The present work grew out of my several years of professional and academic learning of the application of time series econometrics in different fields and I have attempted that direction to write this book. For the last three decades so far my knowledge goes, most of the academic research works are mainly concerned with the applications of time series econometrics on the relationship between the two or more macroeconomic variables in different countries on the different time horizon. Different studies have focused on the relationship between macroeconomic variables estimated with the historical dataset, and all these studies have not taken into account the effects of structural changes on the estimated causal relationships which might occur over the historical dataset. Since every economy passes through several structural changes over a period of time, and this may happen due to policy changes, institutional changes, external shocks, changes in social attitudes, and motivations. If the structural changes are not taken into account, the whole analysis and conclusions undertaken in the study may be misleading. I have made an attempt to discuss the effects of structural changes on the estimated causal relationship between the two fiscal variables with case studies and providing more conclusive findings and recommendations to the fiscal authorities in order to curb the budget deficits. This book deals with this issue that can fill an

existing and important void.