The main objective of the integrated nutrient management is to maintain economic yield for a long period with little effect on native soil fertility and environmental pollution, making some changes in farmer’s awareness toward the eco-friendly technique for producing healthy food free from contaminants and insuring satisfactory economic returns. Integrated nutrient management (INM) can offer good options and economic choices to supply plants with sufficient amounts of nutrients and also can reduce the dose of chemical fertilizers, create favorable soil physiochemical conditions and healthy environment, eliminate the constraints, safeguard the soil nutrient balance in the long run to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity, and find safety methods to get rid of agriculture wastes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of different INM practices namely absolute control (T1), 25 t/ha FYM (T2), NPK – 40:20:20 Kg/ha + 5 t/ha FYM (T3), NPK – 40:25:20 Kg/ha + 10 t/ha FYM (T4), NPK – 40:30:20 Kg/ha + 15 t/ha FYM (T5), NPK – 45:20:20 Kg/ha + 5 t/ha FYM (T6), NPK – 45:25:20 Kg/ ha + 10 t/ha FYM (T7), NPK – 45:30:20 Kg/ha + 15 t/ha FYM (T8), NPK – 50:20:20 Kg/ha + 5 t/ha FYM (T9), NPK – 50:25:20 Kg/ha + 10 t/ha FYM (T10) and NPK – 50:30:20 Kg/ha + 15 t/ha FYM (T11) in RBD Design with three replications at Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, RVSKVV, Mandsaur, (M.P.) during the Rabi season of 2020-2021. The result indicated

that treatment T8 observed early germination, number of days taken to 50% flowering and minimum days to maturity. Treatment T8 was recorded highest values of plant height, number of branches plant-1, fresh weight, and dry weight at 45, 90, days after sowing and at harvest. Treatment T8 was recorded the highest value of number of capsule plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1, seed yield, 1000 seeds weight and harvest index.

In the present study, use of banana stem with urea treated and untreated paddy straw to formulate complete rations were evaluated for crossbred calves. Fifteen weaned crossbred (HF×Jersey) male calves with average body weight 87.7 kg were divided into three groups viz. C, T1 and T2 comprising five animals in each group and fed for 90 days. Two isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete ration (T1 and T2) using 20% banana stem, 30% untreated and urea (3%) treated paddy straw with concentrate ingredients at the

ratio of 50:50 roughage and concentrate were prepared. Calves belongs to control (C) group were fed with standard concentrate mixture. Calves of T1 and T2 groups were fed with complete ration. The DMI per animal per day, per 100 kg body weight and per kg W0.75 were comparable among the groups and no significant difference was observed between the groups. Non significant difference were observed among the groups in respect of digestibility coefficient of DM, OM and NFE but there was significant

difference (P<0.05) in CP, EE, CF, NDF and ADF among the groups and the values were higher in T1 and T2 group as compared to control group. Calves of different groups were in positive balance of N, Ca and P, however significant different were observed among the group in respect of balance and retention of N, Ca and P. The FCE was significantly lower in T1 and T2 groups as compared to the control group C. The feed cost per kg gain in body weight was ` 155.86, ` 173.99 and ` 153.44 for C, T1 and T2 group, respectively. In conclusion, the banana stem can be used upto 20% in the paddy straw based complete

rations for growing calf without any adverse effect.

Farming edible mushrooms with agricultural residues is a value-addition process to convert these materials, which are considered to be wasted for human consumption. It is considered one of the most efficient biological ways by which these residues can be recycled into value-added products for livestock feeding. In this present experiment cultivation of mushrooms was done in agricultural fibrous residue i.e. paddy straw. The nutritive value evaluation of paddy straw in terms of proximate analysis and fibre

fraction was investigated during growth on different days of the harvest period of edible mushrooms Pleurotus oestrateus (oyster mushroom). The fibrous media act as a substrate for the growth of mushroom mycelia. This fibrous residue was evaluated at three different stages of mushroom harvest. Nutritional evaluation has been done for its proximate composition; fibre fraction and some major and trace mineral content. It was observed that crude protein (CP) and total ash content (%) of the paddy straw has been

increased gradually before and after using it as the substrate for mushroom cultivation and were highest in the 2nd and 3rd harvests. However, fibre fraction in terms of ADF, NDF gradually decreases and is lowest in 3rd harvest. Crude protein content was increased by 8.16% and NDF content decreased by 57.30%. The mineral content of some major and trace mineral content increased up to 2nd and 3rd harvest periods. While assessment of the nutritional potential of mushroom spent substrate of paddy straw was highest in 2nd and 3rd harvest periods after that again decreasing trend may be the utilization of all the nutrients

of the by-product for mycelial growth. Thus, the growth of mushroom mycelia in agricultural fibrous residue is a promising way to improve the nutritional value of the fibrous substrate by improving the CP content, mineral content and reducing the fibre content of agricultural by-products. 

The research experiment entitled “Effect of foliar application of growth regulators and micronutrients on fruit yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus) cv. Mallika” was conducted at the Horticulture Orchard Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa, Rupandehi during March to July 2023. The experimental design was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and seven treatments. The different treatments used were T1 (NAA 20 mgl^-1 + ZnSO₄ 0.5%),

T2 (NAA 20 mgl^-1 + Borax 0.2%), T₃ (NAA 40 mgl-1 + ZnSO4 0.5%), T4 (NAA 40 mgl^-1 + Borax 0.2%), T5 (GA₃ 25 mgl^-1 + ZnSO₄ 0.5%), T6 (GA₃ 25 mgl^-1 + Borax 0.2%), T7 (Control – water spray). The foliar application of growth regulators and micronutrients were done at pea and fruit development stage of mango. The maximum fruit retention (9.81 %) and minimum fruit drop (90.18%) was observed on of NAA 20 mgl-1 + ZnSO4 0.5%. The maximum average fruit weight (282.18 g), average stone weight (34 g), average peel weight (39.67 g), average pulp weight (208.51 g) and TSS (11.4° Brix) were observed on NAA @ 20 mgl^-1 + ZnSO₄ @ 0.5% while maximum fruit yield per tree (9.36 kg per tree) was obtained in GA₃ @ 25 mgl^-1 + Borax @ 0.2%. The aforementioned micronutrient and growth regulator combinations were also linked to fruiting characteristics and increased fruit production.

Six different concentrations of chitosan and five different concentrations of cadmium were selected and studied to determine the optimum concentration of chitosan for remediating cadmium toxicity through seed application. Results revealed that the morphological parameters (germination%, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings) differed significantly among treatments and genotypes. Lower concentrations of chitosan (0.1% and 0.2%) were more effective in mitigating cadmium toxicity than higher concentrations in pea genotypes in terms of parameters studied as above. Chitosan mitigated adverse effects of cadmium in both the selected pea genotypes. The Cd 200 µM concentration was most detrimental for both the genotypes. Based on our results, we conclude that chitosan with lower concentrations has significant positive effects on all the parameters in response to cadmium toxicity and proves to be an important aspect for remediation of cadmium toxicity.

The present study is an attempt to examine the growth and instability in the area, production and productivity of cereals in India. The time series data from 1951-52 to 2020-21 regarding the area, production and production of rice, wheat, maize, barley as well as total cereal and millets have been used to estimate the compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDI) and

Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) to obtain the objectives of the study The period of 70 years is partition into seven periods. After India forcibly launched the green revolution, cereal crops helped the country transition from a food insufficient one to a food-secure country. The study revealed that throughout the whole period, there is a positive growth rate in area, production and productivity under rice, maize, total cereal and millets except wheat has a negative growth during the fourth period in productivity. The analysis of instability in CV and CII showed that the highest and lowest variation was found under barley in area and production and almost the same instability in productivity in all the study periods except in analysis of CDI under wheat has the highest instability. To better identify which sub-period there was growth and which time there was lag, the entire study period was divided into sub-periods.

Rhamnolipids, a class of microbial glycolipids, have garnered attention as sustainable and environmentally friendly surfactants. This article examines their applications, advantages, and limitations, as well as their historical research dating back over seven decades. Rhamnolipids have demonstrated promise in bioremediation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and the food industry, owing to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and versatility. However, cost, scale-up challenges, and regulatory obstacles remain as barriers to their full realization. The question of whether the promise of rhamnolipids has come true is a subject of ongoing research and development efforts, which aim to address these challenges and further expand their sustainable applications.

This research work is aimed to find the extent of participation of women entrepreneurs in microenterprise like mushroom cultivation and marketing by exploring their work and time management with decisionmaking strategies. A survey of 60 women entrepreneurs engaged in mushroom cultivation was conducted to assess women entrepreneurs’ time and decision-making issues and employee attitudes. A snowball sampling was used to compare the work-life balance of startups and established women entrepreneurs who worked alone, with spouses, or with partners. The study findings revealed that majority of women are actively engaged in mushroom cultivation activities and have given equal time to households and entrepreneurial activities. But still, their role in decision-making in running a microenterprise like mushroom cultivation and marketing is very low. They are working as subordinates or work jointly, and

this may due to their socio-economic factors status which keeps them away from decision-making process. This research work would be helpful for academicians, enterprises, human resource and management consultants, policymakers and professionals to understand management practices of women engaged in relation to decision-making, work distribution and time management in the agricultural microenterprise and also in their household