Nanoparticles that are targeting the immune system is an highly active area of study. Lots of new techniques for immunosuppression depends on nanoparticles as carriers for the delivery of immunosuppressive compounds in small molecules. Efforts have been made to understand mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact directly with the immune system. Nanoparticles immunological activity depends on the physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles and its subsequent internalization inside the body. As the underlying factors for certain reactions are explained, there could be more nanoparticles established and evaluated to cause immunosuppression and to complement immunosuppressive drugs. The current trends and advances in understanding how nanoparticles cause immunosuppressive reactions is still requires more research work in field of nanotechnology.

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in the immune response and defense against infections. TLRs are essential for initiation of the innate immune responses and development of the adaptive immune responses. The immunomodulatory property of TLR agonists has led to their exploitation as both prophylactic agents to enhance host immunity to pathogens and adjuvants to induce robust immune response against vaccine antigens. The CpG DNA is the most widely used TLR agonist as an adjuvant in several infectious diseases of chicken such as fowl cholera, avian influenza and pathogenic E. coli. The present study was conducted on the hypothesis that the pre-treatment of specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) with CpG ODN may reduce the viral load of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the trachea and kidneys of ECEs. The antiviral activity of CpG ODN was tested in SPF ECEs. The CpG ODN was administered in 18 days old ECEs through allantoic route. The Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline was given in the control group. The trachea and kidneys were collected after 24 and 72 h of IBV infection and quantification of IBV was done in the trachea and kidneys. The results revealed that the CpG ODN significantly reduced the IBV titer in trachea and kidneys of the treated group as compared to the control group. In conclusion, the CpG ODN may act as a good antiviral agent and an adjuvant for improvement and development of in ovo vaccines against IBV.

Mast cell tumours are one of the commonly recorded cutaneous tumours in dogs which are seen as either solitary lesion or diffused ones. The present case study discusses about the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor i.e., Imatinib mesylate in the management of cutaneous mast cell tumours in seven dogs presented to Madras Veterinary Teaching Hospital with cutaneous ulcerations, nodular lesions and exudation. Fine needle aspiration cytology and tissue biopsy were done to confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous mast cell tumours. All the case were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor i.e., Tab.Imatinib @10 mg/kg orally SID for 10 weeks along with Tab. Prednisolone @1 mg/kg SID orally for three weeks followed by tapering of the dose to 0.5 mg/kg in fourth week. Chlorpheniramine maleate @3 mg/kg SID and famotidine @ 0.5 mg/kg BID were also added to the protocol. Out of seven cases treated, four showed significant improvement by 5th week while two showed partial remission and one did not respond. Thrombocytopaenia, Anaemia and ulcerative gastritis were the complications seen during the therapy.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of dietary incorporation of rice DDGS on serum biochemical profile and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails. Day old Japanese quails (n=180) were distributed randomly into five dietary groups each with three replicates of 12 birds and were maintained under uniform conditions. Experimental diets were prepared with incorporation of rice DDGS at 0% (T1: control), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4) and 20% (T5) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Feed and water were provided adlibitum. The birds were housed in battery cages during the experiment period of 0-5 weeks. Findings revealed that serum total protein was significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of rice DDGS. Whereas, Serum albumin, globulin and Albumin Globulin ratio were not affected by level of rice DDGS. But, serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of rice DDGS. The carcass traits like live weight and carcass weight were significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of rice DDGS. On other hand, incorporation of rice DDGS from 0 to 20% in diet had no significant effect on dressing percentage, liver, heart, gizzard and giblet weights. The meat quality parameter i.e., pH of meat of quails revealed that incorporation of rice DDGS up to 20% level had no effect. Rice DDGS can be incorporated at 20% level in diets of quails without having any adverse effect on serum profile, carcass traits and pH.

Subclinical mastitis is a crucial problem influencing dairy animals across the globe. Staphylococcus aureus is generally considered to be a contagious udder pathogen, which mainly spreads within and between cows at milking. It can also be transmitted through the consumption of raw milk and milk products. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major concern for human health which can cause severe infectious diseases in humans. In the present study, bovine subclinical mastitic milk samples were processed for the isolation, identification and molecular characterization of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In total, 400 quarter milk samples were collected from 10 organized dairy farms of Udaipur district, Rajasthan from June 2021 to October 2021. These samples were screened for subclinical mastitis through Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Out of the 85 S. aureus isolates obtained from bovine subclinical mastitic milk (n=133), 5 isolates were confirmed as MRSA on the basis of phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility pattern giving a prevalence rate of 5.89%. All the MRSA isolates (n=5) were found to be positive for species specific (23S rRNA) and thermonuclease gene (nuc). Prevalence of virulence genes viz., clfA, fnbA and hlb in MRSA isolates was 60%, 80% and 40%, respectively. The presence of these virulent MRSA strains in milk indicates a potential public health risk.

Present paper recorded electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in 22 Kankrej cattle calves using the base apex lead system (Lead I). The mean values of heart rate (HR), ‘P’ amplitude, ‘P’ duration’, ‘PR’ interval, ‘QRS’ duration, ‘ST’ segment, ‘T’ amplitude, ‘T’ duration, ‘S’ amplitude, ‘R’ amplitude, ‘QT’ interval and ‘RR’ interval recorded were 66.59±2.33 (40-80) bpm, 0.231 ±0.016 (0.1-0.5) mV, 0.086±0.003 (0.08-0.14) s, 0.232±0.123 (0.16-0.44) s, 0.089± 0.002 (0.08-0.12) s, 0.301 ± 0.015 (0.18-0.4) s, 0.365± 0.034 (0.1-0.7) mV, 0.108±0.005 (0.08-0.16) s, 1.140±0.094 (0.4-1.9) mV, 0.500±1.00 (0.0-1.0) mV, 0.499± 0.158 (0.4-0.6) s and 0.927± 0.368 (0.75-1.5) s respectively. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher HR was observed in the female calves (71.36±2.78) as compared to male calves (61.81±3.25). Also, significant (P<0.05) differences between RR interval of male (1.00±0.058) and female (0.854±0.035) calves were recorded. It is concluded that the base apex system is a suitable lead for monitoring heart rhythm in cattle calves. This study provided information on the HR, duration, and amplitude of ECG deflections in Kankrej cattle calves, one of the common cattle breed of Gujarat state of India. Values of electrocardiographic indices for Kankrej cattle calves reported here in can be used as reference values by the practitioners to clinically evaluate cardiac healthiness/cardiovascular fitness, life threatening arrhythmias and, to take appropriate therapeutic measures.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of Nelumbo nucifera powder into formulation of chicken nuggets at four different levels viz. Control (0 % C), 1.5 % (T1), 3.0 % (T2) and 4.5 % (T3). Different quality parameters were evaluated to access the effect of incorporation of Nelumbo nucifera powder in fiber-enriched chicken meat emulsion (pH, emulsion stability, moisture, fat), as well as in cooked chicken meat nuggets viz. physico-chemical properties, cooking determinants, proximate compositions and sensory quality attributes. Additions of Nelumbo nucifera showed higher (P < 0.05) pH value in treated groups than control and represent an improvement in significantly (P < 0.05) in cooking yield and emulsion stability. Nelumbo nucifera root powder added groups showed comparatively lower (P > 0.05) in protein, fat and energy values but significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ash, fiber,moisture carbohydrate, moisture retention, fat retention and moisture protein ratio than control. Sensory panelist rated significantly higher (P < 0.05) score for T2 (3 % Nelumbo nucifera) juiciness, texture and overall acceptability than other groups. Results concluded that, Nelumbo nucifera at 3.0 % added level have better potential as source of dietary fibers without compromising quality characteristics of meat nuggets and with effecting eating quality of meat nuggets.

Streptococcus agalactiae causes sub-clinical mastitis in cattle which subsequently causes loss of milk production and also jeopardizes the quality of milk. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and study the antibiogram of Streptococcus agalactiae prevalent in the nearby dairy farm of Anand Agricultural University, Anand. It was found that out of 47 cows and 107 udder quarters, 39 (82.97%) cows and 82 (76.63%) udder quarters were positive for sub-clinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). On cultural isolation from milk samples of 82 sub-clinical mastitis positive quarters, 27 Streptococci isolates were confirmed by CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson) test. All the 27 Streptococci isolates were confirmed as Streptococcus agalactiae by PCR using Streptococcus agalactiae specific primers (Sag 432/ Sag 1018) for the 16S rRNA. The antibiogram pattern of the Streptococcus agalactiae isolates was studied by Disc diffusion method for the seven antibiotics. It was found that the isolates were most sensitive for Gentamycin followed by Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole and Erythromycin. Least sensitivity was obtained for Tetracycline and Streptomycin.

Badri cattle is the only registered cattle breed of Uttarakhand. In the present study, an effort was made to characterize Badri cattle of the Kumaon and Garhwal region on the basis of physical and morphometric traits. The body length (BL), height at withers (HAW), heart girth (HG), paunch girth (PG), ear length (EL), face length (FL) and tail length (TL) of males from the Kumaon region were found to be 102.00±0.91, 103.25±1.12, 140.80±0.62, 145.64±1.71, 20.83±0.42, 37.82±0.45 and 73.40±0.34 cms, respectively. Similarly, the males from the Garhwal region had BL, HAW, HG, PG, EL and FL of 107.76±2.91, 106.80±3.59, 141.02±2.1, 146.28±2.22, 19.04±0.47, 37.78±0.80 and 77.42±2.16 cms, respectively. The study concludes that Badri cattle is a small sized cattle breed and the cows from both the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand state had significantly lower morphometric characteristic estimates than the males.

Cow urine is an important component of Panchagavya which contains plenty of biochemical constituents, vitamins, hormones, bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical changes in urine of Punganur cows. A total of 30 urine samples ten each from apparently healthy heifers, lactating and dry Punganur cows was collected. Qualitative analysis of Punganur cow urine at different physiological stages showed the absence of leukocytes, ketones, nitrogen, urobiliniogen, bilirubin, glucose, blood and Vitamin C. Quantitative analysis of minerals showed significantly higher values of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous in urine of lactating cows when compared to dry cows and heifers. Whereas, urea, uric acid, protein and creatinine levels were found to be significantly higher in urine of dry cows followed by heifers and lactating cows. Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) was more in lactating cows followed by heifers and dry cows which shows hyperbolic relationship with creatinine. The hormonal profile of urine showed significantly higher levels of cortisol and growth hormone (GH) in lactating cows, estrogen in heifers and thyroxine in dry cows. The level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Epithelial growth factor (EGF) in urine of lactating cows was significantly lower when compared to heifers and dry cows. These results showed that physiological status had profound effect on biochemical composition of cow urine.

A year round epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of goats from different regions of Maharashtra was carried out during 2017-18 in which faecal samples of 667 goats were examined. The overall prevalence of parasitism in goats was recorded as 74.66%. While it was to the tune of 87.57%, 76.15%, 65.00% and 71.57% for goats and for sheep it was 70.16, 56.57, 66.66 and 51.33 percent from Western Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Marathwada and Konkan region, respectively. The age wise prevalence reported in the goats of Western Maharashtra showed higher prevalence in adult stage as 91.44% as against 22.22% in the age group below one year. As regards sex wise prevalence there recorded non-significant difference among both the sexes from across the state. In Vidarbha, Marathwada and Konkan regions it was almost equal in quantum in both the age groups. Regarding breed-wise prevalence in goats, it showed non-significant differences among the four breeds from all the regions of state.

The experiment was conducted for evaluation of bovine slaughter house ovary, follicles and recovery rate of cumulus oocyte-complexes (COCs) and to compare different COCs. The collected slaughter house ovaries were classified as without corpus luteum (CL-) (type-I) and with corpus luteum (CL+) (type-II). It was found that 53.13% of the ovaries collected were without CL and 46.87% were with corpus luteum. For collection of COCs, aspiration technique was performed and accordingly number of follicles collected was recorded. The mean number of follicles recovered per type-I ovary were recorded as 5.30 which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the corresponding values 3.27 for type-II ovary. The mean recovery of cumulus oocyte complexes were recorded as 3.41 and 1.67 per type-I and type-II ovaries respectively. The follicular materials collected from both the techniques were observed under microscope to categorize the COCs as grade A (oocyte surrounded with more than 4-5 layers of cumulus cells homogenously), grade B (oocyte surrounded with 2-4 layers of cumulus cells partially), grade C (oocyte surrounded with 1-2 layers cumulus cells) and grade D (denuded) oocytes with degeneration observed both in oocyte and cumulus cells). Grade A and grade B were classified as culturable and grade C and grade D were considered as non-culturable. Ovaries having no CL contributed more numbers of culturable COCs per ovary (3.41) than that of ovaries with CL (1.67) in aspiration technique.

The present study was conducted to determine efficacy of poly herbal formulation (combination of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica leaves and Curcuma longa rhizome) on sub clinical mastitis in cows. For this study, Three cows (12 quarters) were considered apparently healthy control group (group A) after thorough physical examination and various diagnostic tests. A total of nine cows (36 quarters) found positive for sub clinical mastitis on screening were randomly divided into three groups with three animals (12 quarters) each. Poly herbal formulation was administered orally for seven days twice daily at 10 mg/kg in group B animals. Group C animals were treated with conventional treatment for seven days. Group D animals were treated with combination of Poly herbal formulation and conventional treatment. Therapeutic efficacy of poly herbal formulation was evaluated based on alteration of somatic cell count of milk and qualitative changes in milk. A significant increased concentration of SCC and pH of milk and significantly decreased concentration of fat and solid not fat (%) was reported in SCM affected animals as compared to healthy control before treatment. Poly herbal formulation significantly reduced the SCC and pH as well as significantly increased the fat and SNF (%) as that of conventional therapy. The combination of poly herbal formulation and conventional treatment accelerate the recovery. Hence, the present poly herbal formulation may be advised along with conventional treatment for early recovery in sub clinical mastitis.

The present study was aimed to find out the factors affecting by tribal women and association of different factors with livelihood security of the tribal women in animal husbandry based livelihood activities. The study was conducted in three districts of Rajasthan namely Dungarpur, Udaipur and Banswara. A total of 100 respondents constituted the sample of the study. Data were collected through a well- structured interview schedule. The research findings revealed that there was highly significant association between all the factors and livelihood security of the respondents as the calculated chi-square values were greater than the tabulated values. This indicates that the livelihood security of the respondents was associated with all the factors i.e. access to resources (χ2 = 25.80**), access to technological information (χ2 = 15.17**), market and regular income (χ2 = 29.24**, χ2 = 15.62**), risk factors (χ2 = 19.88**), risk taking ability (χ2 =30.74**) and decision-making ability (χ2 = 34.55**). It can be inferred that all these factors affected to livelihood security of the tribal families with animal husbandry based livelihood.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of rearing systems, grazing, grazing with supplement and stall feeding with supplement on the carcass traits and mutton quality of the non-descript indigenous sheep of Assam. Eighteen weaner male lambs of similar and non-significant (P>0.05) body weight (5.38±0.26 kg) were divided in 3 groups (6 in each) in completely randomized block design (CRD) and reared for 112 days. T1 group was grazed, T2 group was grazed and fed concentrate supplement and T3 group was fed both green grass and concentrate supplement in the stall. At the end of rearing period, the lambs were slaughtered. The values for the different carcass traits of pre-slaughter weight (12.57±0.13 kg), slaughter weight (11.53± 0.12 kg), carcass weight (6.33± 0.06 kg), dressing percentage (50.36±0.26%), carcass length (52.30±0.29 cm), back fat thickness (1.56±0.06 mm), loin eye area (7.09±0.13 cm2), wholesale cuts (6.31±0.06 kg) and by products (5.11±0.06 kg) as well as for the proximate compositions of protein (19.57±0.06%), fat (6.31±0.08%) and total ash (1.01±0.00%) were higher (P<0.05) in the stall fed group. It was concluded that the stall fed lambs yielded more mutton with less moisture, higher protein, fat and total ash content in meat.

In the present study, the tongue was found to be a part of the lingual apparatus and was located in the floor of the lower mandible. Two types of muscles were found in the tongue: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. The tongue was covered by keratinized epithelium and papillae. The barbs like, keratinized papillae were found in this specimen. The papillae were varying in shape and size. The colour of tongue was black. The lingual nail was found on the ventral surface below the tip of the tongue which was formed by strong and hard keratinized epithelium. Some taste buds were found at the base of the tongue, on the roof and floor of the mouth. Hyoid apparatus was found in form of articulated group of bones and cartilages. The horns of hyoid apparatus were extended caudally from tongue on either side of the larynx. The tongue was thick and fleshy because paraglossum was well developed.

Present work was carried out to study the effect of hormonal regimens, together with vitamin E and selenium on estrus induction and fertility response in pubertal anestrus buffalo heifers. A total of 24 buffalo heifers were selected and equally divided into two groups. Heifers in Group I were treated with Ovsynch protocol, whereas Group II heifers were treated with Ovsynch plus antioxidants (Vitamin E and Selenium) at a dosage rate of 1 ml/50 kg body weight. In both treatment groups, the response to estrus induction was 100 per cent. Time required for onset of estrus ranged between 40 to 65 and 40 to 62 hrs. with an average of 50.17±2.66 and 47.83±1.92 hrs. In Group I and Group II, the duration of estrus was 21.42±0.62 hours and 22.17±0.66 hours, respectively. Intensity of estrus was Intense, intermediate and weak in group I as 33.33, 41.66 and 25.00 per cent, while in group II as 41.66, 50.00 and 8.33 per cent, respectively. First service conception rate in group I treated with Ovsynch protocol was 33.33% and in group II treated with Ovsynch protocol along with antioxidant was 41.66% and similarly overall pregnancy rate in group I and II was 58.33% and 66.66% respectively.

The present research work was carried out to observe fertility response of the sex sorted semen in crossbred pubertal heifers and cattle. A total 20 crossbred heifers and 20 pluriparous cows were selected for the present study. Animals were divided into four equal groups. The GPG + G protocol was used in all four groups. Inj. GnRH @ 20 mcg on day 0, inj. PGF2α @ 2 ml on day 7, inj. GnRH@ 10 mcg administered on day 9 and inj. GnRH @10 mcg at the time of A.I. on day 10, FTAI was performed 24 h after the second GnRH injection. Group I (n=10) was included pubertal heifers and inseminated with sex sorted semen. Group II (n=10) was carried out pubertal heifers and inseminated with conventional semen, Group III (n=10) was inseminated sex sorted semen in pluriparous cows and Group IV (n=10) used conventional semen in pluriparous cows. Duration of estrus was observed as 25.2±4.54, 24.60±2.27, 20.2±1.87, 30.00±2.68 hrs in Group I, II, III and IV, respectively. The overall conceptions achieved in present research by use of sex sorted semen and conventional semen was 50.00, 70.00, 70.00 and 80.00 per cent in pubertal heifers and pluriparous cows, respectively.

In human history, pets have been regarded as a prized possession above all others, with the dog being one of the most revered. The present survey shows that Indian pet owners are on the rise (51%), and 46% of participants own dogs as pets. Modern pet owners place the most importance on pet maintenance (32%), when choosing pets. Despite knowledge of indigenous dog breeds among participants (75%), they are unable to recognize many at first sight. Onsight, participants were more familiar with exotic dog breeds and could distinguish the German Shepard (8%), the Doberman (7%), the Golden Retriever (7%) and the Pug (7%) from indigenous breeds. It is essential to scientifically document the exemplary traits of Indian indigenous dog breeds to save them from extinction.

An experiment was conducted on 18 crossbred cows to study the effect of different feeding regimes on biochemical and hormonal profiles. Animals of T1 (Farmers’ feeding) group (n=6) were maintained as per the feeding regime, followed by small and marginal farmers. Animals in T2 (Modified feeding) group (n=6) comprised feeding with scientific interventions. Animals of T3 (Farm feeding) group (n=6) were fed as per standard feeding followed at Livestock Research Station. Average plasma glucose did not differ significantly from each other while plasma phosphorus was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 as compared to T1 but the value of T2 group was at par with the other two groups. Average plasma protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 when compared with T1 group. Average plasma creatinine did not differ significantly among treatment groups. Average plasma progesterone (ng/ml) was below 1 ng/ml on the day of parturition, which increased to more than one ng/ml on the 28th, 21st, and 21st d post-partum in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively indicating the onset of cyclicity was earlier in animal of T2 and T3 group as compared to T1 group. It may be concluded from the present study that plasma glucose and creatinine were not influenced by the feeding regime. However, the feeding regime had a significant effect on plasma protein and phosphorus. Further, plasma progesterone levels in animals of modified and farm feeding groups indicated resumption of cyclicity earlier as compared to animals of farmer’s feeding group.

Ranikhet disease (RD) is important infectious disease of chicken. Although vaccination available, sometimes immunosupression induced by factors like stress lead to vaccination failures. Immunostimulation by using of herbs in Ayurveda for enhancing the general host immune status is well documented. Present study is aimed to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of important Indian herbs Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) on RD vaccination in chickens. Stem dry powder of Guduchi and root dry powder of Shatavari were mixed in regular poultry feed to different groups of birds. All the groups of birds were vaccinated with primary, 1st booster and 2nd booster doses of RD vaccine and the sera samples were tested for antibody levels by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Significant higher (p < 0.001) HI antibody titers were found in Shatavari supplemented group and in both the herbs supplemented groups of chickens after 1st and 2nd booster doses of RD vaccination in comparison to RD vaccinated control group. However, Guduchi didn’t show any significant immunostimulating properties on RD vaccination after 1st booster and 2nd booster doses of vaccination.

Bovine lactoferrin (BLf) is a multifunctional bioactive protein found in high concentration in milk. The present study was done to evaluate, isolate and compare the quantity of BLf present in the milk of exotic cross bred and indigenous breeds of cow. Milk samples were collected from exotic HF cross bred and indigenous breeds like Sahiwal and Poda thurpu. The quantification of BLf was done by using sandwich enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The processed milk samples of each of three breed were then subjected to cation exchange column chromatography using Sephadex C-50 resin. The eluted fractions obtained from the chromatography were used to run sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) along with a protein marker to confirm the identity of BLf. The estimated BLf values (μg/mL) from ELISA were found as 306.47+8.91, 369.06+14.04 and 403.9+20.10 in HF cross bred, Sahiwal and Poda thurpu cow breed. Further electrophoresis results showed a clear band was formed at 80KDa approximately when compared with the standard protein marker with a more prominent band in indigenous breeds than HF cross bred where a thin band was seen.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a member of transferrin family. It is a glycoprotein that binds mainly to iron. Lf is present in exocrine secretions and it has been reported to have various defensive function. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters when lactoferrin (@ 200 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered orally in acetic acid-induced colitis (4% @ 2 ml single dose intra-colonic) in rats. Hematological parameters revealed that, the means of Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) were improved significantly (P < 0.05) in Lf treated group. The results were suggested that, Lf has positive effect on hematological profile on acetic acid - induced colitis in rats. Therefore, Lf is a promising potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis.