The study was conducted to assess the production practices, constraints and opportunities of Abergelle goat breed. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through focus group discussion and key informant interview by using tools of participatory rural appraisal. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software and the qualitative data ware narrated. The mainstay of livelihoods of the people of Abergelle district was found highly dependent on production of goats. Two types of goat housing were practiced during dry and wet seasons in the study area. Females were not supposed to herd goats and women were culturally prohibited to consume whole goat milk in the study area. The major supporting institutions in the study area to enhance the productivity of the goat breed were Save the Children (UK), Office of Agriculture and Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center. The major constraints faced for the production of Abergelle goat breed were lack of supplementary feed during dry seasons, low level of production, inflexible credit services, shortage of animal health extension workers, lack of transportation facilities, the prevalence of diseases and parasites, shortage of veterinary drugs and equipment. On the other hand, the major opportunities for the production of Abergelle goat breed in the area were availability of adaptable improved forage species, presence of water bodies and the existence of vast communal grazing areas. To improve the production and productivity of Abergelle goat breed in the study area, concerned stakeholders should give an emphasis on the aforementioned major constraints and opportunities.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates (NFR) and cutting height (CH) on the nutrient contents and nitrogen recovery of elephant grass when grown in Eastern Amara Region of Ethiopia. The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A: Nitrogen (4 levels) and Factor B: Cutting height (3 levels). Experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The results indicated that nitrogen and plant height significantly affected dry matter yield (DMY) of Pennisetum purpureum L. in which N application of 161 kg ha-1 and cutting height of 15 cm showed the highest leaf while leaf to stem ratio did not affected due to these two factors. Similarly, application of N and cutting height significantly influenced on nutrient contents in which N application at the rate of 69 kg ha-1 and cutting at the height of 15 cm brought the highest crude protein content whereas NDF and ADF contents were higher at cutting height of 22.5 cm with the lowest application of N (69 kg ha-1). Nitrogen recovery rate did not positively correlated with increased levels of N fertilizer applications as the maximum value (473.79 %) was recorded for those treated at the rate of 69 kg ha-1. Therefore, from this study it can be conclude that N application at the rate of 69 kg ha-1 and harvesting at a cutting height of 15 cm might be optimum for better nutrients content, greater DM yield and efficient N recovery rate of Pennisetum purpureum L.

In the present study a lung sample was collected from autopsied rabbit, which was suspected to have died due to E. coli infection and cultured on MacConkey agar. Itrevealed typical cultural and biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Molecular confirmation of E. coli was carried out using 16s RNA (ECO1) universal eubacterial primers with positive 585 bp amplicon. A total 26 Antibiotic disc used for antibiotic sensitivity test. Out of 26 Antibiotic disc, only two antibiotics (Imipenem and Cefoxitin) sensitive against isolated E. coli. Phenotypic characterization of ESBL by combine disk diffusion method. The difference between zone of inhibition is 20 mm around the combined disk containing clavulanic acid then the corresponding disk with Ceftazidime and cefotaxime is indicate positive for ESBL producing E. coli. Upon genotypic conformation of ESBL, the isolate was found positive for CTX-M1, CTX-M2, and TEM and negative for CTX-M9, SHV and OXA genes.

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation to dairy cows has beneficial effect on udder health and maintenance of body condition which needs to be studied for Jersey crossbred cows under tropical lower Gangetic region. Survey was conducted on a total of 191 respondents and out of which 19 healthy animals were selected for this experiment. This experiment was done to see the effect of pre and post Alpha-tocopherol supplementation for Jersey crossbred cows @ 1g/day/cow. Three comparable groups viz. T1 (30 days pre and post partum period; 7 dairy cows), T2 (30 days pre and 60 days post partum period; 6 dairy cows), however, no supplementation was done in control group (6 dairy cows) animals. Statistically analyzed data revealed significantly (p<0.01) lower body condition in control group than T1 and T2 group animals during post partum period, but T1 and T2 were statistically similar (p>0.05). However, animals of group T2 recovered body condition of cows numerically earlier followed by T1 and control group. There was no significant difference between body condition of dairy animals of all group during dry period (p>0.05). Statistically analyzed data revealed significantly (p<0.01) higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in control than T1 and T2 groups during post partum period but T1 and T2 were statistically similar (p>0.05). In addition to this correlation coefficient also suggested that better udder health (p<0.01) and reduced body condition loss post partum (p<0.01) can be achieved by Alpha-tocopherol supplementation @ 1g/day/cow for 30 days pre and 60 days post partum period for Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region.

While looking for an alternate source of commercial collagen the deserted poultry sleeves from wet poultry market appears promising. The present study was envisaged with objective of evaluating effect of the rendering regime on quantity of collagen in rendered poultry skin. The deserted poultry sleeves were custom processed for separation of feathers from skin. The skin was subjected to different rendering temperatures viz: 40, 50 and 60°C for 2 hr. The yield of rendered fat, fat recovery rate, amount of defatted skin, hydroxyproline and collagen content in differently rendered skin were quantified to know the effect of rendering regime. Results revealed a gradual increase in yield of rendered fat and fat recovery rate with increase in temperature, while the amount of defatted skin, hydroxyproline and collagen content in rendered skin decreased with increase in rendering temperature. The yield of rendered fat at 40, 50 and 60°C rendering temperature were 25.50%, 30.97% and 35.08% with corresponding fat recovery rates of 61.59%, 74.80% and 84.74%, respectively. The hydroxyproline content was highest in skin processed at 40°C and least in skin rendered at 60°C. The percentage recovery of collagen from skin rendered at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C were 96.37%, 77.22% and 62.01%,respectively. The study indicated that dry rendering at 40°C temperature is optimal for rendering of fat while processing the poultry skin for extraction of valuable collagen.

The present study was conducted on skin of goats of either sex to study the age wise changes in the ultrastructure of different components of skin. It was observed that the epidermis consisted of keratinocytes and non-keratinocytes. The stratum corneum was a multicellular structure in lateral neck region. The cell membrane was serrated and arranged in an over lapping manner giving compactness to the skin. The cells of stratum granulosum had oval to oblong nuclei. The cytoplasm showed ample amount of keratohyaline granules mostly located in the peripheral zone. The cells of stratum spinosum had oval nuclei with numerous secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The skin at ventral thoracic region showed presence of melanocytes in the cells of stratum basale. The plasma membrane of stratum basale cells showed gap junction, tight junction and intermediate junction. Electron microscopically, the cells of stratum spinosum in ventral neck region showed indented nuclei with one broad pole and another narrow pole. The special cells such as Merkel cells and melanocytes were located in the deep epidermal or epidermo-dermal junction. The papillary layer of dermis of dorsal neck region during the present study showed circular axons. The acini of the sebaceous gland were composed of large central cells and peripheral small cells, surrounded by connective tissue. The sweat glands were composed of columnar cells with elongated nuclei and euchromatin. The present study would form a baseline data on the transmission electron microscopic study of skin of goat which would be helpful in future research prospective.

A clinical study was conducted on 13 dogs including six apparently healthy dogs (Gp I) and seven dogs with symptoms of hepatobilliary involvement (Gp II) to evaluate different diagnostic modalities in making diagnosis. After recording signalment and history various hemato-biochemical parameters were estimated. Radiography and ultrasonography of liver was performed in all dogs. Thereafter, fine needle biopsy and histopathology were performed in Gp II dogs. The Hb and PCV were significantly low in Gp II as compared to Gp I whereas the TLC of Gp II was significantly higher than that of Gp I. The clotting time and bleeding time were significantly higher in Gp II as compared to Gp I. The ALT, AST and ALP values of Gp II were significantly higher than that of Gp I. The A:G ratio was significantly lower in Gp II as compared to that of Gp I. Sensitivity of radiography and ultrasonography were 57.14% and 100% and respectively. Accuracy of ultrasound guided biopsy was 100 % and different diseases diagnosed on histopathology were cholangiocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystic adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and fibroadenoma. From the present study it was concluded that all the diagnostic modalities viz. laboratory tests, radiography and ultrasonography complimented each other in making diagnosis and predicting prognosis but the final diagnosis was obtained only with histopathology.

Anti- Mullerian hormone (AMH) is one of the important endocrine markers for the assessment of the age-related decline of fertility potential in animals. No baseline data is available on peripheral AMH concentrations at different ages in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The present study thus aimed (i) to examine the responsiveness of the ovary to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge to release plasma AMH into circulation to address the question whether ovarian secretion of AMH would be affected by gonadotrophic status and (ii) to determine plasma AMH concentrations at different ages in buffaloes (n= 154) using an enzyme immune-assay. Data on hormonal concentrations in GnRH-treated buffaloes and in different ages of buffaloes were analyzed by non-parametric one-way repeated measure ANOVA and one-way ANOVA, respectively. No change (p>0.05) of plasma AMH concentrations after GnRH challenge in experimental buffaloes was recorded. Plasma AMH concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) at 3 months of age (0.56 ± 0.29 ng/ ml) and thereafter it started increasing and reached at a level of 3.07 ± 0.44 ng/ ml at 3 years of age and then remained same (≥2 ng/ ml) up to 11 years of age and again declined progressively and reached at the level of 0.52 ± 0.12 ng/ ml at 15 years of age. A cubic model was the best fitted model to elucidate the change of plasma AMH level with age. Hence, the present study suggested that peripheral AMH concentration could be a candidate endocrine marker for the assessment of reproductive status in buffaloes.

For securing the livelihood of the farmers, the role of small ruminant especially the goat are well established fact. The farmers of Nadia district of West Bengal, which is also the native tract of the Black Bengal goat, reared goats by following traditional practices. A study was conducted to find out the practices followed by the farmers for rearing goats in Nadia district. Data had been collected from 150 respondents belonged to three blocks of Nadia district in West Bengal state of India. Semi-structured interview schedule and PRA techniques were used to collect primary data. ‘Effectiveness Index Scores’ were calculated to identify the effectiveness of several traditional practices followed by the farmers for controlling ailments of Black Bengal goats. Majority of the activities pertaining to goat farming was performed by women farmers but in terms of ownership, the male dominance was observed. Farmers were following different traditional knowledge for curing and/or suppressing ailments of goats. Documentation of locally available plant’s leaves, herbs or material for treating ailments like goat diarrhea, PPR, bloat, FMD etc., was done through the study and their effectiveness as perceived by the farmers were also analyzed. Farmers used to rear their animals in the close confinement of their own household. From the study it can be concluded that, the farmers of Nadia district were maintaining goats as a safeguard of financial insecurity and utilizing locally available ingredients effectively to cure common ailments of the goat.

The study was conducted on 36 developing abomasum of healthy and normal embryos/ foeti of goat. Embryos/foeti were assigned into three group viz. group I (0-50 days of gestation), group II (51-100 days of gestation) and group III (101-150 days of gestation). The wall of glandular stomach, the pyloric part, was composed of epithelium, pleuripotent blastemic tissue and serosa upto 44 days of gestation. Tunica muscularis became separable at 46 days of gestation. The epithelium was stratified type up to 50 days and gradually changed to pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar type from 76 days of gestation. However, stratification of the epithelium was noticed at few places till term. Thin strands of muscularis mucosae were observed at 82 days of gestation. Gastric pit, the fore runner of gastric gland was reported first at 70 days. The body of the gastric glands were very short. Process of proliferation, coiling and lumen formation were faster in pyloric gland. The cells of pyloric gland contained undifferentiating, mucous secreting and sporadic parietal cells. Well differentiated mucous secreting cells were noticed at 121 days of gestation. Reticular, collagen and elastic fibers came into sight at 38, 100 and 100 days of gestation, respectively. Combined thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and submucosa and tunica muscularis was more in pyloric gland region than other region of the abomasum.

Egg shell plays a major role in determining the quality of commercial layer chicken table eggs. Many factors are involved in causing abnormalities of egg shells, particularly in the apex part of eggs. The present investigation was aimed to study the prevalence of Mycoplasma associated eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) in commercial layer chicken of Namakkal poultry zone of Tamil Nadu. Flock history and clinical samples from live and dead birds were collected from 24 flocks belongs to 14 different farms with the history of showing egg shell abnormalities. Collected clinical samples were subjected for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Among the 24 flocks Ms and Ms + Mg infection were observed in 16.6 and 12.5 per cent of flocks respectively. In EAA affected flocks 0.65 to 1.35 per cent of eggs showed shell defects at the apex (pointed end). The incidence of the condition was increased in large flocks (ie., above 10,000) under peak production of laying from 25 to 40 wk of age and winter seasons.Egg production drop and mortality were ranged from 2.0 to 7.7 and 0.05 to 0.35 per cent respectively. Four out of 14 farms experienced EAA like defects in their previous flocks. Antimycoplasmal drugs were given periodically however periodic mycoplasmalmonitoring was not carried out. The study indicates the prevalence of mycoplasma associated EAA in commercial layer flocks is increasing and should be controlled by proper monitoring and enhancing biosecurity measures.

The present study, was conducted on 132 dog owners,sixty eight (38 from urban and 30 from rural), andsixty four (32 from urban and 32 from rural) from Ferozepur and Fazilkadistricts respectively and views regarding the feeding and management of their pets were recorded. Quantity of food items fed to dogs such as milk, veggie, and dal were higher (P<0.05) in urban areas of Fazilka whereas rice consumption was higher (P<0.05)in urban area ofFerozepurdistrict. In rural areas of Ferozepur, the quantity of rice, veggie and meat offered to the pet dogs was higher (P<0.05) than that offered in rural Fazilka.The amount of bone offered was higher (P<0.05) in the rural Fazilka.Consumption of milk is significantly (P≤0.05) higher in rural area and is 113% higher than urban area of FerozepurVeggies is the only food item which was fed significantly (P≤0.05) in higher amount to the dog of urban areas (45.94g) in contrast to rural areas (15.63g) of Fazilka district.Milk, milk product, curd, sweet and dal given by rural dog owners to their dog was highest in Ferozepur district than Fazilka district. The microbiological parameters such as SPC and Coliforms were also well below the prescribed limits of the cooked dog foods.Based on the data available, it is clearly indicated that feeding practices followed by the dog owners in both districts has variable trends. Moreover, significant variations were observed in rural and urban area of the same district.

The present study to find out the effects of supplementation of the area-specific mineral mixture on productive and reproductive performances of crossbred cows during pregnancy to lactational transition phases including the birth weight of calf, first postpartum estrus, conception rates, milk yield, and milk composition. For these purposes, 18 pregnant crossbred cows were selected and divided into two groups viz., Control-T0 (N=9) and Treatment-T1 (N=9) supplemented with 0 and 30 g ASMM/animal/day starting from 3 months prior to the expected date of parturition to till first post-partum oestrus, respectively. Milk samples were taken fortnightly. Overall mean birth weight of calf born in T0 and T1 group was 20.14 ± 1.70 and 19.56 ± 1.09, respectively and there was non-significant (P>0.05) difference between the two groups. The onset of first post-partum heat was 108.13 ± 16.23 days and 92.29 ± 9.95 days respectively. Conception rate post-partum heat was 22.22% and 77.78% respectively. The overall mean of total fat % in T0 and T1, was 4.01 ± 0.20 and 5.40 ± 0.22, total solid % was 13.03 ± 0.31 and 14.72 ± 0.37 %, solid not fat 9.02 ± 0.14% and 9.22 ± 0.31% and total ash was 0.62 ± 0.03% and 0.65 ± 0.02%, crude protein was 3.35 ± 0.10% and 3.63 ± 0.14%, respectively and was statistically non-significant (P>0.05) among the groups. Overall Milk yield was 9.42 ± 0.54 and 10.76 ± 0.37 kg/days, respectively, and was statistically significant (P < 0.001). This study indicated that dietary supplementation of the area-specific mineral mixture in the crossbred cattle, improved the productive and reproductive performances during last trimester to first post-partum oestrus.

The objective of the study was to evaluate & compare the dose sparing effect of atropine-butorphanol-diazepam (A-B-D) and atropine-butorphanol-midazolam (A-B-M) combination as basal anaesthesia on induction and maintenance dose of propofol used as Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs. Thirteen dogs were randomly divided into group I (n=7) & group II (n=6), wherein atropine, butorphanol, diazepam/midazolam were given as preanaesthetic drugs, while, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was done with propofol. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded after induction of anaesthesia, at regular 15 minute intervals, up to 45 minutes. The physiological parameters were recorded before giving any drug and thereafter at regular 15 minute interval post induction. In midazolam-butorphanol group, the induction and maintenance dose of propofol was non-significantly higher than in diazepam-butorphanol group. Both diazepam-butophanol and midazolam-butorphanol have dose sparing effect on induction and maintenance dose of propofol, however, diazepam-butorphanol combination is slightly better than midazolam-butorphanol combination.

The aim of the present paper was to describe the first complete and comprehensive picture on ichthyofaunal diversity of river Sutlej. The findings of the investigation will be an imperative part of the ecological database from river Sutlej. The field data were collected fortnightly from the fish market. The different diversity indices viz., univariate and multivariate analyses were analyzed by PRIMER-E statistical package. A total of 60 species belonging to 43 genera, 17 families and 7 orders were recorded during the investigation. The Margalef richness index (12.14), Shannon-Wiener index (3.871) and Simpson index (0.979) was observed to be highest during Nov. 2019 and seasonally during post-monsoon season. The present study provides a baseline database with respect to fish species diversity for planning effective conservation measures to obtain sustainable fish production.

The immediate response of animals to fluctuations in any managemental practices or environmental temperature is an alteration in their physiological responses. For those who failed to deal with, their production performance is affected to a great extent. In the present investigation, seasonal and periodical rhythmicity of economic traits and genetic parameters analysis for growth and first lactation traits of Sahiwal cows were performed. Analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period on all growth traits (P≤0.01) and first lactation traits under investigation. Effect of season of birth was significant (P≤0.05) on W6, W12, W18 and W24 whereas BW, W30 and WFC were not significantly affected. Furthermore, season effect was found to be non significant on different first lactation traits except FCI (P≤0.05). The estimates of heritability for BW, W6, W12, W18, W24, W30, WFC, AFC, FL305DMY, FLL, FCI and FSP were 0.12 ± 0.28, 0.67 ± 0.34, 0.49 ± 0.33, 0.19 ± 0.29, 0.19 ± 0.30, 0.42 ± 0.32, 0.43 ± 0.22, 0.11 ± 0.09, 0.26 ± 0.11, 0.09 ± 0.02, 0.02 ± 0.05 and 0.03 ± 0.03 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst most of the growth and first lactation traits were higher in magnitude. Therefore these results indicated that genetic associations and effect of environmental variations could be effective for formulating selection criteria on the basis of early expressed economic traits in Sahiwal cattle.

To assess the effect of Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) and Levamisole on the spermiogram of FMD vaccinated crossbred bulls, 24 adult Frieswal (Holstein × Sahiwal) bulls were divided into four groups viz. GC (control; no vaccination), GV (vaccinated), GL (vaccinated + Levamisole) and GH (vaccinated + Thuja). The bulls of GV, GL and GH groups were vaccinated with FMD vaccine. Four injections of levamisole were administered to the bulls of GL group at weekly interval starting from one week prior to the FMD vaccination. Homoeopathy medicine (Thuja) was given orally to the bulls of GH group consecutively on four days (on 4, 3, 2 & 1 day, respectively) before FMD vaccination. Average rectal temperature in vaccinated bulls increased significantly than in non-vaccinated bulls after 24 hrs of FMD vaccination. In GH, it was similar to GC in 36 h, however, became normal in all groups in 48 h of vaccination. Average VAP and VSL values were higher (p<0.05) in GC than in the other groups. Bulls of GH had higher (p<0.05) initial sperm subjective and CASA progressive motility and linearity than in GV. After six weeks VSL values continued to be significantly higher in GC than in GL but it was similar in GV and GH. Total sperm abnormalities were within the prescribed limit of semen preservation up to first week after vaccination in all the groups. The results of the present study indicated that Thuja was able to prevent deterioration in sperm kinetic parameters subsequent to FMD vaccination in crossbred bulls.

The increased concern towards food safety led to application of natural extracts as antimicrobial agents to control food borne pathogens. The aim of the present study was to determine antimicrobial activity of the four essential oils viz., cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaf, clove bud and garlic oils against Listeria monocytogenes by agar well diffusion method. All these essential oils were characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) to know the chemical constituents present in them. Out of these four oils, L. monocytogenes was found to be sensitive to cinnamon bark oil, followed by cinnamon leaf oil, clove bud oil and garlic oil. Further, all these oils were evaluated to know minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the cinnamon bark oil alone was found to be effective with a MIC of 1% against L. monocytogenes. The present study findings suggest that plant based natural extracts might be used as antimicrobial, flavouring and food biopreservative agent.

The present paper entitled “A Study of Income and Investment Pattern of Broiler Production Units” was carried out on the basis of primary data collected through pre-tested schedule-cum-questionnaire with personal interview method. For purpose of the study, three groups of broilers units were selected purposely and classified as per bird size. Group I included birds below 2000 in numbers, group II included birds 2001-5000 in numbers and group III included birds 5001 & above in numbers. 15 broiler units were selected from each group, thus a total of 45 broiler units were studied. Kathua district of Jammu Kashmir Union Territory was selected purposively as the district has highest numbers of broiler production units. The cost of production includes variable cost and fixed cost, on first group broiler farms per lot cost of broiler production comes to ` 147112.45 for 1486.66 birds, on second group ` 367243.52 for 3666.66 birds and ` 959446.94 for 9466.66 birds respectively. The benefit-cost ratio per farm/lot observed highest on third group farms i.e. 1:52 followed by 1:35 on second group, 1:17 on third group, while it is 1:44 on overall on sampled farms.

A study on socio-economic status of Macherla sheep rearing farmers, sheep husbandry practices, and morphological patterns of Macherla sheep was carried out on 92 shepherds and 1279 sheep in Guntur, Prakasam, and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh and Nagar Kurnool district of Telangana state. The study revealed that 79.34% and 20.65% of the farmers had primary and secondary school education respectively with an average of 5.44 members per family. Most of the sheep houses were of open type (61%) with kutcha type of floors (80.43%). The average land holding capacity was 3.41 acres and the mean annual income of the shepherds was ` 1,01,043 with a range of ` 75,000 to 2,00,000 and the mean flock size was 134.31 ± 4.60. The most common practice of feeding was grazing (70.58%). Major breeding season was July to September, while the minor breeding season was March to May. All the farmers in the study area immunized their sheep to protect them from infectious diseases and 79.41% of them followed a periodical deworming schedule. In most of the flocks, mortality of adult sheep was below 5% and in lambs 11-20%. The predominant color pattern was bi-colour of white and black (44.41%) followed by brown and white (35.65%), exclusive brown (18.64%), and exclusive black (1.88%). The most common head profile was convex (84.91%), majority of animals had pendulous ear pattern (96.79%) and 75.45% animals had wattles. Both sexes are horned and oriented backward, downward and forward. Further, 84.55% animals had slender type tail.

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the incidence of E. coli infection in broiler chicken in Gonda district of Uttar Pradesh. For this study a total number of 483 naturally dead broiler chickens from 8 different private farms of Gonda district were collected during June 2018 – May 2019. The overall incidence of colibacillosis was 38.09% (184 samples were positive out of 483 samples). The gross change of liver was found as enlarged, congested and covered with thick yellow/white serofibrinous covering. Heart was also covered with thick yellow/white serofibrinous covering. Among tested 483 samples from 8 private farms from Gonda district, 184 (38.09%) were found to be suggestive of E. coli giving typical large (2-3 mm) lactose fermenting pink coloured colonies on Mac Conkey’s agar plate. They again produced characteristic ‘metallic sheen’ on EMB agar. On Gram staining during morphological study, they produced pink coloured, rod shaped ones (that is gram negative) with characteristic arrangement. All these isolates (from district Gonda) showed typical biochemical reaction which were positive to Indole test, M.R. test, T.S.I. agar test, nitrate reduction test and negative to VP test and H2S production test. Among 184 E. coli isolates 98.36% were negative to citrate utilization test and 97.82% to urease activity test. Out of 184 isolates of E. coli 179 were motile. They all fermented D-glucose, lactose, manitol. Among 184 isolates of E. coli, 154 (83.69%) isolates, 158(85.86%) isolates and 144 (78.26%) isolates had shown fermentation of sucrose, dulcitol and salicin respectively.

In the present study, 50 dogs screened using Scan Vet Parvo rapid diagnostic kit for canine parvovirus (CPV) Infection and 34 (68%) found positive among them. Out of 34 CPV-positive dogs, 28 dogs were randomly divided in four different treatment groups for determining the efficacy of treatments along with its economies. The groups I, II, III and IV dogs were treated with antimicrobial agent Inj. Cefotaxim, Metronidazole, acyclovir and Inj. Cefotaxim + Acyclovir, respectively with similar supportive drugs in all the groups for five days. The case fatality rate was recorded 0% in group I and IV whereas it was 57.14% and 42.85% in groups III and II. Based on statistics, it was found that the treatment with cefotaxim alone was found more economical and equally efficient besides the combined use of cefotaxim + Acyclovir but combine treatment could also be hasten the recovery from the CPV infection.

Case study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a seven years old, male African grey parrot reared in aviary in Meerut, died 48 hours after exhibiting clinical signs is reported. The gross examination of carcass revealed heavy ectoparasitic infestation and necropsy examination revealed inflammed respiratory tract, airsaculitis and congestion of liver, spleen and intestine. Microbiological examination of the tissue samples revealed Pseudomona aeruginosa infection, which was found susceptible to quinolones i.e. ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, intermediately susceptible to aminoglycosides i.e. gentamicin and streptomycin, but resistant to cephalosporins i.e. ceftriaxone and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, β-lactam/ β-lactamase inhibitor combinations i.e. amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/cloxacillin, tetracyclines i.e. oxytetracycline, macrolides i.e. erythromycin and chloramphenicol in culture sensitivity test. These antibiotic resistant bacteria can pose threat to in contact immunocompromised aviary workers. Thus necessary biosecurity measures should be implemented in the aviaries to avoid environment associated infectious diseases.