The study was conducted for Nine Fogera cows with average age, parity, initial body weight and stage of lactation was 9.3 year, 4.4, 262.7kg and 53.1 days, respectively used for the feeding trial were randomly assigned to three treatments. The treatments were 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate + untreated rice straw (T1), 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate +urea treated rice straw (T2) and 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate + rice straw treated by effective micro-organism (T3). Animals were blocked based on their initial body weight in randomized complete block design. Feeding of Fogera cows with EMO treated rice straw resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher daily dry matter intake (8.52 kg/cow, higher daily weight gain (27.7 g/day), higher daily milk yield (2.82l/day) and highest net income and marginal return rate (MRR) (82.6 and 194%, respectively) when compared with those cows fed on untreated rice straw. Hence, according to the results of this study feeding of lactating Fogera cows with EMO treated rice straw is efficient for both biologically and economically compared to urea treated rice straw.

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of processing on pesticide residues in edible fresh water fishes. The fish samples were collected from two different fish markets located in Ludhiana city. Pesticide residues were detected in five different fish species by employing Gas Liquid Chromatography. Major pesticides detected include β-HCH, γ-HCH and chlorpyriphos with levels 0.30 mg kg-1, 0.1-0.35 mg kg-1 and 0.14-0.58 mg kg-1, respectively. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were found to have higher levels of pesticide residues. These fish samples were then processed by four different processing methods viz. deep frying, steaming by pressure cooker, conventional oven baking and microwave oven baking to check the reduction in residue levels. Deep frying caused maximum reduction i.e. 40-45% as compared to other processing methods. Steaming reduced pesticide residues by 14-16%, microwave oven baking resulted in 17-20% and conventional oven baking resulted in 20-21% reduction.

The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Malassezia in common ear affections of dogs. A total of 115 dogs with ear affections were evaluated between March 2014 and May 2015. Otoscopic examination and microbiological isolation was done for diagnosis. Case prevalence of Malassezia infection in otitis externa was 19.1%. Relatively higher proportion of Malassezia was found in males 68.2% (n=15) as compared to females 31.8% (n =7). The yeast was more prevalent in adult dogs (1-3 years old). Labrador, Beagle and Cocker Spanial were breeds more commonly predisposed to otitis externa. The prevalence was relatively higher in rainy season (July-August) 63.6% (n=14) followed by summer (April-June) 18.2% (n=4), winter (December-March) 13.6% (n=3) and autumn (September-November) 4.6% (n=1). Head shaking, frequent itching and malodour were the common presenting signs. It can be concluded that Malassezia infection is quite common in otitis externa, and can be diagnosed using otoscopy and microbiological isolation.

The present study was carried out with aim to develop and standardize the protocol for species-specific PCR assay for detection of tissue of buffalo origin. Muscle tissue samples from viz: cattle (postmortem), buffalo, sheep, goat and pig were used to extract the DNA and the good quality DNA samples having OD260:280 of 1.8-2.1 were used in this study. Species-specific primers for buffalo was designed through homology comparisons of the mitochondrial gene regions from these species using Megalign (DNA- STAR) and designed primer pairs were tested for their specificity by BLAST analysis. The PCR conditions were optimized in terms quantity and concentration of various components for PCR mix and annealing temperature. The developed assay was evaluated for its species specificity and sensitivity. Efficacy and reliability of developed assay was also validated on known samples, samples from meat admixture and samples subjected to diverse heat treatment viz: boiling, autoclave and microwave. The developed species-specific PCR assay resulted in amplification of DNA template exclusively from buffalo samples and resulted in amplified PCR product of 742bp. Sensitivity of the assay was determined by making 10-fold serial dilution of genomic DNA, which showed that only 10ng of absolute DNA content, was required for PCR amplification and successful identification of tissue of buffalo origin. Thus, it was concluded that developed species-specific PCR assay is effective in identification of tissue of buffalo origin.

Draught animals such as bullocks and he buffaloes are the important source of energy for agricultural operations on small and marginal farms of Chhattisgarh, which constitute three fourth (75.77 %) portion of total land holding. Draught animals used in this region are small sized. In this paper physiological response of non-descriptive breed of bullocks of Chhattisgarh region in rotary power transmission system for briquette production are described. The physiological responses of Bullock in terms of pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature were recorded during the briquette production after every one hour workout. The average speed of bullock during briquette production and power output was recorded 0.84 m/s and 0.43 kW respectively. The power output reduced with passage of time. The operating speed of bullock varied with the working hour and the bullocks were not fatigue after 6 hours of work as they scored 16 points against the fatigue level score of 20 points.

The aim of the present experiment was to study clinical signs, haemato-biochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes induced by Dronedarone administration in rats. In present study, 48 Wistar rats (5-8 weeks old) were divided in to four different groups with equal numbers of male and female. Group I rats (Corn oil) severed as vehicle control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered Dronedarone @ 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. respectively, orally daily for 28 days. The blood samples were collected on day 29 of the study from all the animals from retro-orbital plexus under carbon dioxide anaesthesia. All animals were euthanized on day 29 of the study using carbon dioxide asphyxiation. The haematological parameter viz. Hb, erythrocyte count, PCV, MCV, MCHC, eosinophils and basophiles percent and biochemical parameters such as total bilirubin and urea revealed significant (P < 0.05) alteration as compared to control group animals. Gross morphological changes include congestion in lung and dilatation of uterus while microscopic changes were characterized by individual cortical cell necrosis in thymus, focal to multifocal thickened alveolar septa in lung and dilatation of uterine lumen. Changes of gross and microscopic were spontaneous or incidental finding. Based on above finding it can be concluded that sub-acute exposure to Dronedarone administered at the dose rate up to 200 mg/kg/day by oral route over a period of 28 days did not produce any appreciable changes.

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and contagious disease of poultry. The spike glycoprotein (S) of IB virus is a dimmer and is cleaved into two glycopolypeptides, S1 and S2 post-translationally. S1 gene defines the serotype and plays a major role in induction of protective immunity. Eukaryotic expression systems are frequently employed for the production of recombinant S1 proteins as it is highly glycosylated protein. In present study the S1 gene amplified from isolated field strain of IBV was cloned into eukaryotic expression vector and express in vero cell line. The pQE-TriSystem vector was used as eukaryotic expression vector to express the corresponding protein. The successful expression was confirmed at 24 and 48 hrs post transfection by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. These promising observations emphasize the need of expression of S1 gene recombinant protein for the development of effective recombinant DNA vaccine against IB in near future.

Study comprising seventy two cattle of three breeds/strain viz. Hardhenu crossbred strain, Hariana and Sahiwal breeds were carried out to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters. Each group consisted of 24 animals of different age groups i.e. 0-1 year, 1-2 year, 2-3 year and >3 year. The various hematological parameters i.e. hemoglobin (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in all the three breeds/strain at different ages were studied. Significantly higher Hb % especially at the age of 2-3 year was observed in Sahiwal animals over other 2 breed groups. Well known feature of higher disease resistance of Hariana breed was supported by significantly higher TLC as compared to other two breeds. The age wise significant difference was observed for group 1-2 years and, >3 years while Hariana showing high count. The lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophils, Hct, TEC, MCH and MCHC were comparable in all the three breeds/strain.

Effect of ascorbic acid on hemato-biochemical and hormonal profile of swamp buffaloes were investigated during summer and post summer months. Eighteen swamp buffaloes (Avg. b.wt.336.24±10.27kg, age 3.5 years) were divided randomly into three groups of six each. The animals were supplemented with ascorbic acid (AA) at the rate of 0, 10 and 15 g/animal/day for 150 days and designated as T 1, T2 and T3. Blood was collected on 0, 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day of the experiment and analysed. Results indicated that the value of haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and thyroxin was higher (p<0.05) in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. The value of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) was significantly (p>0.05) higher while total leucocytic count (TLC), neutrophil, eosinophil, total protein, AST (Aspertate aminotransferase) and ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) was lower in T2 and T3 as compared to T1. Across the treatment T2 and T3 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher tri-iodothyronine and lymphocytes and (p<0.05) lower serum glucose and cortisol concentration as compared to T1. From this study, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of AA modulated hemato-biochemical and hormonal parameters in beneficial ways in swamp buffaloes to cope up thermal stress during summer and post summer months. The dose rate of AA 15 g/day/animal found to be more effective than 10 g/d/animal.

Records of 1471 Karan-Fries cows from 102 sires with five or more daughters per sire during the period 1989-2013 were used to study genetic and non-genetic parameters for First lactation 305-days or less milk yield (FL305MY- kg), First lactation 305 days or less wet average (FL305WA- kg), Average test day milk yield (ATDMY- kg), Average test day fat percentage (ATDFP-%), Average test day fat yield (ATDFY-g), Fat based energy per kg (FBE/kg-cal) and Fat based energy per first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FBE/FL305MY–kcal). The non-genetic parameters were analysed by fixed linear model. Heritability and phenotypic/genetic correlations were estimated by paternal half sib correlation method and sire variance and covariance, respectively. Period of calving was significant for all the traits. Season had significant effect on all the traits except ATDFP and FBE. Age group was significant for ATDFP only. The FBE/FL305MY had positive and significant (P<0.01) genetic and phenotypic correlations with FL305MY, FL305WA, ATDMY and ATDFY. The positive phenotypic correlation of ATDFP and FBE/kg with composition and energy traits revealed selection for an increased fat percentage will improve the concentrations of other constituents in milk. Higher estimates of heritability, significant genetic and phenotypic correlation between FL305MY and FBE/FL305MY revealed that any of the two traits can be used for genetic evaluation of Karan-Fries bulls when genetic improvement is sought.

Three different levels (1%, 3% and 5%) of plum puree were attempted in the formulation of low sodium reduced fat meat emulsion to evaluate the possibility of its utilization as antioxidants in chevon patties. The product was evaluated for various quality characteristics and sensory attributes. The pH, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in control as compared to treatments and gradually decreased with the increasing levels of plum puree. Mineral contents and texture profile of plum puree added functional chevon patties did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in either of the treatment. Yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values increased and lightness (L) value decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increasing level of plum puree. All the sensory attributes were either comparable or higher score for PP2 compared to control. Therefore, plum puree at 3% may suitably be used in the development of functional chevon patties without affecting quality and sensory attributes.

The study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera gel and Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark extract on shelf life of buffalo male calf meat rolls at refrigeration (4±1°C) storage. The meat rolls were prepared with incorporation of 4% Aloe vera gel (T1) and 2% Arjun tree bark extract (T2) and compared with control (C) meat rolls. The products were assessed for their physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological quality at 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. However, the sensory scores and moisture content decreased and microbial load, TBA value and free fatty acids (FFA) increased as the days of storage increased for control as well as treated products. The rate of decline in sensory score and moisture content and rate of increase in microbial load, TBA vale and FFA during storage were higher in control samples as compared to treated (T1 and T2) meat rolls. It was concluded that Aloe vera gel (4%) and Arjun tree bark extract (2%) incorporation showed their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, by keeping the treated products organoleptically acceptable and microbiologically safe up to 21 days of refrigeration storage.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dreaded pathogen in human and veterinary medicine. MRSA as a cause of mastitis in dairy cattle has got profound economic and serious public health significance. A total of 111 dairy cattle were screened for mastitis by CMT from six dairy farms of Jabalpur. The 85 mastitis milk samples were screened for MRSA by bacterial culture method using cefoxitin for enrichment. The MRSA strains were identified and characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods for virulence determinants and methicillin resistance. The MRSA strains showed β-haemolysis as a predominant haemolysis pattern. The strains were positive for mecA gene which is considered as a gold standard for the confirmation of methicillin resistance. The prevalence of MRSA mastitis in dairy cattle was 16.47%. The MRSA strains were positive for the virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. The economic and public health implication of the finding is discussed.

Restricted use of chemical antioxidants and antibiotics as growth enhancers in poultry diet has led to open channels for herbs as natural feed additive in current times. Scientists try to find novel herbal feed additives which are free from toxic effects and exhibit increase in performance of poultry birds. Aloe vera is a well-known herb characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory and growth promoting properties. The therapeutic potential of Alo vera is attributed to its rich phytochemistry. The current study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of alcoholic extract of Aloe vera (family Liliaceae) in poultry birds. The birds were divided in four groups of six birds in each group. Group I: Contol (C), Group II: treatment I (T1), Group III: treatment II (T2) and Group IV: treatment III (T3). Alo vera supplementation was given in three treatment groups at the dose of different concentrations ( T1: 2gms, T2:5gms and T3: 7gms). Blood samples were collected on different time points 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56thdays and analyzed for different parameters. The altered biochemical parameters due to oxidative stress like Lipid peroxidation (LPO), super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine were significantly ameliorated to a great extent by Aloe vera supplementation. The alcoholic extract of Aloe vera showed potent anti-oxidant and hepato-protective activity in poultry birds.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of different diets and feeding strategies on the development of oocytes during the pre spawning and post spawning period in Labeo rohita. The study showed the presence of oocytes in different developmental stages viz., primary growth phase, secondary growth phase, maturation phase, post ovulatory phase and atretic oocytes during both pre spawning and post spawning period. The primary growth phase comprised of oogonia stage, chromatin nucleolus stage, early perinucleolar stage and late perinucleolar stage, whereas, the secondary growth phase was differentiated as cortical alveolus stage, early vitellogenic stage and late vitellogenic stage, and early and late types of atresia. The percentage occurrence (92-28 %) of these different stages varied during pre spawning and post spawning period respectively The study revealed that (65%) of the oocytes were in the vitellogenic and maturation phases during pre spawning period, while as perinuclear stage and atretic oocytes (27.6%) were seen during post spawning period. All the developmental stages showed more active oocytes in the ovaries of fish fed with vitamins and minerals indicating that diet influences the reproductive efficiency of the fish

The present study was conducted in J&K; North-Western hilly state of India during 2013 to 2015 to study the problems experienced by transhumant Bakerwal pastoralists in different phases of migration and their climate change perception. The sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly for problem identification while as 39 respondents were purposively selected for examining their climate change perception. The study revealed that lack of basic facilities (viz. shelter for animals and humans, clean drinking water, medical facilities, roads connectivity, marketing, education for children, electricity and means of communication) was the top ranking problem experienced by the respondents in summer pastures and en-route migration. This was followed by lack of veterinary health services and disease occurrence which were ranked second most important problems respectively. Reduced pastures availability and water scarcity for animals during later part of the winter were the top most problems experienced by the respondents at winter pastures. Further it was reported that respondents perceived a drastic change in predictability of weather conditions and incidences of torrential rains, cloud bursting, hail storms etc. in the study area. The respondents also expressed a moderate change in average seasonal temperature, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and severity of draught at pastures. The study recommends the immediate policy intervention on part of government for provision of various basic facilities to the Bakerwals in different phases of migration besides promotion of income diversification within pastoralism through skill development and need based training programmes for securing the livelihood of Bakerwals.

The present study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of three physical forms of aloe vera viz. powder, gel and juice on the energy efficiency (EE), protein efficiency (PE), performance index (PI), production number (PN), mortality pattern and cost of production of broiler chicken. Two hundred and forty day old unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were distributed in four groups with four replicates, each consisting of fifteen chicks on a completely randomized design. The treatments included the control (T1- basal diet as per BIS 2007) and three groups with basal diet mixed with aloe vera powder @ 0.5% in feed (T2), gel @ 2% in feed (T3) and fresh aloe vera juice @ 2% in drinking water (T4), respectively. The results revealed that PE and EE were significantly (p<0.05) different during last week among T2 and T3 groups as compared to control group. Values of PI and PN showed non-significant results among treatment groups. Mortality recorded was within standard limits which showed that there was no detrimental effect of aloe vera supplementation on health and performance of broilers. The cost of production calculated at the end of experiment revealed that net profit on drawn weight (`/kg) was 3.96 (powder form), 7.39 (gel form) and 8.77 (juice form) as compared to control group (basal diet only). Thus, aloe vera can act as an efficient, effective and economical herbal feed additive in broiler industry.

The experimental completely randomized design was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of Rose-Cobb breed of one hundred broiler chicken from November 2015 to April 2016 in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar. The experimental animals (n=100) were randomly allocated into four equal groups, group one (G-I), group two (G-II), group three (G-III) and group four (G-IV) with 25 chickens in each group. The G-I, G-II, and G-III were treatments groups challenged by different Eimeria sporulated oocysts, while G-IV served as the control group. In this study, the infective dose of E. tenella (G-I), E. acervulina (G-II) and mixed Eimeria spp (G-III) was 2x104 sporulated Eimeria oocyst inoculated orally at three weeks of age in broiler chicken and subsequent alterations in different haematological constituents were evaluated at interval of 5, 7 and 9 day of post inoculation. The Eimeria species identified from the natural infected chickens were E.tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. necatrix. E.tenella was more pathogenic than E.acervulina and mixed Eimeria spp. Oocyst counts per gram of faeces in pure (E. tenella and E. acervulina) and mixed Eimeria spp. infection showed marked increase from the 5 to 8DPI. Pure single infection of E. acervulina and E. tenella showed highest oocyst excretion on 6 DPI (62,395 oocyst/g of faeces) and 7 DPI (86,535 oocyst/g of faeces) respectively. Whereas mixed Eimeria spp. infection reached a maximum oocyst count of 51, 270 oocyst/gm of faeces on 7 DPI.

Job satisfaction has emerged as one of the most important aspects of human resource management in recent times. The purpose of the study was to find a relationship of socio-personal factors and job satisfaction of Veterinary Officers in Punjab. Job satisfaction was operationalised as the cumulative score obtained by the respondents in relation to selected facets of the job. It was found that the veterinarians were partially satisfied with their job with a mean score of 3.49 on a scale of 1-5. Job satisfaction had a positive and significant association with experience. It was found that job satisfaction had a negative significant association with distance of place of posting. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, qualification, background and marital status of the veterinarians and the level of job satisfaction.

In present study, the polymorphism at five microsatellite loci BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were investigated for finding their association with the somatic cell counts (SCC) in crossbred cattle. Total 130 animals were tested using california mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to screen animals for mastitis. Total 83 alleles were found in all five microsatellites where 23 alleles (9 in BM302, 3 in BM4505, 2 in BMS2684, 8 in CYP21 and 1 in DIK20) were differing significantly in case-control animals. Total number of genotypes for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 148, out of which 11 were differing significantly in case-control animals. The allele size ranges for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 146 bp to 166 bp, 212 bp to 252 bp, 82 bp to 108 bp, 180 bp to 228 bp and 164 bp to 196 bp, respectively. The polymorphism information content/heterozygosity/allelic diversity for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 0.88/0.92/0.89, 0.91/0.53/0.91, 0.81/0.56/0.82, 0.91/0.65/0.92 and 0.82/0.60/0.84. The genotypes ‘146/158’, ‘148/156’, ‘148/158’, ‘150/164’, ‘152/164’, and ‘152/166’ at BM302, ‘238/238’ at BM4505, ‘186/186’ and ‘196/196’ at CYP21 and ‘174/186’ and ‘180/192’ were differing significantly in case-control animals. It revealed that the information observed in the present study was valuable and it may be helpful for improving mastitis resistance in crossbred cattle.

Present study was conducted on five clinically healthy adult Kutchi camels (B.wt. 450-550kg) with the objective to assess the effect of different payloads (L1-1500kg, L2-2000kg and L3-2500kg), under different seasons (S1- hot dry, S2-hot humid and S3- winter) and work rest cycles (WR1: 2h (W) - 1h (R) - 2h (W) - 1h (R) + 2h (W) and WR2: 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 1h (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W). The Kgf, Hp, power output (W), stride (no/100m), time (sec/100m), stride length (m) and duration of stride/sec were recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher under L2 and L3 as compared to L1 under different work rest cycles, whereas speed (m/sec) declined significantly (p<0.05) under L2 and L3 as compared to L1. The no of strides/sec did not differ under any pay loads under different work rest cycles. The Hp, power output (W), speed (m/sec) and number of stride/sec increased significantly (p<0.05) under S2 and S3 as compared to S1 whereas time (sec)/100 m and duration of stride/sec declined significantly (p<0.05) under season S2 and S3 as compared to S1. The stride length (m) recorded significantly (p<0.05) high in S2 an compared to S1 and S3. The Kgf did not alter in any season.

A total of twelve male guinea fowls, from each of pearl, white, white breasted and lavender varieties aged eight months were selected based on their phenotypic characters, and trained for semen collection by abdominal massage technique. The semen was analyzed for colour, volume, spermatozoa motility (%), spermatozoa concentration, live and abnormal spermatozoa(%). Further, spermatozoa biometry was studied by using transmission electron microscopy. Significantly higher semen volume (0.041±0.005 ml) and spermatozoa concentration (2497.78±87.17×106) was found with white breasted variety of guinea fowl. Higher percent live spermatozoa (88.03±0.93) and lower spermatozoa abnormality (10.11±1.36) were observed in semen of pearl guinea fowls but the volume and spermatozoa concentration were the least among the four varieties. Spermatozoa biometry studies showed significantly higher head midpiece and tail length in white breasted variety as compared to other varieties. The total length of spermatozoa of white breasted variety was more than double the length, than observed with the spermatozoa of white and lavender variety of guinea fowls. The study concluded that the spermatozoa of white breasted variety were robust with better seminal parameters, long head, comparable longer midpiece and strikingly longer tail.

Present study was designed to assess the effect of vitamin E+Se supplementation on growth performance as well as antioxidant status in arsenic toxicity in experimental goats. Eighteen cross breed goats of either sex, aged between 12 to 24 months of age were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group I was considered as healthy control. Goats of group II and III received Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) @ 5 mg/kg orally daily for 45 days. The goats of group III also received the treatment of Vitamin E+Se. Increase growth performance was observed in animals supplemented with Vitamin E+Se treatment as compared to group II animals. Significantly (P<0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in blood, liver and kidney tissue were observed in arsenic intoxicated goats. However, arsenic treatment caused depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH). Restoration of arsenic toxicity effects were observed in group III animals. (Kile et al., 2007) Therefore, present study indicated the ameliorative potential of Vitamin E + Se against toxic effects of arsenic.

Plant-associated bacteria that live inside plant tissues without causing any harm to plants are defined as endophytic bacteria. Different parts of mulberry plant (root, stem and leaves) are reported to possess different pharmacological activity.The present study was done to isolate endophytic bacteria from Morus nigra (mulberry) leaves, their identification and investigate their antibacterial activity against three gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens and Bacillus cereus and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total 25 leaves samples were taken, they were sterilized with 0.1 per cent sodium hypochlorite, 0.01 per cent bavistin, 0.05 per cent and 70 per cent ethanol. Sterilized leaves of the plants were embedded in kings B petri plates. for the isolation of endophytic bacteria. Maximum isolated sample on kings b media were irregular in shape, flat elevation, undulated margin, glistening growth surface, opaque and white in colour, the microscopic examination revealed that isolated endophytic bacteria were gram positive and rod shaped. The antibacterial effect was studied by the disc diffusion method with known antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ci) as standard. The antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Morus nigra (mulberry) showed good antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogens.

The present study was conducted to assess the antioxidant potential and antibacterial efficacy of lyophilized condensed tannins (CT) extract from locally available tree leaves (Acacia nilotica, Eugenia jambolana, Ficus religiosa, Leucaenea leucocephala and Psidium guajava) against bacterial species (viz. Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-Diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and total reducing power assays. Lyophilized CT extracts of P. guajava and E. jambolana showed significantly (P<0.05) higher antioxidant potential compared to standard ascorbic acid and other CT sources. Antibacterial efficacy was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using micro dilution method. The MIC and MBC values of CT extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher for F. religiosa and L. leucocephalla then that of A. nilotica, E. jambolana and P. guajava. The MBC value for S. enteritidis was lower than E. coli and. S. aureus. Lower MIC and MBC values against E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis in CT extracts of different sources showed better results compared to E. faecalis which showed statistically non-significant difference among all CT sources. It may be concluded that all CT sources possess antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy and were found to be effective against E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis except E. faecalis and the comparison among the CT sources, E. jambolana and P. guajava were found to be most potent CT source as well as potent alternative antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

The present study was envisaged to optimize the extraction protocols viz. time, temperature and solvent concentration for extraction of phyto-extracts from aloe vera and cinnamon bark based on antioxidant efficacy in-vitro. These were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and completely randomized design (CRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A total number of 17 different combinations of time, temperature and ethanol concentration in BBD and 13 different combinations of time, temperature in CRD were considered for optimizing extraction protocols for aloe vera and cinnamon respectively. The in-vitro 1, 1 diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH % inhibition) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS+ radical scavengering activity of aqueous extract of cinnamon bark was recorded highest for the combination of 99% concentration at 80°C temperature for 3h amongst all 13 runs. The 90% ethanolic extract of aloe vera and cinnamon bark exhibited higher in-vitro antioxidant ability than aqueous extract at time, temperature combination of 15 min for 65°C and 9h for 60°C respectively.

The present study was conducted to assess the storage stability of chevon rolls prepared by incorporating various phyto-extracts viz. Control (C), T1 (chevon rolls with 0.40% ethanolic aloe vera extract) and T2 (chevon rolls with 0.25% ethanolic cinnamon extract) during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) under aerobic packaging conditions. Chevon rolls were stored for 35 days and analyzed for pH, oxidative stability, microbial and sensory attributes at a regular interval of 7 days. The pH followed gradual decreasing trend with the advancement of storage period irrespective of treatments. The various oxidative stability parameters such as PA (peroxide value), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances) and FFA (free fatty acid value) followed an increasing trend in all products with treated samples (T1 and T2) showed lower value than control. Standard plate count and psychrophilic count were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treated products than control and microbial count was better maintained in T2 than control. As the days of storage increased, scores for overall acceptability showed significantly (P<0.05) decreasing trends, however the score was recorded highest for T1 during entire storage. Thus chevon rolls could be successfully stored upto 28 days under refrigerated condition (4±1°C) under aerobic packaging.

The present study was conducted to screen various cardiovascular diseases in the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between July 2012 and June 2013. The prevalence of Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) was found to be 1.61 percent with maximum occurrence in month March (16 percent). Males (56 percent) were more affected than female with highest prevalence in Labrador breed (44 percent). Dogs in the age group of old age (>5 year) were found most susceptible (64 percent) to CVDs. Category wise division of Cardiovascular disorders revealed prevalence of Left atrial enlargement (40 percent), DCM (24 percent), CHF (16 percent), Bi atrial enlargement (12 percent) and 2º AV block (8 percent). Grading of CVD based on clinical signs as per New York Heart Association Insufficiency Score revealed prevalence of Class I (8 percent), Class II (16 percent), Class III (20 percent) and Class IV (56 percent).

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Medicine OPD of Small Animal Clinics of the Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana. In the present study ECG was done in 23 dogs suffering from haemolytic anaemia (12 dogs with Ehrlichia canis and 11 with Babesia spp.) Among the cardiac rhythms assessed by electrocardiography, sinus arrhythmia occurred most frequently (82.61%). Sinus tachycardia was seen in 20 (86.96%) dogs in the present study. Abnormalities in the ST-segment (ST depression and elevation) were found in 5 (21.74%) anemic dogs and slurring of ST segment in 3 dogs.

The present investigation was conducted to identify different bacterial agents associated with the respiratory infections of equines in the submountaineous region of Himachal Pradesh. Nasal swabs were collected from a total of 119 animals, including horses (n=59) and mules (n=60), exhibiting respiratory disease manifestations (n=20) as well as apparently healthy animals (n=99); and subjected to routine cultural, staining and biochemical examinations for the identification of the isolated bacteria. The bacterial genera thus isolated and identified included Staphylococcus spp. 12 (38.71%), Corynebacterium spp. 6 (19.35%), Bacillus spp. 3 (9.68%), Streptococcus spp. 2 (6.45%), Micrococcus spp. 2 (6.45%), Pseudomonas sp. 1 (3.23%) and others 5 (16.13%) from the 15 samples from diseased equines; and Staphylococcus spp. 83 (44.62%), Corynebacterium spp. 30 (16.13%), Bacillus spp. 33 (17.74%), Micrococcus spp. 12 (6.45%), Streptococcus spp. 6 (3.23%) and others 22 (11.83%) from the 81 samples from apparently healthy animals, whereas, 23 samples were bereft of any bacterial growth. Further speciation of Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Bacillus spp. was also carried out by means of biochemical tests.

A comparative study was conducted to find out the differences in contribution of carcass cuts in meat production from indigenous breeds such as Vanraja, Aseel and Kadaknath breeds with respect to a broiler strain, Cobb-400. The primal cuts of Cobb-400 had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight than all indigenous breeds. Among indigenous breeds Aseel exhibited higher weight of all primal cuts except neck while lowest values were recorded in Kadaknath with the exception of wing and breast. The highest weight cut was breast in Cobb-400 and Kadaknath while in Vanraja and Aseel, the maximum values were observed for leg. Neck was recorded as lowest weight cut in all chicken breeds.