In recent days, improved conventional techniques, including division of the bulbs, removal of leaf and flower spikes, standard size of the bulb, and mechanical removal of sprouts, have been used to obtain improved quality planting materials in tuberose. Mutation breeding is also another technique that is used for improvement in tuberose. In mutation breeding, novelty can be created in an already well-established cultivar. Any change in the genes and their expression can be easily measured in the first generation of mutants by selecting desirable characters like flower color, shape, size, fragrance, etc. In the present review, the works carried out on tuberose by various workers worldwide from the last 40 years have witnessed conventional and mutation approaches made in the genetic improvement of tuberose. This review also highlights the role of selection for the identification of desirable traits, self-compatibility, and hybridization approaches made in tuberose species worldwide by several research institutions. Factors that affected mutation efficiency have also been presented and discussed from available data. Overall, the present reviews provide a consolidated account for the application of traditional and mutations approaches and suggest how their implications can be useful for genetic improvement of tuberose.

Sesamum is one of the oldest oilseed crops generally grown in Africa and Asia for its high-quality nutritional value. The instability in sesamum production was examined by employing instability index. At all India level, the instability in sesamum area and production has increased from Period I to Period II and it declined in Period III. Interestingly the instability in productivity of sesamum has marginally declined from Period I to Period II and from Period II to Period III. In the case of Karnataka state, in area and production instability of sesamum has increased from Period I to Period II and to Period III. Further, the study conducted a decomposition analysis to determine the contribution of different components to the sesamum production. The results of the decomposition of change in average sesamum production in India as well as in Karnataka shows, change in mean area and interaction between mean area and mean yield influencing change in average production of sesamum in overall period. Among the ten constituents of change in variance of production of sesamum, change in area variance is the dominant reason for instability in sesamum production. In Karnataka, change in area variance contributed maximum to change in variance of production in all the four periods, followed by interaction between changes in mean yield and area variance. The study findings suggest the need for research efforts to concentrate on production techniques, improve productivity, and developing varieties with higher productivity potential, wider adaptability, application of improved crop protection techniques, and capacity building for expertise in agronomic practices will have a vital role in providing modern system of sesame production in India.

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis for yield and its attributing thirteen characters among the forty-five soybean genotypes laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The study was conducted at a Research Cum Instructional Farm under the Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, C.G. during the Kharif 2020. The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that the highest positive and significant correlation with seed yield per plant was found for the number of seeds per plant, followed by other characters at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Which indicates a genetically strong association. The path analysis revealed that the number of pods per plant shows the highest positive and significant direct effects on seed yield. It reveals the true association, and indirect selection for these traits will be rewarding for yield improvement.

Genotype × Environment interaction (GEI) effects are of special interest to identify stable genotypes plant breeders. The present experiment was conducted in three growing seasons viz., Kharif 2019, springsummer 2020, and summer 2021 at Research Farm, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, to assess the stability of 48 F1 hybrids along with 19 homozygous mung bean parents for seed yield per plant. AMMI1 biplot for seed yield per plant, the hybrids viz., PDM139 × KM2355, IPM147 × KM2355, KM2241 × MH1142 and PM1125 × MH1142, similarly IPM 147-1, KM2241 and KM2255 parents had IPCA1 score close to zero with high main effects indicating that these hybrids were less influenced by environments and high yielders. PDM139 × PM1126, IPM147 × PM1126, KM2241 × KM2355 and KM2352 × MH1142, and parents KM2328, SML1811, KM2360, and IPM147, were found to be high yielders with high interaction with the environment. Among environments, Kharif and Summer seasons are highly interacting environments. Finally, the hybrids viz PM1125 × MH1142 and PDM139 × KM2355 were found less interacting hybrids with high seed yield per plant. These hybrids may be recommended and used in other crop improvement programs for all three growing seasons of mung bean.

The spindle leaf roll segments of sugarcane cultivar Co 238 were cultured in vitro for shoot regeneration. Cultured spindles exhibited unwhorling after 5 to 10 days of incubation followed by direct shoot regeneration without callus phase. Shoot initiation was observed in a cluster of 2-3 shoots after the third week of incubation. Data was recorded for the number of shoots, shoot length, rooting frequency, and root length. Maximum of 7.68 ± 1.26 shoots with mean shoot length of 8.13 ± 1.87 cm, 100 % root induction frequency, and mean root length of 3.89 cm were recorded. This study demonstrates the development of a reliable method for sugarcane improvement and can be used for micropropagation and genetic engineering of Co 238 cultivar.

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non-edible oilseed crop with diversified industrial usage. In the present study, twenty-six genotypes of castor were analyzed for total seed oil content using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and fatty acid profiling through gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) to update the database of this important industrial crop. In the present study, the highest seed oil content was determined in SHB-1019 genotype which was 45.86 %.

Total saturated fatty acid, steric acid and palmitic acid per cent was recorded higher in SKI-370 genotype which was 3.38 %, 1.92 % and 1.46 %, respectively. Among the all genotypes, the higher per cent of total unsaturated fatty acid, ricinoleic acid and linolenic acid was observed higher in genotype VI-9 whereas, mono unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) and poly unsaturated fatty acid (linoleic) was found higher in genotype GEETA. The present study can be very important in the selection of male parents for the development of high ricinoleic acid castor hybrid. This will ultimately help in increasing the production and quality of industrially important oil.

Clonal propagation was attempted in Thespesia populnea. Among the four rooting media used, namely pallam sand, potting mixture, vermiculite, and composted coir pith, pallam sand was the most effective one. Among the four different hormone treatment combinations (1000, 2000,3000, and 4000 mg l-1 of IBA), IBA at 3000 mg l-1 was promising for this species. Composted coir pith failed to produce any response. Under in vitro conditions, direct shoot and root formation were noticed in MS medium or Woody Plant Medium containing BAP (1.0 mg l-1) and IAA (0.1 mg l-1).

The present study attempts to identify the Economic analysis of vegetable production in Arnia block of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory. The study was conducted in Arnia blocks of Jammu district. Data for the study was collected from a sample of 24 vegetable growers. Farmers in the Arnia block grew three major crops: cabbage, cauliflower, and tomatoes. The findings revealed that, of all the inputs used, the spending on human labour was the greatest. The results regarding cost structure of vegetable cultivation in Arnia block witnessed the largest cost which is incurred in tomato growing and the lowest cost was incurred in cabbage cultivation. The total cost of cultivations in the Arnia block was highest in tomato and lowest in cauliflower. The tomato yielded the highest gross return, while cabbage yielded the lowest. The total gross income from all of the veggies was ` 121416.66 per hectare. The highest net returns per hectare was observed in tomatoes, while the lowest was observed in cabbage. The cost-benefit ratio was highest for tomato and lowest for cabbage. In Arnia block farmers follows channel- I to sell their produce in the market such as tomato, cabbage, and cauliflower. The container expense ate up the majority of the marketing cost. Aside from that, transportation expenditures made up a considerable portion of the producer’s marketing costs. Retailer’s received highest margins in tomatoes, while cauliflower received the lowest at retailer level. Tomatoes have the highest producer share in consumer rupee, whereas cauliflower has the lowest. The total marketing margin was highest in cauliflower, while it was observed lowest tomato. Transportation costs accounted up the majority of marketing costs at the producer and retailer levels.

Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory is divided into varied agro climatic zones temperate Kashmir valley and humid sub-tropical and tropical region of Jammu. Each has its own specific geo-climatic conditions which determine the cropping pattern and productivity profits. Organic farming has been considered as one of the best options for protecting/sustaining soil health, and is gaining lot of importance in present day agriculture. The present study was confined to the Research Farm, SKUAST, Jammu, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory as this farm has the area under both organic and non-organic basmati. The per hectare cost of cultivation of organic and non-organic basmati rice for human labour, machine labour and irrigation charges were found to be same i.e., ` 6863.12, ` 3587.05 and ` 3640.00 respectively. Whereas expenditure incurred on other items such as seed and manure and fertilizer were found to be maximum in organic cultivation i.e., ` 1800.00/ha and ` 12000.00/ha respectively. The per hectare cost C2 was ` 30201.13 for organic farm, and ` 19790.49 for non-organic farm. After working out management cost, i.e., 10 percent of cost C2, per hectare cost C3 found to be ` 33221.24 and ` 21769.53 for organic and non-organic farms respectively. Cost benefit ratio for non-organic basmati is higher as compare to organic basmati whereas the net return per hectare in organic basmati is higher as compare to non-organic basmati.

Irrigation water management is a key input as well as a major constraint for assured and successful crop production. The adoption of drip irrigation method among the farmers of South Gujarat in water loving crops like banana is a wise tool for conservation of resources. However, this method has its own limitations which were ranked using the Garrett ranking technique. The study revealed that high initial capital investment, clogging of emitters due to water salinity and frequent damage of the system due to rodents, pigs and other animals were identified as the top three major problems faced by the farmers with a Garrett score of 81.59, 74.15 and 68.19, respectively. The farmers practicing conventional method of irrigation were of the opinion that wastage of water in the form of excess irrigation was the most acute problem and was ranked first with a Garrett score of 80.21, followed by high electricity usage (73.68) and problem of water logging (67.03). Hence, based on the ranking of these major constraints in adoption of drip irrigation technology; the study suggested ways and means to address these issues which would in turn help to reduce the considerable gap in the estimated achieved and achievable water savings. 

There has been continuous research in the field of hydrology as there is tremendous change in climate and land use happening due to anthropogenic activities for decades now. These human activities are taking

toll on natural habitats and ecosystem as development is speeding day by day. To assess these various impacts, the hydrological modelling can see as a watershed moment, these models are to incorporated to assess the impacts of these practical issues as well as planning, design and management for mitigation in future. The distributed hydrological models i.e., soil and water assessment tool has been in use and become a focus in hydrological studies. This paper analyses the progress in hydrological modelling using SWAT through previous literatures briefly. The research with the help of SWAT model has been carried out to assess number of hydrological phenomenon and through various fields of study. SWAT model has been used in many studies from streamflow studies to land use planning studies with very effective application which can be seen from the reviews that has been studied in this paper. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on studies by various researchers with the application of Soil and Water Assessment Tool. This review will give insights about role of SWAT in natural resources management and integrated watershed management.

The research was conducted in the Department of Horticulture’s field, Ilam, Nepal from 17th February to June 15, 2018, to study the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative, yield, and post-harvest characteristics of selected varieties of tomato var. Srijana and All-rounder. There were 5 treatments and 6 replications laid out in Factorial Design. Treatments applied were NPK (Urea 75 g + DAP 67.5 g and MOP30 g) per plot/ (T1), (FYM (11.25 kg)/plot + Cow urine (10% or 100 ml per liter of water))/ (T2), vermicompost (7.5 kg/plot) per plot)/ (T3), Nasabike (600 g/plot)/ (T4) and (Micronutrient (5.625 g/plot) + FYM (11.25 kg/plot))/ (T5). These were applied as the basal application of fertilizer in this experiment. The result revealed that there were significant differences in increment in height, flower initiation, yield per cluster and average weight of fruit, TSS content, weight loss (%). The maximum increment in height (8 cm/week) was found on All-rounder variety treated with NPK1, earliness in days for first flowering from transplanting was observed on All Rounder treated with vermicompost, the highest number of fruits per cluster, and the average weight was found on All Rounder as compared to Srijana, the highest TSS content was found on Srijana (5.1 oBrix) treated with FYM + Cow Urine, which was higher than All-rounder (3.5 oBrix) and other fertilizer treatments, and weight loss percentage was found highest on Srijana (7.8%) than All Rounder (6.9%) treated with NPK.

The field experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Mandor, during the rainy season of 2018 on sandy loam soil of low nitrogen, low phosphorus, low zinc, low iron and medium potassium content with 7.8 pH. The soil application of zinc sulphate heptahydrate @ 25 kg/ha at the time of sowing + foliar application of 0.5% solution of ferrous sulphate at 30 and 45 days after sowing recorded 9%, 40.7%, 9.5% and 6.9% higher plant height, number of tillers/plant, panicle length and panicle girth at harvest, respectively over control. The grain yield (38.9 q/ha) with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + foliar application of 0.5% ferrous sulphate solution was increased by 47% over micronutrient deficient control. This treatment also recorded a maximum net return (` 57632/ha) with a B: C ratio of 4.15.

The current study on Botanical Management of Rust Red flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on stored wheat during 2020-2021 in the Entomology Department revealed that neem leaf powder was the most effective treatment, observed the mean adult mortality of 67.22 per cent and also records the minimum weight loss after 60 days of storage. The eucalyptus and tulsi can be used as next best treatment in controlling the adult emergence. Whereas, turmeric rhizome powder was the least effective in comparison to control against adult mortality (30.56 %), grain weight loss and adult emergence owing to T. castaneum. Other than this the chemical insecticide, fenvalerate used as a check showed a greater result than botanical powders with mean adult mortality of T. castaneum was 72.78 percent.

Lac insect, Kerria lacca kerr. is a boon of nature to mankind. Lac insect is of economic importance as it produces resin, wax and dye and its productivity, quality and quantity depends on the hosts on which it is cultivated. The investigation was carried out in the completely randomized block design with five hosts replicated three times to study the host preference of lac insect species existing in Manipur under greenhouse condition during katki season of 2019-20. The mean initial density of first instar nymph on hosts varied in different portions of hosts which ranged between 10-19, 10-20, 9-23 (crawlers per cm2) with the mean percentage of initial mortality 10-19%, 10-20%, 9-23% (per cm2). The mean final density of first instar nymph ranged between 94-115, 94-115 and 93-114 (crawlers per cm2). The density at maturity of female insects ranged between 2 -8, 2-9, 3-11 (cells per cm2). The mean weight of cell ranged from 8-24, 9-24, 8-23 (mg). The mean fecundity of insect ranged from 188-327, 197-317, 188-316 (eggs per cell). The mean scrapped lac yield ranged between 62-173, 66-170, 59-165 (g) respectively on upper, middle and lower portion. Based on the present investigation Flemingia macrophylla was found to be the most preferred host in Manipur region during katki season.

Two years the random roving survey was conducted for occurrence and crop-wise distribution pattern of Entomopathogenic Nematode (EPN) in Solan and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh under the Nematology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, -173230, Himachal Pradesh, India, Sirmour during 2019-2020. Total 225 soil samples were collected from all Solan and Sirmaur districts, of which 68 samples were found EPN positive. The percent occurrence of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis was 27.03 % and 27.45 %, respectively. The maximum frequency of occurrence (56 %) was recorded from Rajgarh and the minimum (12 %) from Halonipul, Sirmaur district. In the crop-wise distribution pattern, the maximum frequency was observed in fruit crops (80 %) which was followed by plantation crops (35 %), ornamental crops (25 %).

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is an important commercial and garden flower crop. Alternaria leaf spot and Botrytis flower blight are the significant constraints in marigold cultivation. In this study, different bioagents and fungicides were tested for their efficacy against leaf spot and flower blight of marigold under field conditions. Among the bioagents tested, seed treatment (1%) + foliar spray (0.2%) of Pseudomonas (TNAU-Pf1) at 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) was found to be effective in controlling Alternaria

leaf spot and Botrytis flower blight and also recorded higher flower yield compared to other bioagents. Among the fungicides tested, seed treatment (0.2%) + foliar spray of hexaconazole + zineb (0.2%) was found effective in reducing the incidence of both diseases and recorded higher flower yield followed by pyraclostrobin + metiram (0.2%).

The experiment was carried to study the influence of sun-drying and sucrose on adventitious root development from pineapple crown. Crowns were sun-dried & treated with sucrose concentrations of 2%, 4% & 0% respectively. Pineapple crowns were dipped in the sucrose solution and kept in ambient condition. There were six treatments that were replicated thrice in Completely Randomized Design. The sucrose solution was changed after every third day to avoid microbial contamination. Multiple parameters were studied at different intervals. From the whole experiment, it can be said that the treatments with 4% sucrose & without sun drying proved to most affluent in case of every aspect in adventitious root development of pineapple crown.

Floriculture is an essential branch of Horticulture concerned about growing and cultivating the flowers, foliage plants, and their marketing. It also deals with the production of planting materials through seedling, cutting, budding, and grafting. Polyhouse is a technology for flowers and vegetable cultivation through which farmers can get high and quality production and benefits. So, a study was planned for finding the quality of rose flowers in open cultivation and different polyhouses. The research was carried out in two different types of polyhouses and an open area. It was found that all the environment parameters, i.e., light, temperature, humidity, and CO2, were significantly higher in NVPH type of polyhouse compared to AISNH and open cultivation. Except for the diameter of rose flowers, all the other parameters of quality of flowers i.e., color, the height of flowers, a diameter of flowers and spikes etc., were higher in NVPH and AISNH than in the open cultivation.

Now a day, plant growth regulators have been used by the nurserymen and commercial growers of ornamental plants as a part of cultural practices. PGRs have quicker effect on ornamental plants including foliage and ornamental grassess to modify growth, foliage colour as well as flower yield. Application of growth regulators have various advantages on ornamental plants like less time consuming to treat the plant and its use are environment friendly. Various factors contributing to the efficacy of plant growth regulators among them the method of application plays a key role in determining the efficacy of plant growth regulators. PGRs and new class plant growth regulators can be very effective on flowering and foliage plants, if properly applied at appropriate concentrations and time. Implication of PGRs in flowering and foliage plants must be specific their action and ensure that it should be nontoxic and environmentally safe. It has been observed from various research reports that the physiological activities of flowering and foliage plants are regulated by the growth regulators and finally affects the growth of plants as well as flower production of various flowering plants. Plant growth regulators also play a significant role in propagation by means vegetative, seed treatment, in vitro propagation and in vitro rooting of ornamental and foliage plants. Besides these, PGRs are also involved in prolonging the life of flowers, vase life of cut flowers, plant growth promotion and regulation of flowering, breaking of dormancy in seeds, bulbs, corms and tubers of flowering plants, enhancing apical dominance, lateral branching, plant height control and delayed flowering. In the present overview, we discuss the types of plant growth regulators their applications and effect on flowering, foliage including ornamental grasses.

With increased temperatures, melting glaciers, decreasing water supplies- the threat of climate change is becoming very real. The IPCC report on climate change has warned that these effects will only worsen, especially for developing and tropical countries, if action is not taken now. The Northeast region of India is highly vulnerable because of its location, its transboundary river basins, and socio-economic instabilities. The threat of climate change has only heightened these vulnerabilities through flood, drought, heatwaves,

soil erosion, loss of livelihood, and migration. Thus, challenging the very sustainability and security of the region. Every year, the northeast region is increasingly seeing fewer rainfalls, leading to a droughtlike situation in the states of Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Manipr, Mizoram. With the farmers relying on the monsoon, this lessening of waters adversely affects agriculture; for instance, rice production in Assam has fallen by 15-20%. The majority of people in Assam rely on agriculture for their livelihood. Because of climate change and the lessening of agricultural production, the food prices in Assam are pushed up. In Assam, 35% of the population lives below the poverty line. A rise in prices and loss of livelihood force the people to migrate in search of new opportunities and means of livelihood. Often women bear the brunt of this situation, with them having to take up labor as housemaids or, in a worse situation, pushed into flesh trade. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change special report on ‘Climate Change and Land’ reports that about one third of the food that is produced is lost or wasted and by reducing this wastage we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as improve food security. Thus, killing two birds with one stone.

The study was conducted to investigate “Effect of potassium nitrate and different growing media on papaya seed germination”. For the study, the incorporated statistical design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six different treatments consisting of 1% and 3% priming with potassium nitrate for 15-20 minutes and growth media comprised of compost, coco peat, and garden soil in three replications. In terms of germination and vigor significant difference was observed from 3rd week after emergence. From this study, it was obtained that the percentage of germination (90%), as well as the time taken for the seed to germinate first (6 days) was seen as excellent for T6 (3% KNO3 + 50% Coco peat + 25% Compost + 25% Garden soil). T1 (0% KNO3 + 60% Coco peat + 20% Compost + 20% Garden soil) was found to give the highest parameters in terms of length of leaves (2.35 Cm), number of leaves (5.5), root length (8 cm). The various growth parameters such as viz., number of roots (30.5), were observed highest in the T5 (1% KNO3 + 50% Coco peat + 25% Compost + 25% Garden soil). The seedling height (16.65 cm) was found to

be maximum in the T6 (3% KNO3 + 50% Coco peat + 25% Compost + 25% Garden soil). Therefore from this study done it may very well be said that T6 (3% KNO3 + 50% Coco peat + 25% Compost + 25% Garden soil) showed the best result concerning germination and different growing media had a significant influence on the growth and vigor parameters of papaya seedlings.

The adverse effect of water-stress on growth and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, number of flower per truss, number of flower truss per plant and fruit setting percentage was investigated under field conditions in rainout shelter. The drought condition was imposed 25 days after transplanting by withhold water supply. Experimental trial was carried out with nine genotypes adopting complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications and two treatments viz., well-watered and withhold water supply. The water-stress caused reduction in all plant growth and yield parameters. The genotypes Arka Vikas showed significantly less reduction in plant height, number of flower per truss and number of flower truss per plant, while EC179083 showed minimum reduction in days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant and fruit setting percentage during drought so both genotypes were considered as drought tolerant. Genotypes EC160885 and EC 249508 represented the maximum reduction in all morphological parameters among all genotypes, hence considered as drought susceptible.

Farm Trials were conducted in the jhum fields of Zunheboto district under rainfed conditions to observe the Effect Of Paddy Straw Mulching and FYM in Colocasia crop. Three jhum fields of Lumami village were selected for each one-hectare area. Colocasia being an essential crop of this area, was selected for the trial. It was observed that the use of Paddy Straw Mulching @ 12t ha-1 at 3 cm thickness and FYM@ 10t ha-1 increased the soil moisture and reduced the soil temperature as compared to the farmers’ practice. The mean temperature at 15, 30, and 45 DAP in the trial plot ranged from 26.2, 30.3 to 31.7 oC and mean soil moisture at 45 DAP from 5cm depth was 28.9 % as compared to the farmers practice were the mean temperature was higher, ranging from 27.0, 32.3 and 32.5oC and mean moisture of 22.2% where paddy straw mulching was not used. The mean yield, net income, and B:C ratio were also increased to 3030 kg ha-1, ` 1,01033, and 3.00 over farmers practice of 2292 kg ha-1, ` 64,100, and 2.27.

The present study was conducted by ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tiruppur to assess the productive and reproductive performance of TANUVAS Aseel and local desi chicken under backyard rearing system in Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of five hundred day old TANUVAS Aseel chicks were procured and distributed to 25 farm women each with 20 day old chicks who possessed 20 numbers of local desi chicken rearing under backyard system. A field level study was undertaken to evaluate efficiency of productive and reproductive performance of TANUVAS Aseel and local desi chicken under backyard system with respect to average body weight at 8th, 12th, 16th week of age, body weight at first egg laying, age at the point of lay, egg weight and egg production upto 20 and 72 weeks of age, fertility and hatchability percentage. TANUVAS Aseel chicken body weight at 8th, 12th and 16th week of age, body weight at first egg laying, age at the point of lay and egg production upto 40 and 72 weeks, egg weight, fertility % and hatchability % were 0.57± 0.92 kg, 1.15± 0.69 kg, 1.41 ± 0.26 kg, 1.65 ± 0.98 kg, 159.0 ± 0.24 days, 42.5± 0.32, 134.6± 0.18, 52.5± 0.73 g, 91.2± 0.36, 85.6± 0.25 respectively. TANUVAS Aseel chicken birds are well adopted for rural areas under backyard system of rearing. TANUVAS Aseel chicken exhibit better productive and reproductive performance compared to local country chicken under backyard rearing. It is well accepted strain by rural areas of Tamil Nadu and also improved the socio economic status of rural people and rural women empowerment. Besides income generation, TANUVAS Aseel reared under backyard helps to alleviate the malnutrition of the rural people through production of valuable animal protein. The present study was concluded that TANUVAS Aseel birds can serve as an alternate improved strain to boost up the economic status of rural people.

Ndjansang is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that is part of the traditional medicinal, cosmetic and gastronomic practices of populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Although its price has increased considerably in recent years, making it an essential source of income for farming households, its production level remains low due to the arduous extraction of almonds, making the production process laborious and burdensome. The introduction of innovation such as the almond crushing machine to ease hired conditions and improve the welfare of producers seems indispensable. Therefore, this article assesses the impact of the adoption of this innovation on producers’ income in Cameroon’s central region. The non-experimental method of assessing impact using propensity scores was used on a sample of 216 producers selected in a reasoned manner. The results reveal that producers who adopted the innovation in the production process experienced a considerable increase in their income per kilogram in Ndjansang (US$ 0.16 per kg) with a statistically positive and significant effect of 1%, compared to manual production. Seed quality has also been greatly improved, as some manually ground almonds have been broken or transported under dangerous conditions. This allows producers to spend more time on other income-generating activities. Variables such as membership of the farmer organization, quantities produced, household size, and the Ndjansang bowl price are the main determinants of the adoption of this innovation. Indeed, the farmer organization’s membership is an essential factor in adoption because the producer who is enrolled in a farmer organization can have access to more innovations, information, resources, and training. In order to ensure sustainable income and welfare for producers, it is then essential to introduce and disseminate this innovation through value-adding policies in the Ndjansang value chain.