 

A work was conducted to study the effect of putrescine and L-glutamine supplementation on histomorphology of small intestine in broiler chickens. Five groups of ten chicks each in three replicates reared up to 42 days were used for this study. Putrescine and L-glutamine were orally supplemented at 0% level as control (T1), putrescine 0.05% (T2), putrescine 0.1% (T3), L-glutamine 0.5% (T4) and L-glutamine 1% (T5) from 0 day to 7 days after hatch. At 2nd and 3rd week of age, 3 birds from each groupwere slaughtered and tissue samples from small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were collected for histomorphological studies. Statistically signifi cant (p<0.01) increase in duodenal and jejunal villi length, width,crypt length and ileal villi length and width were observed in L-glutamine fed groups than putrescine and control groups. There was no signifi cant difference in duodenal crypt length/width, jejunal crypt width and ileal crypt length/width. It can be inferred that L-glutamine promoted the intestinal villi development during early posthatch life, thus increasing the nutrients absorption and growth performance as body weight gain in broiler chickens

In the study, a total of 36 BALB/C mice divided into twelve equal groups were used. Eleven groups were administered 50 μl of inocula containing 107 CFU prepared from eleven isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium, administering one isolate in each group.

One group was kept as negative control and each mouse in this group was given 0.5 ml of normal saline per os.The study was conducted for 15 days during which symptoms viz., ruffl ed feathers, hunched posture, etc., exhibited by the mice were observed and deaths were recorded. At necropsy, gross lesions of moderate to severe focal hepatic necrosis characteristic of Salmonella infection were observed. In some cases, brain and spleen were congested. No signifi cant gross lesions were observed in heart, lung and kidney. Salmonella was isolated from liver, spleen and brain of mice that died1st to 4th day post- exposure. Surviving mice were sacrifi ced on 14th day post- exposure, three of these had necrotic foci on the liver and Salmonella was isolated from all of these mice.

The overall incidence of fracture was recorded as 0.95 per cent for all species of animals. The incidence of fracture in dog was 0.76 per cent. Dog was observed as the most common species presented with a fracture followed by goat and other species. The mean age was recorded to be 26.32±5.14 months. Fifteen animals (78.95%) were noticed in age group of 12-36 months. Majority of animals were non-descript (42.10%). Fracture was recorded more in male animals (77.78%). An automobile accident (42.10%) emerged to be the major cause of fracture, whereas a fall from height (31.58%) was second common cause of fracture.

The femur was found to be the most common bone (47.37%) involved in the fracture, seconded by tibia-fi bula (36.84%), which was followed by radius-ulna (15.79 %). The radiographic examination conducted in two orthogonal views revealed that 14 (73.68%) fractures were multiple whereas, 5 (26.32%) fractures were comminuted

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic selenium and vitamin E on physico-chemical characteristics of broiler meat. This study was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of three levels of organic selenium (0, 0.1, and 0.2 ppm) and two levels of vitamin-E (0 and 300mg/kg). Day-old Vencobb broiler chicks (n=180), were randomly assigned in 6 treatment groups. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The six different dietary treatments were: T1- Control diet without organic selenium and vitamin E; T2- 300mg/kg vitamin E; T3- 0.1ppm organic selenium; T4- 0.1ppm organic selenium and 300mg/kg vitamin E; T5- 0.2ppm organic selenium and T6- 0.2ppm organic selenium and 300mg/kg vitamin E. Supplementation of organic selenium and vitamin E had no signifi cant effect on pH of broiler meat. Extract release volume (ERV) and water holding capacity (WHC) were signifi cantly (P<0.01) increased in organic selenium and vitamin-E supplemented groups as compared to control and was recorded highest in birds fed 0.1ppm organic selenium with 300mg/kg vitamin-E. Signifi cantly (P<0.01) decreased level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and tyrosine value (TV) were observed in birds fed organic selenium and vitamin-E as compared to control and was least in birds fed 0.1ppm organic selenium with 300mg/kg vitamin-E. There was marked interaction between organic selenium and vitamin E for ERV, WHC, TBA and TV (P<0.01) however it was non-signifi cant for pH. Supplementation of organic selenium and vitamin E reduces the lipid peroxidation and autolysis, thus improves the shelf life of broiler meat. 

The current study examines the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of major bacterial pathogens and effect of different

antibiotics on bacteria isolated from 935 bovine mastitic milk samples in northern region of India for characterization and

culture sensitivity against different antibiotics. A major proportion of mastitis samples- 412 (44%) were recorded during rainy

season, while, samples in equal shares, 276 (28%) and 247 (27%) were documented in winter and summer seasons, respectively.

Out of total 935 mastitic milk samples, 889 (95%) samples showed microbial growth, while, 46 (5%) samples were found

negative for any bacterial growth. Among total isolated bacteria, Gram positive- 471 (53%) shared a major proportion, followed

by Gram negative 341 (38%), while a small part of 53 (6%) and 24 (2%) samples yielded mixed unidentifi ed cultures and Candida species, respectively. In antibiogram study, gentamicin (91.21%), ciprofl oxacin (89.60%), enrofl oxacin (88.28%) and tetracycline (71.30%) were found to be highly effective antibiotics, while, penicillin (86%), colistin (83.30%), cloxacillin (78.62%), amoxycillin (70.71%) and ampicillin (62.51%) showed least effect against both Gram positive and negative bacteria. The present study showed that there was close association between season, bacterial pathogens and occurrence of of bovine mastitis. Overall, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and E. coli contributed as major mastitis dweller bacteria.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the aspiration method for recovery of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) from

bovine ovaries at slaughter. A total of 829 cattle ovaries were collected from slaughter house, out of which 2,935 COCs were

aspirated out. The mean number of COCs recovered was 3.54 per ovary. The COCs recovered were graded variously as A, B,

C and D grades. Grade ‘A’ and ‘B’ COC’s were 38.77% and 27.02% respectively, and the average culture grade (Grade A and

B COC’s together) recovery was 65.79%, representing 2.33 COCs per ovary. The number and percentage recovery of A and B grade COCs were higher than that of C (18.13%; 0.64/ovary) and D (16.08%; 0.57/ovary) grades. The aspiration method adopted in the present study was found to be effi cient for recovery of ample amount of COCs and yield good quality culturable oocytes for subsequent in vitro studies. The aspiration method also allows greater visual assessment of follicles, their selection and assortment for quality COC yield.

A total of 58 Frieswal heifers from fi ve different artifi cial insemination (A.I.) centres were selected to study 14 biometric traits.

The overall least- squares means for 58 heifers were 117.3 ± 2.1 cm for BL, 109.7 ± 1.5 cm for HAW, 141.4 ± 2.8 cm for CG, 146.4 ± 3.1 cm for PG, 40.9 ± 0.9 cm for FL, 27.9 ± 1.0 cm for FW, 18.1 ± 0.4 cm for EPL, 65.7 ± 1.2 cm for HE, 34.3 ± 1.6 cm for HK, 105.7 ± 1.5 cm for HPB, 110.7 ± 1.7 cm for HHB, 4.61 ± 0.26 mm for ST, 224.3 ± 11.3 kg for BW and 3.02 ± 0.09 m2 for BSA respectively. Higher values for various biometric traits were observed in Pantnagar A.I. centre. Higher values for various traits were observed in heifers reared by farmers having herd size up to 3 AUE, and also for the heifers reared by landless farmers. Land holding also had a signifi cant effect on FW. However, there was no signifi cant effect of AI centre, education level and season of birth on any of the traits and the majority of the heifers of this age group were pregnant

The study was conducted on hearts with attached root of major trunks collected from four, approximately 3 years old chital,

brought for post-mortem examination at Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health, Jabalpur. The heart was washed thoroughly,

weighed (353.75 ± 2.39 gm) and then fi xed in 10% buffered formalin. The right surface was formed mostly by the right ventricle

and a small part by left. About one third of left surface was formed by the right ventricle and the remaining by the left ventricle.

Cranial border was convex measuring 17.35 ± 0.15 cm. However caudal border was short and 10.65 ± 0.06 cm in length. It is

nearly straight and entirely formed by left ventricle. The right and left longitudinal grooves continued with each other at the right side of cranial border and this point of meeting was 2.89 ± 0.04 cm above the apex of the heart. Circumference of heart at coronary groove was 24.12 ± 0.42 cm. Externally the number of serration at edges of appendix of left atrium was deeper and more than the right. Internally in right ventricle three papillary muscles were observed while in left ventricle these were two in number. In right ventricle one unbranched moderator band was observed however in left ventricle these were two in number.

A study was undertaken to determine the awareness status of dairy farmers about brucellosis disease in dairy animals. Prestructured

and pre-tested interview schedule was presented to 115 respondents, who had visited Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU, Ludhiana. The study revealed that the very less farmers (22.60%) were aware about this disease. Further, there was low level of awareness about routes of transmission, zoonotic aspect of the disease, need for vaccination, culling of infected animals and other preventive measures against brucellosis. However, the awareness level was positively correlated with education level, herd size and training of the farmers. So, there is urgent need to create awareness amongst dairy farmers about

various control and preventive measures against brucellosis through various educational cum awareness programmes to curtail

it as well as to minimise the economic losses occurring due to it.

A trial was conducted to study the effect of CIDR on conception rate (CR) in repeat breeding (RB) Vrindavani cows following insemination with liquid semen. After insemination with liquid semen, the experimental RB cows were divided into two groups: group-I (n=13) was treated with CIDR between day 5 and 18 post-insemination, while group-II (n=12) was kept as negative control. Pregnancy diagnosis was done on day 60 post-insemination by per rectal palpation. Conception rate (%) in CIDR treated group was 5/13 (38.46%), whereas, it was 2/12 (16.67%) in the control group. Though the increase of CR by 21.79% in the CIDR treated group was statistically non-signifi cant as compared to the control

Thirty six E. coli isolates belonging to 18 serotypes and rough strains recovered from pork were evaluated for presence of papC gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The papC gene was detected in 12 (33.3%) isolates of E. coli (serogroups viz. O1, O5, O12, O24, O49, O75, O127 and O147), however, papC genes were not observed in rough strains of E. coli. The study suggests that pork may be a potential source of pathogenic E. coli with papC gene to humans.