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JAR - Volume 6 - Issue 4

[<<< GO BACK ][ VOLUME 6 - ISSUE 4 ]

Title: Serologic Profiles of Classical Swine Fever Vaccinated Backyard Pig Farms in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
Abstract :
Small and marginal farmers with low livestock holdings do not strictly follow recommended vaccination schedules and procedures. The aim of this study was to follow antibody titers against Classical Swine Fever (CSF) virus before and after vaccination of cross-bred pigs from three farms in Khon Kaen. One dose of vaccine was given to the pigs at 41, 49, and 52 days age. It is a modifi ed lived vaccine containing 102 PD50 (50% protective dose) of the CSF virus (government produced Lapinized Chinese-strain, Department of Livestock Disease, Thailand). Blood samples were collected at 0, 14, and 22 days postvaccination (dpv). Neutralization test was performed in cell cultures using a constant-virus/varying-serum method. In Pigs born o sows that had been vaccinated once a year, geometric mean titers at 0 dpv of 41, 49, and 52 days old pigs were 2.05, 1.24, nd 0.72, respectively. The lowest/highest maternal antibody titers were 1:32/1:512, 1:8/1:64, 1:2/1:16, the median titers were 1:32, 1:16, and 1:8, in farms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 14 dpv, SN antibody titres of pigs in farm 1 decreased but that of farm 3
increased. Consequently, SN antibody titers of pigs in farms 2 and 3 increased after vaccination and had GMT of 1.82 and 1.09 (p<0.05) at 22 dpv, respectively. General vaccination guideline is not applicable to all farms. Higher SN titers at the day of fi rst vaccination impeded antibody response (14 days old). However, the lowest titer (1:8) and the oldest pigs (52 days old) did not have the best SN titer after CSF vaccination. There should be laboratory confi rmations of CSF antibody titers before and after vaccination in order to assure successful outcome of vaccination practice.
Title: Antioxidants and Anticoccidial Potential of Aqueous Extract from Various Tree Leaves containing Condensed
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and anticoccidial properties of aqueous extract from condensed tannins (CT) containing tree leaves (Acacia nilotica, Eugenia jambolana, Ficus religiosa, Leucaenea leucocephala and Psidium guajava). The CT content was estimated by using butanol-Hcl method. The CT extracted from various tree leaves in water as solvents and then lyophilized. The antioxidant potential of aqueous extract from various CT sources was evaluated by using multiple in-vitro colorimetric methods which include 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power and hydrogen peroxide assays. Ascorbic acid was used as standard antioxidant in our study. However, anticoccidial effi cacy of aqueous extract at different concentration (CT: 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml) from various CT sources was performed using coccidial oocysts sporulation inhibition assay. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity was signifi cantly higher in P. guajava as compared to other sources whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reducing power activities were signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower in L. leucocephala compared to other CT sources. Sporulation inhibition (%) of Eimeria spp. was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in E. jambolana followed by P. guajava, A. nilotica, L. leucocephla while least in F. religiosa. E. jambolana and P. guajava
showed maximum sporulation inhibition activity @ 4 mg/ml. It was concluded that CT extracts of A. nilotica, E. jambolana, F. religiosa, L. leucocephala and P. guajava leaves possess the antioxidant and anti-coccidian property and may be eco-friendly sustainable alternative, natural antioxidant, anti-coccidian agent and/ or natural feed additive for organic meat production.
Title: Serological and Clinicopathological Studies on Leptospirosis Among Sheep
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to investigate occurrence, serovar distribution and clinicopathological attributes of leptospirosis among sheep from South Gujarat. A total of 41 blood and serum samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy and clinically ailing sheep of different breeds and age of either sex, reared in different fl ocks. Seropositivity was found to be 12.20% among sheep using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Among clinically ailing and apparently healthy sheep, seropositivity was found to be 4.35% (1/23) and 22.22% (4/18), respectively with involvement of serovars Pomona, Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae. The hemato-biochemical and urinalyses results showed variation among seropositive and seronegative animals however, these differences were non-signifi cant. The study indicated seropositivity with serovar Pomona as main leptospiral serovar among sheep in South Gujarat, however, the specifi c conclusion on clinicopathological aspect could not be made. Though for prevention and control of the disease where an obvious alteration in the serovars causing the disease is common further epidemiological study is necessary.
Title: Effect of Feeding of Tinospora cordifolia on Immune Response in Cattle
Abstract :
Thirty two apparently healthy local non descript cows were experimentally divided into two groups viz. treatment and control group having 16 animals each. The animals under treatment group were fed dried stem powder of Tinospora cordifolia (100 mg/ kg BW) by mixing it in concentrate mixture for a period of 5 days. The control group animals were fed equal amount of the basal concentrate mixture without T. cordifolia supplementation. Blood and serum samples collected on day 0, 15, 30 and 45 day after feeding of T. cordifolia were subjected for concentration and purifi cation of IgG, phagocytic activity by neutrophils, T cell count and haemolytic complement activity to assess the level of immune response in animals. Signifi cant increase (P<0.05) of total serum immunoglobulin and mean phagocytic index was recorded in treatment group as compared to control group; however complement activity and T cell count did not vary signifi cantly (P>0.05) between treatment and control group. In conclusion, it
can be stated that T. cordifolia feeding had signifi cant immunomodulatory effect in cows.
Title: Influence of In-ovo Arginine Feeding on Post-hatch Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :
A total of 420 fertile broiler eggs (Cobb) with uniform egg weight were collected and divided into three groups: non-injected control, injected control (0.5 ml of 0.9% normal saline) and arginine (0.5 ml of 0.5% arginine); and injected on 18 day (d) of incubation into amnion. On the 21 d, 108 chicks were randomly selected from each treatment totaling to 324 chicks. The hatchability, hatch weight and body weight, body weight gain were studied. Arginine had shown a highly signifi cant (P<0.01) effect on hatch weight (45.18±0.24 g) and placement weight (42.24±0.23 g). Body weight (600.56±7.89 g) and body weight gain (334.15±5.03 g) were signifi cantly (P<0.05) improved in arginine fed in ovo groups up to 21 d of age. Broiler farm economy index (BFEI) and broiler feed price ratio (BFPR) were best in arginine in ovo fed groups. In ovo administration of limiting amino acid (arginine) infl uences the growth of embryo and ultimately improves the post-hatch production performance in broilers. It can also be concluded that the reduction in weight loss during transportation is due to the action of conditionally essential amino acid arginine against stress.
Title: Ameliorative Effect of Ginger Extract on Serum Biochemical Alterations in Diethylnitrosamine Treated Rats
Abstract :
Present work was designed to study ameliorative effect of ginger extract (GE) on serum biochemical alterations in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treated rats. Fifty one male Wistar albino rats were randomly allotted to four groups. DEN (0.01%) was given in drinking water ad libitum and ginger extract (50 mg/kg BW) was administered in olive oil per os either alone or in combination for 90 days. Hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hypoglycaemia, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) and total cholesterol levels were observed in the DEN treated rats. Concurrent administration of ginger extract with DEN signifi cantly (P<0.05) alleviated the effects of DEN on serum enzyme level and other parameters. To conclude, present study demonstrated the
ameliorative effect of ginger extract in partial to complete reversal in serum biochemical alterations.
Title: Molecular Characterization of New Zealand White and APAU Black Rabbits using Microsatellite Markers
Abstract :
Genetic diversity among two genetic groups (New Zealand White and APAU Black) was investigated with a set of 20 microsatellite markers in the present study. The results showed that out of 20 microsatellites, 12 rabbit specifi c markers were successfully amplifi ed by PCR which were highly polymorphic. A total of 257 alleles were observed across the 12 loci amplifi ed. Number of alleles ranged from 5 to 14 and 5 to 16 in New Zealand White and APAU Black populations, respectively. The overall mean values of observed heterozygosity (0.554 in New Zealand White and 0.556 in APAU Black), expected heterozygosity (0.870 in New Zealand White and 0.875 in APAU Black), Polymorphic Information Content (0.856 in New Zealand White and 0.862 in APAU Black) and the mean effective number of alleles (8.629 in New Zealand White and 8.876 in APAU Black) of these two genetic groups were high. Out of the 12 amplifi ed loci 7 loci deviated signifi cantly from Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium in New Zealand White and 5 loci deviated in case of APAU Black which may be due to selection followed. The mean FIS, FIT and FST values over all the population were found to be 0.377, 0.402 and 0.040, respectively. The results suggested that the 12 amplified rabbit specific microsatellite loci were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationships among rabbit populations.
Title: Development of Dietary Fibre Enriched Chevon Rolls by Incorporating Corn Bran and Dried Apple Pomace
Abstract :
A study was undertaken to develop dietary fi bre enriched chevon rolls using dried apple pomace (DAP) at 2, 4 and 6% levels and corn bran (CB) at 3, 6 and 9% levels. Combinations of DAP and CB were also tried. DAP at 6% level, CB at 3% level and their combination (DAP +CB) at 2% + 3% levels were found to be organoleptically acceptable and selected for further study. Addition of fi bre resulted in a signifi cant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture and protein content while no signifi cant difference was found in fat and ash content. Crude fi bre content increased signifi cantly in treated rolls and highest crude fi bre content (1.68%) was noticed in rolls containing DAP. pH decreased signifi cantly in rolls containing DAP and its combination. Water holding capacity and emulsion stability of chevon rolls increased signifi cantly as a result of fi bre incorporation which also resulted in a signifi cant increase in cooking yield. Polyphenolic content increased in fi bre enriched rolls and highest polyphenolic content of 49.22 mg/100 g was found in DAP added chevon rolls. It is concluded that organoleptically acceptable and health enhancing chevon rolls enriched with dietary fi bre and antioxidants like polyphenols can be prepared by using 6% dried apple pomace and 3% corn bran alone or in combination (2% dried apple pomace + 3% corn bran).
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Mineral Mixture and Bypass Fat on Performance of Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :
A total of sixty reproductive disordered animals having 38 cows and 22 heifers were selected for this experiment which were divided among three groups in equal numbers of 20 animals in each, having anoestrus and repeat breeding problems. Animals in control group (C) were maintained as per the traditional practices of the farmer where as treatment groups were fed with mineral mixture @ 50 g per day per animal in T1 group and bypass fat @ 100 g per day per animal along with mineral mixture @ 50 g per day per animal in T2 group. The growth performances were measured in tunes of body weight and average daily gain (ADG). Heamoto-biochemical and mineral profi le (Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Mn) were assessed for the analysis of the reproductive status of the animals. The average daily gain (g) of all the treatment group differed signifi cantly (P<0.05) from the control group. Higher percentage of conception was achieved in group II (55%) followed by group III (40%). The least percentage was in group I (15%). It may be concluded that mineral mixture and bypass fat supplementation increased growth and reproductive performances of crossbred cattle. 
Title: Development of Egg Cutlets from Whole Egg Liquid Incorporated with Mashed Potato as Binder and its Economics of Production
Abstract :
The present study was envisaged to develop egg cutlets from whole egg liquid as a novel food concept. To enhance the binding and quality characteristics of egg cutlets, mashed potato was incorporated at three different levels viz. 10% (T1), 15% (T2) and 20% (T3). The optimized formulations was mixed uniformly so that no clumps were formed, followed by preparation of egg cutlets of uniform size. The products were cooked in pre-heated oven at 155˚C for 15 min followed by deep frying. The developed cutlets were evaluated for various parameters such as physico-chemical, proximate, instrumental texture and colour profi le, and sensory attributes. The moisture, fat and cooking yield increased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with the increasing levels of mashed potato in batter. Textural attributes improved signifi cantly (P<0.05) upon incorporation of mashed potato. The overall acceptability scores of the egg cutlet with 20% mashed potato was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control and other treatment products. On cost analysis, the cost of production of Egg Cutlets varied as ` 152, ` 137, ` 130 and ` 123 for control, T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Break Even Point (`), Cost benefi t ratio and Return on investment (%) were found to be ` 131,017.84, 0.56 and 46.00, respectively
Title: Effect of Vitamin-E and Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Postpartum Anestrus Buff
Abstract :
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin-E-Selenium on stress parameters in anestrus Murrah buffaloes located at R.S. Pura, Jammu. Twelve animals with similar age and reproductive status were selected for experiment. The selected animals were divided in two groups, each comprising six animals. Group I was given used CIDR protocol while in group II animals along with used CIDR protocol, were administered two injections of vitamin-E-care-Se (50 mg α-tocopheryl acetate and 1.5 mg selenium per ml) at the dose rate of 1ml/50 kg b. wt. on day 0 and day 7 through intramuscular route. The blood samples were collected on day 0, day 7 and day 9 during the experiment. The collected samples were stored at -200C and later evaluated for oxidative stress parameters. A signifi cant decrease (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity along with non-signifi cant increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level was observed when postpartum anestrus buffaloes were treated with used CIDR protocol either alone or in combination with vitamin-E and Selenium. The with used CIDR protocol in combination with vitamin-E and Selenium resulted in signifi cant reduction in oxidative stress parameters (except MDA) at day 7 and day 9. However, with respect to MDA, there was no signifi cant difference between two groups at start of treatment and after treatment.
Title: Effect of Different Egg Yolk Concentration on Chilled Barbari Buck Semen During Short Term Storage
Abstract :
The experiment was designed to evaluate the optimal concentration of egg yolk in extender for diluting Barbari buck semen during short-term storage at 4oC. A total of four Barbari bucks were used as semen donors during the experiment. The observed mean (±SE) valuesrecorded for percent live spermatozoa ranged from 63.5 ± 1.08 to 75.33 ± 0.99, percent progressive motile spermatozoa ranged from 54.17 ± 1.56 to 69.00 ± 0.82, percentage of HOST positive spermatozoa ranged from 60.83 ± 1.62 to 71.33 ± 1.54 while the acrosomal integrity ranged from 58.67 ± 1.563 to 71.33 ± 0.92 during the experiment. Three different patterns to evaluate capacitation like changes were observed under fl uorescence. The observed mean (±SE) values of pattern F ranged from 45.67 ± 1.54 to 62.33 ± 1.14, pattern B ranged from 22.00 ± 0.73 to 28.83 ± 1.58 while pattern AR represent capacitated spermatozoa ranged from 15.67 ± 0.71 to 25.00 ± 0.62 during the experiment. A significantly higher value (p<0.01) of different seminal attributes was recorded in samples diluted with 15% egg yolk followed by 10%, 20%, 5% and 2.5%. The results recorded during the experiment indicates that 15% egg yolk in the semen extender is best suited for semen dilution during chilling process in Barbaribuck.
Title: Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 in Cattle and Buffaloes from Chhatt
Abstract :
Present study was carried out to know the seroprevalence of BHV-1 in the population of cattle and buffaloes from Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 464 serum samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes of different districts in Chhattisgarh. The collected serum samples were screened by Avidin-Biotin Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit that recorded an overall seroprevalence of 34.69%. Out of 422 cattle serum samples, 158 (37.44%) were found positive compared to 3 (7.14%) serum samples out of 42 from buffaloes. In different age groups, there was variability in prevalence of BHV-1. Animals above 9 years of age showed the highest seropositivity (45.9%) whereas young animals between 0 to 2 years of age showed the minimum seropositivity (6.89%). Crossbred cattle showed higher seropositivity (40.42%) followed by non-descript cattle whereas indigenous cattle showed the seropositivity of 39.77% and 22.03%, respectively. Murrah, Nagpuri and indigenous buffaloes showed seropositivity of 0%, 3.03% and 50%, respectively. In the present study, seropositivity of 36.53% and 37.56% was recorded in male and female cattle, respectively. Male and female buffalo showed 11.11% and 6.06% seropositivity, respectively. Seropositivity of 45.45% was recorded in animals without clinical signs whereas animals with history of different clinical conditions showed 24.46% seropositivity. Rhinotracheitis, pustularvulvovaginitis, mastitis and balanoposthitis were the main clinical findings associated with the selected in research trial animals. 
Title: Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Lifetime Performance Traits in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
The data on 171 Murrah buffaloes sired by 49 pertaining to lifetime performance traits were collected from history cum pedigree sheets maintained at Buffalo Research Centre (BRC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar over a period of 20 years from 1990 to 2009. Analysis of variance done by restricted maximum likelihood method of Harvey (1990) using mixed linear regression model with regression effect of age at fi rst calving. The overall least squares means for lifetime milk yield (LTMY), productive life (PL), milk yield per day of productive life (MY/PL), herd life (HL) and milk yield per day of herd life (MY/HL) averaged as 8607.93±481.93 kg, 1161.59±54.17 days, 5.59±0.15 kg/day, 3340.22±120.67 days and 2.55±0.10 kg/day, respectively. The effect of period and season of calving and age at fi rst calving (linear and quadratic) was statistically non-significant on all the lifetime performance traits under study except that significant effect of period of calving on MY/PL. The heritability estimates along with standard errors for different lifetime performance traits were obtained as 0.18±0.10, 0.26±0.17, 0.11±0.04, 0.26±0.20 and 0.29±0.13 for LTMY, PL, MY/PL, HL and MY/HL, respectively. The
genetic and phenotypic correlations among lifetime performance traits were positive and high except genetic and phenotypic associationship of HL with MY/HL and MY/PL. Therefore, moderate to high genetic correlations among lifetime traits indicated that selection based on any one of these traits could result into improvement through positive correlated response in all other traits.
Title: Effect of Season on Bacterial Load in Semen of Different Breeds of Cattle
Abstract :
Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seasons (summer, rainy and winter of the year) were subjected to bacteriological examination. Total viable bacterial count of fresh semen was determined using standard plate count method and result expressed as mean (±SEM) CFU/ml of semen. Signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial load (33571 ± 3842 CFU/ml) in bovine semen was reported during rainy season as compared to summer and winter season. During rainy season, Gir semen showed signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial count (37500 ± 7500 CFU/ml). During summer season, bacterial count was signifi cantly (P<0.001) higher in semen of exotic bulls (37143 ± 3595 CFU/ml) followed by crossbred (32000 ± 5333 CFU/ml) and indigenous bulls (19359 ± 1875 CFU/ml), whereas non signifi cant variation were noticed during rainy and winter season. Among breeds, significantly (P<0.005) higher count was reported in Jersey and HF cross during summer; and in Jersey and Gir during rainy season, however; Tharparkar and Red Sindhi bulls yielded signifi cantly (P<0.005) lower bacterial load in their semen as compared to other breeds during whole seasons of the year. It could be concluded from the results of the present study that season had signifi cant effect on bacterial load in semen of different breeds of cow bulls. 
Title: Effect of Seasonal Variation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Cyclic Murrah Buffaloes Following Synchronized Estrus through Doublesynch Protocol
Abstract :
The present study was conducted with the objective to see the effect of season on oxidative stress parameters in cyclic Murrah buffalo. Forty fi ve cyclic Murrah buffaloes were synchronized for estrus with standard Doublesynch protocol and inseminated fi xed time at 8 and 24hr of last GnRH injection in summer (n = 20) and winter season (n = 25). Blood samples were analyzed for the level of oxidative stress parameters. The overall MDA concentrations were higher (P<0.05) during summer compared to winter season. Furthermore, values were higher (P<0.05) on day of AI compared to days of start of protocol in both seasons. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level were similar (P>0.05) between summer and winter season among days of protocol except on day 9, in which GSH-Px level was lower (P<0.05) in summer as compared to winter season (16.9 ± 1.8 vs 24.2 ± 2.0 U/ml of hemolysate). The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in winter as compared to summer at the time of start of protocol however; on day 9, the values were lower (P<0.05) for winter than summer. In conclusion, MDA is more reliable parameter to measure oxidative stress in Murrah buffalo and it increase during summer season and hence reduce the conception rate.
Title: Comparison of Conventional Semen Parameters and Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test between Karan Fries and Sahiwal Bulls under Heat Stress
Abstract :
The present study aimed to determine the differences in semen parameters between Karan Fries (KF) and Sahiwal bulls and the correlation of hypo-osmotic swelling test with conventional semen parameters. A total of 24 ejaculates were collected from each breed and subsequently classifi ed according to their mass activity. The semen samples were further examined for progressive motility, sperm viability, sperm concentration and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). The percentage of hypo-osmotically swelled spermatozoa was higher (P<0.01) in ejaculates of Sahiwal bulls than in KF bulls. However, the mass activity, percent progressive motility, viability and concentration of sperms did not differ (P>0.05) between the breeds. With respect to association between HOST and conventional semen parameters, HOST showed signifi cant (P<0.01) positive correlation with progressive motility (%), sperm viability (%) and sperm concentration in both breeds. This study indicated the HOST as an effective metho to test the fertility potential of semen samples for artifi cial insemination and zebu breeds ejaculates have more fertility potential as compared to crossbred ejaculates under heat stress.
Title: Quality Assurance of Cryopreserved Buck Semen by Assessing Structural and Functional Integrity of Spermatozoa
Abstract :

A total of 81 ejaculates collected from 4 Tellicherry and 2 Boer bucks were utilized to evaluate the structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa as a measure for quality assurance of cryopreserved buck semen. The semen samples were diluted with tris-egg yolk-glycerol based extender and frozen in straws. Only samples having 40% or more of post thaw motility (PTM) were regarded as “acceptable” samples for artifi cial insemination. The “acceptable” samples were further evaluated by hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm morphology and acrosome integrity assessment. Individual genotypes have shown signifi cant variations (P < 0.01) for PTM. Significant variations (P < 0.01) were seen between bucks and between ejaculations of two Tellicherry bucks for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa. The differences in mean values for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa between I and II ejaculations of Tellicherry bucks were significant (P < 0.01). Signifi cant variations (P < 0.05) were also observed for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa between I ejaculations of Tellicherry and Boer bucks. The variations in means of intact acrosome percent between I and II ejaculations of Tellicherry bucks was signifi cant (P < 0.05). Besides post thaw motility, incorporation of structural and functional integrity tests like HOST and acrosome integrity in semen evaluation protocol add value to quality assurance of frozen buck semen.

Title: Histoenzymic Distribution in Ileal Peyer’s Patches of Buffalo during Prenatal Development
Abstract :
The study was carried out on ileum of 15 buffalo fetuses ranging from 14.5 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (93 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) to elucidate the histoenzymic distribution of enzymes i.e. alkaline phosphatase (AKPase), Glucose- 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase), Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Diaphorases on ileal peyer’s patches during their prenatal development. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. In Group upto 20 cm CVRL, weak alkaline phosphatase, SDH activity was observed and activity of LDH and Non specifi c esterase (NSE) was absent. In 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase and moderate granular G-6-PD activity was observed in the villi of small intestine and developing group of lymphocytes in submucosa. In > 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase activity was observed in dome region of the lymphoid follicle that invaded the mucosa in ileum. However, moderate SDH activity was observed at the periphery. The activity of LDH in 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses and also in > 40 cm CVRL fetuses was very weak. Intense activity of NADH enzyme was observed in submucosal lymphoid aggregates in group III of ileum.
Title: Predicting the Impact of Degree and Duration of Uterine Torsion on Uterine Blood Supply in Cattle using Doppler Ultrasonography
Abstract :
The aim of study was doppler ultrasonography-aided assessment of uterine blood fl ow in relation to duration and degree of uterine torsion in cattle. Fourteen dairy cattle with uterine torsion were detorted and fetal delivery was completed after detorsion. Six live and eight dead calves were delivered by cattle having torsion from lesser and prolonged duration, respectively. Whereas the dams of majority of live (n = 4/6) or dead (n = 5/8) fetus had uterine torsion ≤180° or >180°, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography of middle uterine artery ipsilateral (IpsiUA) and contralateral (ContUA) to the side of torsion was carried out before uterine detorsion for doppler indices viz. blood fl ow volume (BFV), time-average peak velocity (TAP), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). With increase in degree and duration of torsion, BFV in both IpsiUA and ContUA reduced signifi cantly (p<0.05) but TAP decreases only with increase in duration of torsion. In ipsilateral uterine artery PI (PI- IpsiUA) increased with an increase in duration of torsion (p<0.05). The presence of Pre-diastolic notch in IpsiUA and ContraUA validates the hindrance in blood fl ow through the vessel and absence of diastole in higher degree and/or duration of uterine torsion defined the severity of torsion which further relates to fetal viability. In conclusion, assessing the blood fl ow parameters of middle uterine artery in relation to degree and duration of uterine torsion can serve as useful prognostic indicator. The cattle having
lesser degree of uterine torsion could have more chances of fetal survival due to lesser alterations in blood fl ow.
Title: Job Satisfaction level of Veterinary Officers in Punjab
Abstract :
The state departments of animal husbandry are the parent organizations responsible for the formulation and execution of various development programs regarding livestock rearing in the state. The current study was carried out to measure job satisfaction level of the Veterinary Offi cers working under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab. Majority of the veterinarians (65.15%) working under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab got mean job satisfaction score of 3.36 (on a scale of 1-5). At the same time, 6.28% of the veterinarians obtained a mean score of 2.35 indicating low satisfaction level with the various aspects of job. The overall mean job satisfaction score, scored by the respondents in the current study was 3.49. It has been concluded that the Veterinary Offi cers (VO) in Punjab are only partially satisfi ed with their jobs
Title: Isolation, Serotyping and Prevalence of Salmonellosis from Humans Diarrheic Samples in Jammu Region
Abstract :
The present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of Salmonella species in human diarrheic cases in different areas of Jammu district. A total of 200 human diarrheic samples were processed for the detection of Salmonella out of which 5 samples were found positive for Salmonella with an overall prevalence of 2.5 per cent. The prevalence was higher in females (3%) as compared to males (2 %). The patients of age group of <1-19 years (3.12 %) showed the highest prevalence, followed by patients of age group of 19-49 years (2.85 %). The prevalence was higher in farmers (4%) followed by students (2.5%). Diarrhoea and fever were present in all the 5 patients found positive for salmonella. The isolates were confi rmed at National Salmonella Centre, IVRI Bareilly as Salmonella Typhimurium. Alcoholic leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris at the concentration of 100µg was the most effective against Salmonella Typhimurium and the activity of alcoholic leaf extract decreased as the concentration decreased. Aqueous leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris showed no antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium.
Title: Immunomodulatory Potential of Cajanus indicus Leaves Powder on Dietary Supplementation in Broiler Birds
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the immuno-modulatory potential of Cajanus indicus leaves powder on dietary
supplementation in broiler birds. Day-old broiler chicks of Vencobb strain (n = 36) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 3 replicates each, 4 chicks (2 each for cell mediated and humoral immune response) in each replicate. The dietary treatments composed of the basal diet in control group, 0.05% Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate added to the basal diet in standard group
and 1.5% Cajanus indicus leaves powder added to the basal diet in test group. The HA titre (as measured against sheep RBC) was signifi cantly (p<0.01) higher in birds of test group as compared to birds of control and standard group. There was signifi cant (p<0.01) elevation of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in broiler birds of test group as compared to control and standard group when evaluated by DNFB skin contact sensitization test. The result indicated that ration supplemented with Cajanus indicus leaves powder @1.5% signifi cantly improved cellular and humoral immune responses in broiler birds. 
Title: Patho-morphological Changes in Kidneys of Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Jammu Region
Abstract :

The study was conducted in government recognized and unorganised slaughter houses of sheep and goats in Jammu from the month of July 2013 to June 2014. In the present study, 300 kidney samples of sheep (150) and goats (150) were collected from these abattoirs for determining the patho-morphological changes. Prominent gross lesions in kidney affection included haemorrhage, infarction, hydronephrosis, amyloidosis and nephritis. Histopathological examination revealed massive interstitial haemorrage, MNC’s infi ltration, atrophy of glomeruli with presence of pinkish amyloid material, hypercellularity of glomeruli and tubular necrosis.

Title: Microbial Hazard Analysis of Fish (Catla Catla) at Various Stages of Supply Chain
Abstract :
The present study was planned with the objectives to evaluate microbial quality of freshwater fi sh (Catla catla) sold in retail market in Parbhani city at harvest, transportation and fi sh shop. A total of 18 fi sh samples were collected as per method prescribed by ICMSF (1998) and analyzed. The per cent Staphylococcus aureus positive samples found were 50 per cent at harvest, 83.33 per cent during transportation and 100 per cent at retail shop. The E.coli isolations at various stages of supply like harvest, transportation and retail were 33.33 per cent, 50 per cent and 83.33 per cent respectively. The Salmonella spp isolations were 16.66 per cent at harvest, 83.33 per cent at transportation and 50 per cent at retail. The Clostridium spp isolations were seen in 33.33 per cent samples at harvest, 50 per cent during transportation and 100 per cent at retail shop. The Vibrio spp isolation at harvest, transportation and retail shop were 100 per cent, 83.33 per cent and 33.33 per cent. Identifi cation of Salmonella spp and Vibrio spp indicate concern from public health point of view. Presence of various pathogenic micro-organisms at various stages of fi sh supply chain indicates sources of contamination in environment and need sanitary measures.
Title: Constraints and Benefits Perceived by Farmers and Contractors in Contract Goat Farming
Abstract :
A study was conducted to analyze the constraints and benefi ts perceived by the contract goat farmers and the contractors involved in in-formal contract goat farming taking place in Western Odisha region. Sixty contract goat farmers and thirty contractors were interviewed with semi structured interview schedule within a period of 60 days i.e. January 2013 to March 2013. Study revealed that disease outbreak and loss of animal due to predators were the primary constraints for contract farmers. Very few farmers opined that they should get a greater share than the contractors as they are the key persons to look after the care and management of the animals. Cent percent contract farmers found Contract Goat Farming (C.G.F.) as profi table without any capital investment and also it provides them an easy liquidity of their animals at the time of necessity. From contractors’ point of view, communication gap between contractor and farmer which lead to embarrassed situation is the major constraint followed by cheating by farmers at many occasions due to non identifi cation of the contract animals. But, cent per cent contractors agreed that there is easy return from CGF at the end of the year. However, 80% opined that the better linkage with the veterinary professionals and 27% felt no risk of mortality and morbidity so directly benefi ted in contract goat farming (CGF).
Title: Purposes, Problems and Prospects of Piggery Development in West Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya, India
Abstract :
Pigs are prolifi c and fast growing livestock that are early converter of feed and food waste to valuable products and its rearing among the tribes of the North-East Region (NER) is prevailing since time immemorial. A study was taken up in the West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya to understand the purposes, problems and prospects of Piggery Development in the state of Meghalaya where pork is one of the best preferred meats for all sections of the population. A structured, pre-tested, reliable and valid interview schedule was used to interview 100 randomly selected pig farmers from two Development Blocks namely, Laskein and Thadlaskein blocks where pig farming was in higher concentration. Areas such asrecycling waste food (100.00%),  additional income (99.00%), mark of insurance (97.00%), profi t in short time (96.00%) and primary income (50.00%) were identifi ed as the purposes of pig rearing. Problems of concentrate feed (99.00%), medicines and vaccines (97.00%), input supply (95.00%), economic problem (94.00%), non-availability of feed and fodder (93.00%), transportation (93.00%), access to market (88.00%), absence of cooperatives/self-help groups (SHGs) (85.00%), market place (76.00%) and bank linkages (58.00%) were the major concerns. Making provisions of feed, water, treatment, linkages and marketing could be able to make the piggery sector prosper in the state. The results issued that interdisciplinary approaches could do well with farming, marketing, linkage, convergence and other related issues.
Title: VamDia Forte as Intestinal Function Modulator for Broilers
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of VamDia Forte as Intestinal function modulator for broilers. Two hundred and seventy day old Cob-400 broiler chicks having similar body weight (43g) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments viz C, T1 and T2 containing VamDia Forte at 0, 0.5 kg/ton and 1 kg/ton respectively in the basal ration. No histological changes were seen at the age of 7th day in all the groups. On 14th day, in T2 group, the villous length of the duodenum was increased in comparison to that of the control birds. Though the crypt number was increased their depth was decreased. In T3 group, the duodenal villi showed maximum length and breadth with wide laminae propria having more capillaries. The crypts depth was decreased with fully developed cryptal epithelial cells. No signifi cant difference was observed in respect of blood biochemical profi le (albumen, globulin, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen). From the results it can be summarized that the VamDia Forte is most effective as intestinal gut modulator for broilers @ 1kg/ton. 
Title: Characterization and Different Antigenic Preparations of P. multocida Along with their Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
Abstract :
Pasteurella multocida is a causative agent of a number of economically important diseases in livestock. Due to the fatal nature of the disease, there is urgent need for rapid diagnosis so that appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures could be undertaken. A study was designed to extract different antigens of P. multocida capsular type A and B which included whole bacterium, Capsular antigen, Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacteria were grown on brain heart infusion broth and capsular antigen was separated by fractional precipitation with addition of polar organic solvents yielding capsular polysaccharide. OMPs were extracted by ultracentrifugation of the supernatant obtained from bacterial broth by addition of HEPES Buffer containing Sodium Lauryl Sarcosinate detergent and the detergent insoluble OMP enriched fractions
were obtained. Whole cell antigen was obtained by centrifugation of sonicated P. multocida suspended in HEPES buffer. LPS was extracted by formalinized saline killing of bacteria followed by ultracentrifugation. Total protein concentration was found to be 8.97 mg/ml and 5.67 mg/ml for OMP capsular type A & OMP type B respectively, while for WCL it was 22.38 mg/ml& 26.89 mg/ml. Carbohydrate estimation of capsular type A & type B of LPS and capsular polysaccharide concentrations were estimated to be 188.32 µg/ml, 330.71 µg/ml and 4.08 mg/ml, 2.38 mg/ml respectively. OMPs and whole cell lysate extracted were subjected to discontinuous SDS-PAGE. Nine polypeptides of MW ranging from 15-100 kDa from OMPs preparation & fi fteen polypeptides of MW ranging from 25-98 kDa from whole cell lysate were visualised.
Title: Seroprevalence Study on Goat Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
The present study highlights the seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats using slide agglutination
test. A total of 1427 serum samples from goats belonging to Jabalpur district of Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh were screened over a period of one year (i.e. April 2014 to March 2015). All the samples were screened for CCPP antibodies by slide agglutination test (SAT) using colored CCPP antigen. The overall seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats was 10.65 per cent (152 out of 1427 goats). Seroprevalence of CCPP in organised goatry was higher (i.e. 13.54 %) than the unorganised sector of goatry (i.e. 9.01 %). Sex wise seroprevalence was marginally higher in female (10.67 %) than the male (10.61 %). SAT for CCPP detection using colored antigen was found to be quick, simple and low cost with ease of application in fi eld condition without the need of any specialized training and equipments. 
Title: Study on Prevalence of Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Crossbred Dairy Cattle and its Potential Risk Factors
Abstract :
The study was designed to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in cross-bred dairy cattle and potential risk factors associated with the disease. The study was conducted in organized dairy farm at Jammu, and milk samples collected from 106 animals were put to MCMT (Modifi ed Californian Mastitis Test). The overall prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was found to be 59.43 per cent (%) and quarter level prevalence was at 34.78%. The risk factors under study; parity, age, milk yield an position of quarters, had signifi cant infl uence on prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. Prevalence was high in animals with greater than 20 litre (77.41%) of milk yield, and those falling in age group of greater than 8 years (82.92%). In relation to parity of animals and position of quarters, prevalence was maximum in six and above parity animals (78.6%), and with regard to position of quarters, mostly right hind quarters (49.39%) were affected. The pathogens isolated were mostly contagious in nature, and Staphylococcus aureus (66.67%) was most commonly found organisms. 
Title: Seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in Rural Bovine Herds from Different Agro-Climatic Zones of Punjab
Abstract :
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is an OIE listed notifi able economically important contagious mycobacterial disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. The present study reports the seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in bovines of the rural area from fi ve different agro-climatic zone of Punjab. A total of 736 serum samples from both cattle and buffalo herds were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to MAP using a commercially available paratuberculosis screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Twenty three animals were positive and the seroprevalence was found as 3.125%. Highest prevalence was recorded in western plain zone (6.66%) followed by western zone (3.07%), central zone (2.68%), sub mountain undulating zone (2%) and nil in undulating plain zone 
Title: Storage Quality and Oxidative Stability Attributes of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Fortified Chevon Nuggets
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of utilization of almonds in the development of value added healthier
chevon nuggets and to study their physico-chemical, sensory and storage properties. Four levels of almonds (0, 5, 10 and 15%) were incorporated replacing lean meat in the formulation. The products developed were assessed for various physico-chemical and sensory parameters. Based on these parameters, chevon nuggets containing (5%) levels of almond were selected and further studied for its storage quality. The optimized nuggets were aerobically packaged in low density polyethylene pouches along with control and evaluated for storage quality (Oxidative stability, microbiological and sensory parameters) for 21 days under refrigerated conditions (4±1oC). Based on various parameters, a 5% level of almonds was adjudged as optimum for the preparation of almond enriched chevon nuggets. The storage quality parameters like Free fatty acid value, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value, Total plate count and Psychrophillic count increased signifi cantly (P<0.05) whereas all the sensory parameters decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with increasing days of storage. The product can be successfully stored for 14 days
under refrigerated conditions (4±1oC) without marked loss in quality.